Venipuncture Lab PDF

VENIPUNCTURE LAB  26/08/2024 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION PREPARED BY: GABRIELLE JOY...

VENIPUNCTURE LAB  26/08/2024 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION PREPARED BY: GABRIELLE JOYE B. POTENCIANO, RRT, RPO PATHOGENS Organisms that cause diseases and that skin is our primary protection against it. There are different types of diseases that we encounter every day and are being classified as:  These are diseases that originate within the person. ENDOGENOUS  Diseases like metabolic disorder, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and cancers are example of endogenous disease.  Pathogenic agents actually entered a person’s body. EXOGENOUS  Ex: trauma, patient exposed in radiation, electric shock, and extreme temperature. &  Pathogen that takes advantage of patient condition and weakness. OPPORTUNISTIC EX : congenital abnormalities  Infection that is acquired during medical care. NOSOCOMIAL  Mostly affects the healthcare workers. in high chance of glucose cancer malfunction = 1  26/08/2024 I: NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION Gresistance to antibiotics NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION Patient who enters a healthcare COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED facility with an infection. INFECTION Caused by microorganisms that is not EXOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION normal in the body. EX : unclean air This is due to an overgrowth of normal flora/ normal ENDOGENOUS NOSOCOMIAL microorganisms residing in our body. Disease could INFECTION also arise if there is alteration in placement of normal flora into another body cavity. pregnant IATROGENIC Infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic INFECTION procedure. Ex : allergies from im or catheter insertion (contaminatedean) 2  26/08/2024 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION 3  26/08/2024 INFECTIOUS II: PATHOGENS INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS  Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogen) are those microorganisms that can cause diseases such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, prion, and parasites. Ernst Haeckel  ______________formulated a third kingdom which is named as Protista kingdom that includes bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and helminths.  Although there are microbes that reside in our RESIDENT FLORA body, called _________, and they are in a stable quantity. TRANSIENT FLORA  ___________on the other hand is a microbe that is acquired through contact with an object. doorknob , raillings , Fomites = money , cellphones 4  26/08/2024 A. BACTERIA  Colorless, one-celled organisms, and has a typical nucleus (that contains DNA and RNA).  Bacteria are defined by their shape: Spherical (_____) cocci Oblong (________) bacilli Spiral (_______) spirill a lacking definite shape pleomorphic (_________________)  It also have divisional groups: ___________ DIPLOCOCLI (2) ____________ STREP TO COCI (chains) _____________ (grapelike bunches) STAPHYLOCOCCI  There are two categories of bacteria based from their reaction to various staining processes in the laboratory: Gram positive -take the color of the stain Gram negative bacteria (Rickettsia, chlamydia, and mycoplasma). ↳ contradictThe color of The stain  Based on survival on environment: Oxygenated environment (________) acrobes ande robes Could not live in an environment with oxygen (___________) ↳ bacteria dangerous type of (we can't see) location : deepest water level of atmosphere highest A. BACTERIA Rickettsia INFECTED ARTHROPOD VECTOR Transmitted from animal to animal by the ________________________________(arthropods that can transmit infection to man or animal). Ex: Tick. Diseases due to this microorganism are: Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Chlamydia SEXUAL CONTACT It can cause infection to the Transferred by direct contact between host during ____________. urethra, bladder, and sexual organs. bacterias thrive on moist environment (wes ,eas an Mycoplasma May be parasitic or free-living and may cause diseases such as pneumonia and genitourinary infections. EX : TB (mycobacterium Tuberculosis) 5  26/08/2024 B. FUNGI  Cells that require an aerobic environment to live and reproduce. YEAST Molds  One-celled form, reproduce  Also called MYCELIA are by budding. multicellular colonies, and  Yeast is used to produce reproduce through spore beer, wine, and leaven formation. bread. It could cause  They are useful in the production Candida Albican (thrush.) of antibiotic drug, cheeses, etc.  Other types of fungi: DIMORPHIC SAPROPHYTES FUNGUS  Lives in or utilizes organic  A form of fungi that can grow matter (rotting vegetation). as either a yeast or a mold ex : mushroom depending on temperature and environment.  It can cause diseases such as: Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis and Coccidioidomycosis. C. PARASITE  Organisms that live on or in other organisms at the expense of the host organ.  Parasites may be plant or animal, but animal parasites are those that are pathogenic to humans.\  2 CLASSIFICATIONS: a. PROTOZOA  Complex one-celled microorganism that moves through the action of their flagella or by cilia, and pseudopod movement.  