Rocks - Classification, Types, and Properties - PDF

Here is the conversion of the attached images into a structured markdown format. ## Classification of Rocks * **Igneous** * Intrusive * Examples * Diorite * Granite * Pegmatite * Extrusive * Examples * Pumic...

Here is the conversion of the attached images into a structured markdown format. ## Classification of Rocks * **Igneous** * Intrusive * Examples * Diorite * Granite * Pegmatite * Extrusive * Examples * Pumice * Basalt * Andesite * **Sedimentary** * Clastic * Examples * Shale * Siltstone * Sandstone * Chemical * Examples * Limestone * Chert * Organic * Examples * Coquina * Chalk * Coal * **Metamorphic** * Foliated * Examples * Slate * Schist * Gneiss * Non Foliated * Examples * Marble * Quartzite * Hornfels --- **The Rock Cycle** The diagram shows the processes involved in the rock cycle: * Magma cools to form Igneous Rock. Igneous rock melts to form Magma. * Igneous Rock weathers and erodes to form Sediment. * Sediment compacts and cements to form Sedimentary Rock. Sedimentary Rock weathers and erodes to form Sediment. * Igneous Rock experiences Heat & Pressure to form Metamorphic Rock. Sedimentary Rock experiences Heat & Pressure to form Metamorphic Rock. Metamorphic Rock weathers and erodes to from Sediment. * Metamorphic Rock melts to form Magma. --- **GEOLOGY CONCEPTS** The table shows the relationship between the Wentworth Size Class, mm Scale, and Phi Scale | Wentworth Size Class | mm scale | phi scale | | :-------------------------- | :--------- | :-------- | | Boulder > 256 mm (-8 to -12 $) | 256 to 4 | -8 to -2 | | Pebbles | | | | Gravel | 4 to 2 | -2 to -1 | | Very coarse sand | 2 to 0.5 | -1 to 1 | | Medium sand | 0.5 to 0.25| 1 to 2 | | Fine sand | 0.25 to 0.06| 2 to 4 | | Silt | 0.06 to 0.004 | 4 to 8 | | Clay | < 0.004 | > 8.00 | * Udden-Wentworth scale is a millimeter-based scale * Phi scale is the expression of grain sizes on a logarithmic scale. The phi value $(\varphi)$ is related to grain diameter (d) by the expression $\varphi = -log_2d$. --- The image shows how igneous rocks are formed: * **Extrusive Igneous Rock** Magma comes out and cools on the surface. Cooling Time: Seconds to months. Texture: Fine-grained, lacks crystal growth. * **Intrusive Igneous Rock** Magma cools beneath the surface. Cooling Time: Thousands of years. Texture: Coarse-grained, shows crystal growth. --- The image shows a cross-section of a volcano and the different types of igneous rock formations: * Volcano * Volcanic neck * Lava flows & Pyroclastic deposits * Sill * Laccolith * Dike * Stock * Batholith It also indicates rates of crystal sizes produced by different cooling rates: * **Rapid cooling rates: Fine crystal sizes** Extrusive Volcanic Igneous Rocks * **Moderate cooling rates: Medium crystal sizes** * **Slow cooling rates: Large crystal sizes** Intrusive Plutonic Igneous Rocks --- The diagram shows Igneous Rocks Types, Texture and Composition * **Extrusive Igneous Rocks** * Rhyolite * Andesite * Basalt * Volcanic Rocks & Aphanitic Texture * **Intrusive Igneous Rocks** * Granite * Diorite * Gabbro * Plutonic Rocks & Phaneritic Texture * Lava * Magma The rocks are displayed on a scale of increasing silica content. * Felsic * Intermediate * Mafic --- **Igneous Rock Chart** | Origin | Crystal Size | Rock | Composition | |:-----------------|:-------------|:----------|:-----------------------------------------| | Extrusive (Lava) | No Crystals | Obsidian | | | | | Pumice | | | | Fine-Grained | Basalt | Ocean Crust | | | | Rhyolite | | | Both | Porphyritic | | Large crystals with small crystals Scattered on top | | Intrusive (Magma)| Coarse Grained| Gabbro | Mafic (low) | | | | Granite | Continental Crust | --- **PHYSICAL PROPERTIES-GRANITE** 1. Massive un-stratified and dense 2. Interlocking texture-more strength 3. Equiangular or porphyritic texture (mosaic appearance) 4. Non permeable-will not become weak when dissolved in