Vedic Age PDF

C VEDIC AGE SS R A RM PA  Vedic Age: 1500-600 BC Two types: Early Vedic: 1500-1000 BC Later Vedic: 1000-600 BC Starts with line “Agnimele Purohitam” Rig Veda added to UNESCO in 2007 Rig...

C VEDIC AGE SS R A RM PA  Vedic Age: 1500-600 BC Two types: Early Vedic: 1500-1000 BC Later Vedic: 1000-600 BC Starts with line “Agnimele Purohitam” Rig Veda added to UNESCO in 2007 Rig Veda First to be compiled C Bal Gangadhar Tilak Compiled book: The Arctic Home in the Vedas SS Said: all Indians were Aryans Boghazkai inscription (Turkey): mentions names such as Indra, Varuna, etc Brother Seven Under Similar sounding words R Linguistic basis A Vedas: Oldest text (compiled during Zehda Avesta (Iran)) Meaning: Knowledge They were orally passed (Shruti) one generation to another another RM Apaurasheya Not created by man but gifted by God Subdivisions 1. Samhita: collection of Hymns ; para Versus 2. Brahmans: end of Vedas; sacrifices and rituals 3. Aranyakas: Hermits (live in jungle) PA 4. Upanishads: knowledge gain 600 BC Also known as Vedanta 108 Upnishads Traditional Main: 10 4 types of Vedas In Early Vedic Age 1. Rig Veda Made up of 10 mandalas oldest and largest; collection of Sanskrit hymns Total: 1028 hymns Verses: 10,600 Hymns recited by Hotri Deities: Indra, Agni, Vishnu, Varuna Gayatri Mantra: by sage Vishwamitra (mentioned in 3rd Mandala) 2-7th Mandala: made first 10th Mandala mentions: Purush Sukta Feet (Shudra) C Mouth Arms Thighs (Brahmans) (Kshatriya) (Vaishya) 9th Mandala mentions: Lord Soma (Lord of plants) SS Somras (energy drink) 2. Sama Veda: Oldest books on music Consists of chanting melodies R 2 Upanishads: Chandogya and Kena Upanishad 3. Yajur Veda: Collection of Mantras A Divided in two sections: Shukla: contains Satapatha RM Krishna: Brahmana (largest) Important Upanishads 1. Brihadaranyaka (oldest Upanishad) 2. Katha (story of Nachiketa) 4. Atharva Veda: Veda of magic formulaes Divided into 20 khandas PA Important Upanishads 1. Manduka: Satyameva Jayate is taken from here 2. Maha Upanishad: Vasudeva Kutumbkam (“whole world is a family”) Schools of Philosophy 1. Samakhya: Kapila 2. Nyaya: Gautam (Scientific approach) 3. Vaisheshika: Kannada (Atoms) 4. Yoga: Patanjali 5. Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta): Badrayana Philosophical teachings of Upanishads 6. Purva Mimansa: Jamini C Vedangas: tools to understand Vedas Total: 6 SS 1. Siksha: study of phonetics 2. Kalpa: study of practices (Rita) 3. Vyankaran: study of grammar 4. Nirukta: study of etymology 5. Jyoti: study of light 6. R Chhanda: study of poetic matters A Early Vedic Age: Rig Veda RM Himvanta Munjavat (Himalaya) (Hindu Kush) ‘Sapta Sindhu’: Old names: PA Indus: Sindhu Jhelum: Vitasta Chenab: Askini Ravi: Parushini Beas: Bipasha Won Sutlej: Shutudri Society: 4 Varnas Not hereditary Based on professions Cow: was considered as “wealth decider” No child marriage Aghanya Gavishthi: Battle of Cows Widow remarriage Niyoga Patriarchal society C Polity Elective Monarchy Hereditary Rashtra 1. Sabha: community of few privileged Jana SS 2. Samhita: community of common people Visa 3. Vidatva: for religious purpose Grama Kula Ranking of officials Purohita Senani: Army chief R Gramani: Village head A Religion: they worshipped nature Indra, Pritvi, Agni, Soma, Vayu RM Purandara Intermediary between Human and God Destroyer of forts Rudra: God of Animals Aditi: Mother of Gods PA Savitri: Gayatri Mantra dedicated to it No animals were worshipped Pottery Ochre coloured pottery  Later Vedic Period 1000 BC-600 BC Other 3 Vedas Ganga-Yamuna Doab C Aryans expanded from Punjab to Western Uttar Pradesh SS Ganga-Yamuna Doab Upper portion: Kuru Hastinapur Middle port: Panchal Kuru Tribe: 2 clan Pandava Mahabharata (950 BC) R Kaurava Compiled on: 4th Century AD (400 AD) A Towards the later Vedic Period they shifted from Doab area to Eastern UP RM Expansion possible: Iron weapons + horses Metal Krishna Ayas/Shyam Ayas Agriculture Chief means of livelihood PA King also did manual labour in field Virhi: Rice Wooden ploughshare (Rural) Political Organization Sabha: women no longer allowed to sit in it Samiti Vidatha Dominated by Brahmins C Centralised SS Society Varna system: Brahmans Kshatriya Trade Dominated Vaishya Sudra Servent R Conditions of women deteriorated A Gotra (clan) system emerged RM Ashram Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Anuloma Vivaha: boys higher caste + girl lower caste PA Pratima Vivaha: girl higher caste + boy lower caste Love marriage: Gandharva Vivah Gods Other Gods started emerging Pottery Later Vedic Age Grey coloured pottery One liners (MCQs) C The language of Aryans: Sanskrit Dharamasutras contain: norms for rulers SS As per Rig Veda or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), the river Goddess was: Sindhu Hymn in the form of dialogue in Rig Veda, between Sage Vishwamitra and two R rivers that were worshipped as Goddesses were: Beas and Sutlej 30 Rig Veda manuscripts from 1800-1500 BC included in UNESCOs Memory of A the World Register: 2007 A person’s Vedic approach and his relationship with society are determined by RM four goals in life: Artha, Moksha, Dharma, Kama According to “the Ramayana”, Ratnakar was other name of: Valmiki At one stage in the Vedic age, the King was called “gopati” which meant: Lord of cattle PA Term that denotes “rituals”: Kalpa Sage Vyasa compiled Puranas and the Mahabharata Book written by Aryabhatta: Aryabhatiyam