It affects: GI tract, genitourinary tract, and circulatory system. This parasite could cause diseases such as: Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Malaria, and Toxoplasmosis. b. HELMINTHS  Described as parasitic worms and classified as Platyhelminthes __________ Aschelminthes (roundworms). (flatworms) or ______________ pinworm  Diseases associated with helminths are: Enterobiasis (________), tapeworm trichinosis, infection with Diphyllobathrium Latum (____________). 6  26/08/2024 ES C. PARASITE ↑ helminthes RADIOLUCEnT : In radiology, there are instances that parasitic worms could be imaged with the use of special radiographic procedures such as the BaE/SIS/UGIS. However, it could still be seen in a plain radiograph of the abdomen. These parasitic worms appear as radiolucent (black) string in a radiograph. ↓ colonoscopic procedure D. VIRUS  Viruses are minute microorganisms that cannot be visualized under an ordinary microscope. They are the smallest microorganisms known to produce disease in humans.  The genetic material of a virus is either DNA or RNA, but never both _____________. virion is a complete infectious particle with a central nucleoid.  A __________  The genetic material is protected by a capsid or protein coat that is capsomeres composed of minute protein units called ______________.  Factors causing virus invasion: poor nutritional status increased life stress Excessive use of drug/alcohol  Diseases caused by viruses are: influenza, common colds, mumps, measles, Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), Varicella-zoster, and AIDS. ↓ difference 7  26/08/2024 E. PRIONS  A prion is a protein that does not contain DNA or RNA. Like microorganisms, there are a number of prions present in brain cells that prevent neurologic diseases; however, they may mutate and become an infectious disease.  Acquiring an infectious prion is the result of transmission from an infected animal or person.  This disease is transmitted to humans by eating infected meat or meat products and is known as mad cow disease. III: CYCLE OF INFECTION 8  26/08/2024 ELEMENTS NEEDED TO TRANSMIT INFECTION 1. AN INFECTIOUS AGENT, WHICH MAY BE A BACTERIUM, A FUNGUS, A VIRUS, A PRION, OR A PARASITE. INFECTIOUS AGENTS VARY IN THEIR ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE. These characteristics are pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness, and specificity. __________ refers to the causative organism’s ability to cause disease. PATHOGENICITY ___________ VIRULENCE refers to the causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed. ____________ is the term used to describe the organism’s ability to enter tissues. INVASIVENESS SPECIFICITY characterizes the organism’s attraction to a particular host. ______________ 2. A RESERVOIR OR AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE PATHOGENIC MICROBES CAN LIVE AND MULTIPLY. The reservoir can be a human being, an animal, a plant, water, food, earth, or any combination of organic materials that support the life of a particular pathogen. Infection is prevented by removing the causative microbe from the reservoir. 3. A PORTAL FROM WHICH TO EXIT THE RESERVOIR. In the case of a human reservoir, the portals of exit might be the nose, mouth, urinary tract, intestines, or an open wound from which blood or purulent exudate can escape. There can be more than one portal of exit. 9  26/08/2024 4. Means of transmission: There are several ways on how pathogens are transferred: DIRECT CONTACT Infected person or animal’s body ____________: fluid or blood is touched. (Touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse) INDIRECT CONTACT Transfer of pathogenic microbes _____________: by touching objects (________)fomites that are contaminated by an infected person. (Dressing, instruments, etc.) DROPLET CONTACT ______________: Contact with infectious secretions from conjunctiva, nose, or mouth. (Coughing, sneezing, and talking). Droplets can travel up to 3-5 feet. This is also equivalent to 1 meter. VEHICLES Includes food, water, drugs, or blood __________: contaminated with infectious microorganism. ___________: AIRBORNE ROUTE Comes from the residue of evaporated droplets of diseased microorganism suspended in air for a long time. Infectious if inhaled. VECTORS Insect or animal carriers of diseased __________: microbes. (Stinging/ biting the human host) 5. A PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO A NEW HOST. Entry of pathogenic microorganisms into a new host can be by ingestion, by inhalation, by injection, across mucous membranes, placenta (pregnant woman). 