Vargas Hot Topics Study Guide PDF

Basic information: ================== Aspirin, Warfarin, Heparin, Clopidogrel, Vitamin K -------------------------------------------------- Aspirin: Antiplatelet used to reduce risk of stroke and MI; monitor for bleeding.\ Warfarin: Anticoagulant; requires monitoring of INR/PT, dietary vitamin K c...

Basic information: ================== Aspirin, Warfarin, Heparin, Clopidogrel, Vitamin K -------------------------------------------------- Aspirin: Antiplatelet used to reduce risk of stroke and MI; monitor for bleeding.\ Warfarin: Anticoagulant; requires monitoring of INR/PT, dietary vitamin K consistency.\ Heparin: Anticoagulant; monitor PTT, antidote is protamine sulfate.\ Clopidogrel: Antiplatelet; used post-MI or stent placement, monitor for bleeding.\ Vitamin K: Antidote for warfarin overdose; affects clotting factor synthesis. PT, PTT ------- PT (Prothrombin Time): Measures extrinsic clotting pathway; normal 11-13.5 seconds.\ PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): Measures intrinsic pathway; normal 25-35 seconds. Cardiovascular Disease (S/S and Interventions) ---------------------------------------------- S/S: Chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations.\ Interventions: Lifestyle changes, medications (e.g., statins, antihypertensives), and possible procedures (angioplasty, CABG). Peripheral Artery Disease (S/S and Interventions) ------------------------------------------------- S/S: Intermittent claudication, cold limbs, delayed wound healing.\ Interventions: Smoking cessation, exercise, medications (antiplatelets), and surgery (angioplasty). Myocardial Infarction (S/S and Interventions) --------------------------------------------- S/S: Chest pain, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, nausea.\ Interventions: MONA (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrates, Aspirin), thrombolytics, and cardiac catheterization. Deep Vein Thrombosis (S/S and Interventions) -------------------------------------------- S/S: Swelling, redness, pain in the affected limb.\ Interventions: Anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, warfarin), compression stockings, and mobility. Pulmonary Embolism (S/S and Risks) ---------------------------------- S/S: Sudden dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, hemoptysis.\ Risks: Immobility, DVT, surgery, smoking. Diabetes Type 2 (S/S Hypoglycemia/Hyperglycemia, Interventions, 3Ps) -------------------------------------------------------------------- S/S: Hypoglycemia: Sweating, confusion, tachycardia. Hyperglycemia: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.\ Interventions: Monitor glucose, administer insulin or oral hypoglycemics, dietary management. Glucose Levels, HbA1C --------------------- Normal Glucose Levels: 70-110 mg/dL (fasting).\ HbA1C: Reflects 3-month average glucose; normal \6.5%. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (S/S and Interventions) ------------------------------------------------------------- S/S: Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea.\ Interventions: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy. Atrial Fibrillation (S/S and Interventions) ------------------------------------------- S/S: Irregular heartbeat, palpitations, fatigue.\ Interventions: Anticoagulants, rate/rhythm control (beta-blockers, amiodarone). Troponin -------- Cardiac biomarker for MI; elevated levels indicate myocardial damage.\ Normal: \