water 5. Rich in silica-resistant against weathering 6. Rich in minerals-resistant against abrasion 7. Presence of mural joints-easy for quarrying 8. Easily available 9. Having pleasing color occurrence-decorative 10. Ability towards polishing 11. Resistance to fire and frost-minerals --- The image shows the Granite Composition * Granite * Quartz * Potassium Feldspar * Plagioclase Feldspar * Biotite * Amphibole * Thin section of granite --- The images shows Granite Colors: * Green Granite * Contains green minerals like epidote, green feldspar. * Pink Granite * Mostly Potassium feldspar (orthoclase) * Gray Granite * Mix of quartz, feldspar, and Muscovite. * Brown Granite * Contains weathered brownish feldspar. * Porphyritic Granite * Large crystals throughout a finer background. * White Granite * Dominated by quartz and White Feldspar. --- The images shows uses of granite slabs: * Bathroom Dado * Sculptures * Kitchen Countertops * Flooring * Door & Window Frame * Garden Bench * Stair Floor --- The image illustrates How are Sedimentary Rocks Formed ? 1. Erosion & Transportation * Eroded sediments end up in the water and begin to settle down 2. Deposition * With time, more sediments are added to newly formed sedimentary layers 3. Compaction * The release of moisture from the sedimentary layers makes the layers compact 4. Cementation * Salt crystals glue the layers to form more compact sedimentary rocks --- **Types of Sedimentary Rocks** * **Clastic** * Form by compaction of rock fragments (clasts). * Sandstone * Shale * **Chemical** * Form by precipitation of minerals. * Limestone * Gypsum * **Organic** * Form by accumulation of animal or plant debris. * Coal * Chalk --- **COLLECTION OF SEDEMENTARY ROCKS** Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. List of rocks include: * Bituminous Coal * Chalk lumps * Chert * Conglomerate * Diatomite * Flint * Lime Stone Black * Lime Stone Silicious * Lime Stone White * Mud Stone * Rock Phosphate * Rock Salt * Sand Stone Red * Sand Stone Silicious * Shale --- **Metamorphic Rocks** * Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of heat and pressure on existing rocks. * This can greatly affect the hardness, texture, or layer patterns of the rocks. The image shows an illustration of how metamorphic rocks are formed: * Pressure from surface rocks * Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure --- The image shows examples of **Metamorphic Rocks** Examples: * Marble * Anthracite * Gneiss * Hornfels * Mariposite * Novaculite * Quartzite * Phyllite * Schist * Skarn * Slate * Soapstone --- **Rock & stone – Marble** **Physical Properties of Marble** * Colour: White, Pink, Black, Green, Shaded, Striped * Luster/Gloss: Glassy * Reflectivity: 80-95% * Transparency: Translucent * Solubility: Soluble residue negligible. * Absorption: Negligible * Strength: Capacity to resist stress, depends upon rift. --- **Rock & stone – Marble** **Chemical Composition of Marble** Indian marble has the following main chemical constituents in its composition. * Soluble residue - 0.89%, $Fe_20_3$ - 0.28%, $CaCo_3$ - 97.74%, $MgCo_3$ - 1.22%, Phosphoric Acid - 0.04% --- **Rock & stone – Marble** **Uses of Marble** Marble has always been highly valued for its beauty, strength, and resistance to fire and erosion. The ancient Greeks were good users of marble in their buildings and statues. The Italian artist Michelangelo used marble from Carrara, Italy, in a number of sculptures. Marble from Tennessee was used in parts of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The Lincoln Memorial, also in Washington, was built of marble from Alabama, Colorado, and Georgia. --- The image displays multiple uses of marble in interior design. The image displays examples of Statutary White Marble, Rose Aurora Marble, and Fior De Pesco Marble. The image displays examples of Crema Marfil Marble and Cafe Rosita Marble. The image displays examples of Rose Atlantico Marble.