6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST. A human host can be any susceptible person. Persons particularly susceptible to infection nourished or are fatigued are those who are poorly ________________. Those at greater risk are persons with _________________such chronic diseases as diabetes mellitus or cancer. _____________________are immune-supressed persons at great risk of acquiring infections. _______________with Previous infection a particular disease or vaccination against a particular disease can render an individual immune to infection. Kamau al 10  26/08/2024 Knowing the cycle of infection, this table shows the stages and process of infection: PROCESS OF INFECTION STAGES PROCESS Pathogens enter-lie dormant for short period- Incubation stage produces nonspecific symptoms of disease. K ToS Prodromal Stage More specific symptoms of a particular disease are exhibited. Microorganisms increase; disease becomes highly infectious. pEdy Form Disease reaches its fullest extent. Disease is still Full Disease Stage highly infectious. (though it may produce vague/ subclinical symptoms) Symptoms diminish and disappear. (But some Convalescent Stage microbes go into latent phase. Ex: Malaria, TB, and herpes infection.) BODY IV: SUBSTANCE PRECAUTION 11  26/08/2024 BODY SUBSTANCE PRECAUTION Controlling infection or breaking the cycle of infection is the duty of all health care workers. To prevent any transfer of infectious pathogens, the Universal blood and body fluid precautions should be strictly followed by all. 1. Gloves should be worn for touching blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, or nonintact skin of any patient. 2. Gloves should be worn for handling items or touching surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids. This includes Radiographic Examining and treatment. 3. Gloves should be changed and hands washed after each patient contact. 4. Masks or face shields and eye protection should be used any time that there is a chance splashes or droplets of blood or body fluid may touch the face or eyes. 5. Gowns and impermeable aprons must be worn when clothing is likely to become soiled by splashes of blood or body fluid. 6. Great care must be taken to avoid needle sticks or cuts from scalpel blades or others. 7. Hypodermic needles should not be recapped, bent, broken, or separated from the syringe. They must be placed in a puncture-resistant container. 8. Puncture-resistant containers for this used equipment must be readily available throughout the hospital or diagnostic imaging department sharp instruments that are used for penetrating the skin. 9. Items that are to be re-used must be placed in a designated puncture-resistant container for transport to the area designated for recleaning. 10. Mouthpieces and resuscitation bags must be kept in all dx imaging examination and treatment rooms. BODY SUBSTANCE PRECAUTION 12  26/08/2024 ASEPSIS  It is the absence of sepsis or infection. It is the duty of the radiographer to practice strict medical asepsis at all times in his/her practice.  2 TYPES: Medical Asepsis: microorganisms have been eliminated through the use of ____, soap water friction , & various chemical disinfectant ________________________________________. Surgical Asepsis: microorganisms and their spores have been completely destroyed by means of ________________________________. ASEPSIS  3 TECHNIQUES FOR ELIMINATION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTION: 1. Clean Technique 2. Aseptic Technique 2. Sterile Technique &  Basic and routine technique that  A lot higher than clean technique  Involves clean and aseptic involves hand washing, hand that uses: alcohol, betadine, and technique plus: surgical hand drying, and use of clean gloves. sterile gloves. scrub, sterile towel, sterile  Utilized when touching: intact  Procedures that require aseptic gown, gloves, and mask, sterile skin, intact mucous membrane, technique: IVU, any procedure supplies. dirty items. that requires CM introduction,  Utilized when there is an  Clean technique should be a biopsies, suctioning, and operation that needed to have regular practice not only in the portable procedures. a big cut on the skin. hospital but also at home. CRITERIA CLEAN ASEPTIC STERILE Space where procedure is done on ward/bedside dedicated area dedicated room Gloves non-stence or none Sterile gloves sterile surgical gloves Hand Hygiene before procedure routine hand washing use of alcohol/betadine surgical scrub Skin antiseptics none alcohol long acting antiseptic solution Sterile field none none present Sterile gown, mask, and head covering none none present 13  26/08/2024 STERILIZATION Removal of a microorganism’s spore is very important to achieve a sterile area to work on. There are three methods to achieve sterilization of the area or tools used in the operating room. 1. Steam under Pressure: Item are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave. Autoclaves are manufactured to sterilize by gravity displacement and dynamic air removal. High-speed sterilizers or flash sterilization is an abbreviated gravity displacement method. 2. Chemical Sterilization: Referred to as low-temperature sterilization. A maximum temperature of 54º C to 60º C of gaseous sterilization is used. An antimicrobial and sporicidal agent must be used. 3. Ethylene Oxide: Used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures. All items sterilized in this manner must be cleansed and dried since water united with ethylene oxide forms ethylene glycol, which cannot be eliminated by aeration and is toxic. *Radiologic technologists are also entering and performing work inside the operating room. That is why it is very important to know the basic precautions and techniques to prevent the spread of infection. These techniques are not only applicable in the hospital but also in every place we go. END GJBP,RRT 14