The Self From Philosophical Perspectives PDF

THE SELF FROM PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE SOCRATES RENE DESCARTES An ancient Greek Philosopher French philosopher scientist, and “Know thyself” mathematician True wisdom...

THE SELF FROM PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE SOCRATES RENE DESCARTES An ancient Greek Philosopher French philosopher scientist, and “Know thyself” mathematician True wisdom comes from introspection “I think, therefore I am” – Cogito ergo and self-examination sum He believed in dualism (A person He proposed dualism: the mind and the compose by the body and soul) body An examine life is not worth living The mind is our unseen creation/source Acknowledging ignorance improves of our action receptivity to new perspective, situation The Father of the modern philosophy adaption and personal development Socrates dialogues, such as “The JOHN LOCKE Apology” and “The Phaedrus” illustrates English philosopher and physician his teachings on the self. Tabula Rasa - pinanganak tayo sa mundo na walang alam PLATO Self is shape by memories Ancient Greek philosopher (consciousness) and experience Student of Socrates (personal identity). He supported Socrates theory about As long as you remember being yourself the self at different times, you’re still the same person, even if you’re body change. Self is immortal and independent of the body DAVID HUME He believed in Tripartile Theory of the Scottish philosopher Soul Self is just an illusion created by the o Appetitive – desires mind from the flow of experiences. o Spirited – emotions and moods He proposed the Bundle Theory: the o Rational – our self is a bundle of perceptions, intellectual/reason thoughts and sensations. He rejected the notion of fixed and ARISTOTLE An ancient Greek Philosopher and enduring self polymath Body and soul are inseparable from one IMMANUEL KANT another German philosopher The self is a unified creature The inner self (transcendental self) Student of Plato includes our emotions and rational He disagreed with Plato’s theory about intellect. Inside us/unseen part of our the self because he believed that body self. and soul is inseparable The outer self (empirical self) is our Aristotle’s concept of self was physical and senses. Based on our constructed in terms of hylomorphism. actions. This is how we interact with the We cannot discuss self with a soul only physical world of a self with a body only SIGMUND FREUD SAINT AUGUSTINE Austrian neurologist Theologian and philosopher His concept of self is focused on the Self is deeply intertwined with God ego. Through God’s grace, we find self- The ego served as mediator between fulfillment the superego and ID (instinctual drives) If you’re connected with God that Three parts of the psyche means SELF o Ego – this is where the self is His concept of the self is rotted in the focused. The mediator. Aware idea of original sin inherited from Adam what you’re doing. and Eva, which leads to a sense of o Superego – norms and rules in our spiritual longing and disconnected. society. More on good and ethical  o ID (instinctual drives) – you don’t He studied neuro philosophy or the know what you’re doing. philosophy of the mind Unconscious-self. How our brain functioning is our SELF He believed that science could explain GILBERT RYLE how we understand ourselves by British philosopher studying the brain. Self is shown through actions and behaviors MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY He coined the phrase “ghost in the French philosopher machine” and argued that the self isn’t Self is shaped by our physical body and a hidden entity inside us. senses Known for his critique of Cartesian Past experience can be our references dualism. to define our self He believed that talking about an inner- He rejected the idea of dualism self is a mistake – it confuses things. He emphasized that our sense of self is Self is just how we act and behave in connected to our interactions with the the world, not some hidden ghost inside environment rather than a separated us. entity For him, the self develops over time, PAUL CHURCHLAND influenced by past experiences and Canadian philosopher future aspirations. Self is product of brain activity rather than a separated entity. THE SELF FORM SOCIOLOGICAL PERPECTIVES THE SELF AS PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY o Criticism of feedback of others AMONG OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS MEAD AND THE SOCIAL SELF CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929) GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931) Was an American Sociologist Was an American Philosopher, Looking-Glass Self which describes how sociologist, and psychologist. our self-image is shaped by how we Social Self Theory which asserts that think others see us. personal identity is formed through It’s like seeing ourselves reflected in a social interaction and cultural mirror, but the mirror is the opinions and expectations. reactions of others. It outlines elements or aspects like role- taking, the separation between “I” and THREE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “Me” and the influence of significant LOOKING-GLASS SELF others and generalized others on IMAGINATION identity formation in social contexts. o We imagine how we appear to Mead viewed the self as formed by others. social interaction and communication. o We envision how others might THE “I” AND THE “ME” view out actions and behaviors. INTERPRETATION The “I” is the spontaneous aspect of the o We imagine how others judge us self. It is the part that acts without o We consider the reactions and considering social consequences, judgements of others towards out The “Me” is a socialized aspect shaped behaviors. by social expectations and norms. It is SELF-FEELING the self that acts based on how others o We develop our self-concept expect one to behave. o We form an understanding of ourselves. ROLE-TAKING o Our self-concept is shaped by the feedback and responses we We develop a sense of self by imagining receive from others. how others perceive us and adjusting our behavior accordingly. SIGNIFICANT OTHERS AND GENERALIZED OTHERS Significant others have a direct influence on the person (e.g., parents) Generalized others represent society’s collective norms and expectations individuals internalize. (e.g., society). Mead found that children initially only adopt the roles of significant others. As they develop, they start to understand and adopt the expectations of others and eventually those of the entire group (generalized others). THREE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL SELF THEORY PREPARATORY STAGE (IMITATION) The preparatory stage starts from birth to age two (2). