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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - GENUINE HAPPINESS is achieved only if one uses their reason to control their  According to Ma. Vevica P. Maranan (2021), it is spirited and appetitive part. a person’s se...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF - GENUINE HAPPINESS is achieved only if one uses their reason to control their  According to Ma. Vevica P. Maranan (2021), it is spirited and appetitive part. a person’s self-concept is one’s understanding of  Theory of Love and Becoming who they are and what makes them unique. - Love ascents higher stage of self- Nature of Self realization. - Love begins in the experience that  Thinking and Feeling something is lacking.  Distinct Identity that summarize one’s - The deeper the thought, the deeper the experience as an individual. love.  Separate; Self-Contained; Independent; - Love is a way of knowing and realizing Consistent; Unitary; Private. the truth, in the process of seeking higher stage of being. The Process of Discovering Oneself (Alvin Toffler)  Three parts of Ideal Soul 1. Learn a. Reason – think deeply, wise choice 2. Unlearn and decision, truth 3. Relearn b. Physical Appetite – biological needs like hunger, lust, thirst. The Johari Window c. Spirit/Passion – emotions like  Proposed by Joseph Luft & Harington Ingham happiness, sadness, anger, empathy (1955) etc.  This model allows individuals to understand  Theory of Forms themselves by determining who they are a. World of Forms (Non-Physical ideas) according to the people surrounding them. – permanent and real.  Open Self; Blind Self; Unknown Self; Hidden Self b. World of Sense (Reality) – temporary and only a replica of ideal world. THE SELF FROM PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE 3. ARISTOTLE - The soul is the essence of the Self. Philosophy - Knowing yourself is the beginning of all  Philia + Sophia (love of wisdom) Wisdom.  Exploring all areas of knowledge from politics, - Suggest that rational nature of our self psychology, physics, and medicine. which achieved through self- actualization can lead us to a flourishing Philosophers life. - The PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS is a search  People who study philosophy. for a good life that includes DOING 1. SOCRATES VIRTUOUS ACTIONS. - An Unexamined Life is not worth living. KNOW YOURSELF  Views and Contributions - Self is synonymous to soul. - Believes that the soul is merely a set of - He contributed the Socratic Method, defining features and does not consider wherein one self examine. the body and soul as separate entities. - It is the goal of Socrative perspective to - For him, anything with life has a soul. better the quality of human life through - Humans differ because of their rational consistent self-examination. capacity.  2 Dichotomous Realms  Three Kinds of Soul a. Ideal Realm – unchanging, eternal, a. Vegetative Soul – physical body that immortal. grow. b. Physical Realm – the reality, mortal, b. Sentient Soul – sensual desires and changeable, and transient. emotions. 2. PLATO c. Rational Soul - intellect that allows - The self is an immortal soul. man to understand things. - Man is all—knowing before he was - The rational soul is characterized by born. moral virtues such as justice and - The Ideal Self, the perfect Self courage.  Three Parts of a Soul a. Rational Part – It is the thinking part 4. ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO that loves the truth and uses reason - The measure of love is to love without to decide and act. measure. b. Spirited Part – loves honor and  Two Process – Self Presentation leads to Self victory. – Actualization c. Appetitive Part – manifestation of desires.  - One transforms as he struggles in both - The essence of human self is a thinking body and soul, to ultimately achieve entity that doubts, understands, - HAPPINESS specifically found in GOD’S analyzes, questions, and reasons. LOVE.  Two Dimensions - Stressed that the mind is superior over a. The Self as Thinking Entity - the body. nonmaterial, immortal, conscious - Understanding the self and the being, independent of the physical formation of identity is achieved through laws of the universe. introspection. b. The Self as a Physical Body - Body:  Two Realms of Thought material, mortal, fully governed by a. God as the source of all reality and the laws of nature truth b. The Sinfulness of a Man - Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God. Everything God created is all good. Human person is always  MIND BODY PROBLEM geared towards the good. - Bodily processes are mechanical. The - Convinced that the self is known only body is like a machine that is controlled through knowing God. by the will and aided by the mind. - Self-knowledge is a consequence of - knowledge of God. 2. JOHN LOCKE - For him, the truth refers to the truth of - “the self is consciousness” knowing God. God is transcendent  Personal Identity (beyond physical human experience) and - Tabula Rasa - (at birth, the mind the self seeks to be united with God is a blank slate without innate through faith and reason. ideas, and it is experience that - fundamental concept of human person, provides us knowledge provided “I am doubting, therefore I by sensory [hear, smell, taste, am.” see, feel] experiences and a. Disordered Love – love the wrong reflections) things that believe to give happiness.  Views and Contributions b. Love of Physical Objects – sin of - Knowledge results from ideas produced greed. by objects that were experienced. c. Love for the self – sin of pride.  Two Forms on Processing Knowledge d. Love for God – real happiness. a. Sensation – touched and - All things are worthy to love but they experienced through senses. must be loved properly. If man loves b. Reflection – experience it and the God, first, and everything else to a lesser mind analyzes its own thoughts and degree then all will fall into rightful experiences. place. 3. DAVID HUME Self - Knowledge - There is no real self - The Self is the bundle theory of the mind. - It offers us a route to greater happiness - Perception and fulfillment.  Views and Contributions - The mind receives materials from the 1. RENE DESCARTES senses and calls it perceptions. - “I think therefore I am”  Two Types of Perception - The soul and the body can function a. Impressions – basic sensations such without the other. as hate, love, anger, cold, heat etc.  Views and Contributions b. Ideas – thoughts and images from - Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am) impressions. - is the keystone of his beliefs. "I think, - SCEPTICAL CLAIM - people have no therefore I am" means that if you are experience of a simple and individual able to doubt, question, or think about impression that they can call self where anything, then you must exist. The very the self is the totality of a person’s act of thinking proves that you are a real, conscious life. conscious being. Even if everything else - PERSONAL IDENTITY is result of could be an illusion or a trick, the fact IMAGINATION. that you are able to doubt or think shows that you definitely exist. - The act of thinking about the self – of being self-conscious –is in itself proof that there is a self.  4.IMMANUEL KANT to the reality of the brain and the extant - We construct our self. of the reality. - Respect for Self - Combining the idea of Rationalism 7. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (knowledge through reasoning) and - The self is embodied subjectivity. Empiricism (knowledge through senses) - Argues that all knowledge of the self is  Views and Contribution based on phenomena of experiences. - Defined knowledge as a result of human - The soul and the body are unified and understanding applied to sense of not separate. experience.  Views and Contributions - Believe that human experiences make - Argues that all knowledge of the self is up persona. based on the phenomena of - The development of individuality and experiences; a fact or situation that the self is the result of human exist or happened. experiences that forges significant - Everything that we are aware of is learning to a person. contained in our consciousness; a - He believed that those bundles of dynamic form responsible for actively sensory impressions (by Hume) imply a structuring conscious ideas and physical unity of the self without which there behavior. would be no knowledge of experience. - A self must exist: if not, there could be no memory or knowledge. THE SELF FROM SOCIOLOGICAL  Transcendental Self or Apperception PERSPECTIVE - Refers to experience of the self with its SOCIOLOGY unity within the objects – transcendental idealism, distinguishing between  Study of human societies and interrelationship phenomena (things as they appear) and of individuals within the society. noumena (things as they are in SOCIETY themselves).  Human created organizations or system of 5.GILBERT RYLE interrelationship that connect individuals to a - “the self is the way people behave” common culture. - The self is a pattern of behavior.  All the products of human interaction. - The self is a pattern of behavior, tendency to behave in a certain way in SOCIAL ORGANIZATION certain circumstances.  Arrangement of parts that constitute society.  Views and Contributions - I Act Therefore I Am = The self is the STATUS same as bodily behavior.  Socially defined positions. - Convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and ROLE actions that make up the self.  Expected behavior of the society according to  Two Types of Knowledge a. Knowing That – knowing facts and status. information. GROUP b. Knowing How – using facts and information to perform skills and  two or more people regularly interacting on the technical abilities. basis or shared expectations of others’ behavior; interrelated statuses and roles. 6. PARTICIA CHURCHLAND AND PAUL INSTITUTIONS CHURCHLAND - “the self is the brain”  patterns of activity reproduced across time and - The self is inseparable from the brain and space. Practices that are regularly and the body. continuously repeated. - If there is no brain, there is no self. SOCIAL STRACTURE  Views and Contributions - Neurophilosophy; study of philosophy of  refers to the pattern within culture and the mine, neuroscience. organization through which social action takes - Study focused on working the brain. place; arrangements of roles, organizations, - The physical brain gives the sense of the institutions, and cultural symbols that are stable self. over time. - Neurophilosophy states that the self is real, it is a tool that helps people tune in  Social Structure enables and constraints what is might behave or respond in a possible in social life. given situation. - The Self is developing. C. Game Stage (8-9yrs. old) - Children began to see not just their perspective but also the perspective of other people around them. - Respond to several people around them. - Understand the following concepts: SOCIAL CLASS a. Generalize Others – expected behaviors and norms and  a group of people with similar socioeconomic values of the society as a status or standing within the society based on whole. the level of income, education, and occupation. b. Multiple Roles – a person can a. Low-Income Class be a teacher, a mom, and a b. Middle-Income Class wife. c. High-Income Class c. Significant Others – people SOCIAL MOBILITY who take care of them and whose opinion matters to  People are allowed to move from one status or them. class to another class.  The Theory of Self SOCIOLOGIST AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS a. I - personal response to the self a. George Herbert Mead (me) - Stages of Self - Subjective. b. Charles Cooley b. ME - Looking Glass Self - What society thinks of me (social c. Erving Goffman self) - Dramaturgical Approach - Objective. - Face Work Idea 2. CHARLES COOLEY 1. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - Uses Sociopsychological Approach in - Uses Social Behaviorism Approach to understanding society. describe the power of environment in - An individual strives to meet the shaping human’s behavior. expectation of society and the society  Concept Of Self helps him to attain his goals. - A dimension of personality made up of - The self is formed through one’s actual individual’s self-awareness and self- experiences and by what ones’ imagines image. other’s ideas of oneself to be. - The self cannot be separated from the - I am not what I think I am, I am not what Society. you think I am, I am what I think you  Developmental Stage think I am. A. Preparatory Stage (0-3 yrs. old)  Looking Glass Self - No sense of self - person whom interact with became a - Development based on social mirror in which he/she views interaction and experience. himself/herself. - Children’s behavior is primarily - Self-identity and self-image are achieved based on imitations. through tree-fold events. - The basic communication is a. A person imagines how he appears to symbols. others B. Play Stage (3-5 yrs. old) b. A person imagines how others - Knowing and understanding evaluate, judge, or perceive him. language and symbols are their c. A person develops reaction or primary basis for socialization. identity based on their perceptions. - Children learn to roleplay, - May develop negative self-image if pretend to be other people. others perceive him/her unfavorably. - Role-taking on this stage is the - May develop wrong self-identity if the process of mentally assuming basis is from others time to time. the perspective of another person to see how this person  3. Erving Goffman THE SELF FROM THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL - develop modern American sociology. PERSPECTIVE - Used theatrical metaphor of stage, actors, and audience to observe and ANTHROPOLOGY analyze the intricacies of social  Study of human diversity through time and interaction (dramaturgical perspective). space. It deals particularly with culture that - Dramaturgical Approach (Impression varies from one people to another and from Management), the self is made up of the past to present. parts that people play and a key goal of  A field of science that focuses on study of a social actors are to present their various man. selves in ways that create and sustain  The field looks into man’s physical/biological particular impressions to their different characteristics, social relationships, and the audiences. influence of his culture from the dawn of - Facework, a term used for “face saving” civilization up to the present. wherein one maintains proper image despite being in an embarrassing A. ARCHAEOLOGY situation. - Study of artifacts. - Sometimes called impression - Archeologist is a scientist who studies management because part of playing a artifacts in order to discover how people role for others is to control their lived their lives. impression about you. - They believed that homo sapiens did not  Stages extinct because of their ability to think. Use a. Front Stage – action observe by tools, and learn from experiences. others, playing a certain way that - Men are similar, but the manner they used audience expected one to. to survive is different. b. Back Stage – natural act, people - Most important aspect of human life is acting how they are without the survival. people observing them. - Human behaviors continue to adapt in order to survive. THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN AND POST-MODERN SOCIETIES B. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - Focus primarily on how the human body 1. GERRY LANUZA adapts to the different earth environments. - 2004, the Constitution of the Self. - study people in different places and - The attainability and sustainability of self- discovered that while human beings vary in identity is freely chosen and no longer their biological make-up and behavior, bounded by the traditions. there are a lot more similarities among - Problems: them than there are differences. a. Alienation – stranger to own self b. Dehumanization – demeans human C. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY dignity of one self. - Human survival is primarily linked to their - There’s a need to discover the “authentic ability to communicate and an essential part core” of the self for an individual to freely of human communication is language. work towards self-realization. - Language identifies group of people; words, - self-identity continuously changes due to sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are the demands of social contexts, new used are reflections of a group’s culture. information technologies, and globalization. - Language is reflective of the time and mode of thinking of the people using it. 2. JEAN BOUDRILLARD - Exposes negative impact of post modernity D. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY to society. - Study of human diverse culture.  Consumption structure in post-modern  Culture – group of people’s way of life. society  Theory of Cultural Determinism - Post-Modern Humans achieved self-identity - human nature is determined by the ideas, through prestige symbols that they meanings, beliefs, and values learned as consume and seek for a position through member of a society. prestige symbols that they can afford to - culture has a strong impact on how consume. individual view himself. - Cultural Practices encourage people to - Who or what a person is maybe determined consume not for their primary value but for by the kind of culture he is born into and the feeling of goodness and power when grew up in. compared to others. - there is no universal or right way of being human.  - The right way is always based on culture. Sub Categories Since culture vary, there is no one way of a. Material Self: physical characteristics + understanding human nature. material possessions a. Positive b. Social Self: one’s interaction with people - Human beings can be shaped to the kind in the society of life they prefer. c. Spiritual Self: most intimate part that b. Negative includes one’s purpose, core values, - People have no control on what they conscience and moral behavior learn. 2. CARL ROGERS  Symbol - Self-concept is an important aspect in - The most superficial level of culture. understanding the self. This refers to the  Values image of oneself and how he thinks and - Deepest level; Core of culture. perceives himself. - The self is the center of experience.  Ways in which Culture manifest: - The self develops through interaction with a. Symbols – words, gestures or symbols significant people and awareness of one’s that have a meaning in life. own character. b. Heroes – person from past or present - humans are always striving for self- that has an impact in our culture, they fulfillment and self- actualization. may be real or fictitious.  Ideal vs. Real Self c. Ritual – activities that let people unite for a. Real Self – all ideas including awareness a common desire to fulfill; socially of what one is and what one can do. essential. b. Ideal Self – person’s conception of what d. Values – are unconscious, and can neither one should be or what one aspires to be be discussed nor be directly observed but including one’s goals and ambitions. can only be inferred from the the way  Normal – when real and Ideal self is aligned people react or act in a certain situation. or close enough; the closer the real to ideal Anthropology makes the person aware that self the happy you are. what he is maybe determined by his past,  Neurotic – ideal is far from real self, causing and present condition, his biological anxiety and dissatisfaction. characteristics, the way he communicates, the language that he uses and the manner in which he chooses to live his life. MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELF - There are times when we need to have different personalities based on the kinds of THE SELF FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL group that we’re in. PERSPECTIVE - We form the different and multiple faces of PSEUDO ourselves in reaction to the current situations we are in, and even because of - Note genuine the past situations we have experienced. PSYCHOLOGY 1. SIGMUND FREUD - Scientific study of human mind and behavior. - Asserted that the human psyche - Originated from 400-500 B.C (personality) is structured into three parts: - It has four main goals according to Dr. Saul id, superego, and ego. Mcleod: to describe, to explain, to predict, a. Id – basic impulse, irrational, and and to change. operates in unconscious level.  Four Main Goals of Psychology b. Superego – ideals, morals, conscience, a. To Describe – describe the human operating in preconscious level. behavior. c. Ego – the rational and real, physical b. To Explain – explain why that act occurs. embodiment of action based on Id and c. To Predict – predict future behavior Superego. according to empirical study. - Introduced Psychosexual Development, d. To Change – change and control the argued that the development of an behavior that may be attempted. individual can be divided into distinct stages 1. WILLIAM JAMES characterized by sexual desires. As a person - Proposed the concept of “I and Me” grows, certain areas become sources of a. I - self – the thinking self, knows who pleasure, frustration or both. he/she is. The “Pure Ego” a. Oral Stage (0-2 yrs old)– mouth b. Me - Self – refers to personal experiences. became the part that craves satisfaction and pleasure ex. eating.  b. Anal Stage (2-3 yrs old) – the feeling - Mandkind of pain and pleasure came from defecating, covering toilet training period. THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN c. Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs old) – curiosity THOUGHTS on human genitals and became attached to opposite parent. WESTERN CULTURE - INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF Oedipus Complex – attraction of boy  Through the process of introspection and to mother. reflection, a man decides to search for his Electra Complex – attraction of girl to purpose in life and the role he plays in this father. world. d. Latency Stage (10-12 yrs old) – sexual  A person who makes the most of themselves desires presumably subside due to preoccupied in developing skills. is an individualistic self. e. Genital Stage (after puberty) –  Aware that s/he is not alone and exist with deepest feeling and pleasure came others. presumably from heterosexual  Is aware of his rights and limitations. relationship.  Independence and self-reliance form development of self in western culture. 2. ERIK ERIKSON  Individualist people are expected to know - Introduced concept of psychosocial how to stand alone. development. EASTERN CULTURE – COLLECTIVE SELF - Primarily focused on psychological and social factors affecting individual’s  Focuses on collective set of individuals development.  This is where identity of an individual is lost - He formulated (8) eight major stages of and does not exist except for others. development, each posing a unique  The family and society controls how a developmental task and simultaneously person should act and behave in the society. presenting the individual with a crisis that  Establish strong bonds with their family. s/he must overcome.  Bound by culture, tradition, customs and - Individuals develop a healthy personality by norms of the society. mastering “life’s outer and inner dangers.”  In society, collectivism foster nationalistic a. Trust vs, Mistrust attitude as what the group believes. - Infancy (birth to 18 months)  In contemporary society, individualistic and - Feeding collective - self exist in one family due to - Maternal intermarriage between people of the East b. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt and West. - Early Childhood (18 months to 3 yrs old) - Toilet training THE SELF IN THE WESTERN THOUGHT - Paternal 1. DESCARTES c. Initiative vs. Guilt - The self can exist regardless of the - Preschool (3-5 yrs. old) environment. - Exploration - The cognitive basis of a person’s - family thoughts is the proof of one’s existence. d. Industry vs. Inferiority 2. KANT - Elementary school age (6-11 yrs old) - Self is capable of actions that entities it - School to have rights as an autonomous agent. - School and neighborhood - Recognition of human rights as e. Identity vs. Role Confusion important in the expression of individual - Adolescence (12-18 yrs old) freedom. - Social relationship - Ecological self sees the self as a process that - Peers is f. Intimacy vs. Social Isolation - young adult (19-40 yrs old) undergoing development. - relationship - Factors that influenced self-development - partners/friendship/sex/competition - Race g. Generativity vs. Stagnation - Education - Middle Adulthood (40-65 yrs old) - Gender - Work and parenthood - Social Status - partner - Culture h. Integrity vs. Despair - Self is seen as dynamic, different and unique - Old age/maturity (65 to death) and constantly exposed to an ever-changing - Reflection on life world. THE SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT - parents by exerting efforts to take care of themselves. - Reverence for parents and family is CONFUCIUS further demonstrated by bringing honor to the family, making something of - the name for which Kong Zhongi of China was himself to earn the respect of others. known in the West. - If the person is having difficulty giving his - Born in Zhou Dynasty in 551 BCE, in a small family honor, he should do his best not state of Lu. disgrace the family. - Grew up poor even if he came from a - Relationship that exists in the family scholarly family. reflect how the person relates to others. - Zhou Dynasty was characterized by its - Family is the reflection of a person. political, social, and moral disintegration in - How the person interacts socially and China. values acted upon can be traced back to - Through Scholarly study, he became known as his family environment which forms the Master Kong and as Great Sage and Teacher. bases of the person’s moral and social  Views and Contributions virtue.  The philosopher concept of Confucianism is c. Yi (rightness) centered in “Ren” which means human - It is the right way of behaving. goodness that separates human beings from - Unconditional and absolute. beasts. - Right is right and what is not right is - It involves thinking and feeling which serve as wrong. foundation of human relationship. - There are no gray areas. - signifies the Chinese culture’s emphasis on - Actions must be done because they are feelings or the heart as the most important the right actions. instead of the head in human nature. - For example: obedience to parents which - He believes that ren is the reflection of a is expected from children because it’s person’s understanding of humanity. morally right and obligated to do so.  It is found within each person  Li, Xiao and Yi are virtues observed in a  Guides human actions person whose humanity is developed,  Makes life worth living. morally cultivated and aware. According - To abandon ren means abandoning being to Confucianism, virtuous people result human. in a well-rounded, civilized, humane - This concept manifested through: society. a. Li (propriety) - Rules that must be followed in order to guide human actions. - Such rules adhered by following rules of the community  Customs  Ceremonies  Traditions - Self-mastery involves self-development. - Self-mastery is characterized by self- control and the will to redirect impulses and change socially accepted expressions of human nature. - Li conforms to the norms of society. - Confucius believes that everyone has duties and responsibilities hence five relationships.  Father and son  Ruler and subject  Older and younger brothers  Husband and wife  Friend and friend b. Xiao (filiality) - Xiao is the virtue of reverence and respect for family. - Parents should be revered for the life they had given. - Children show respect to their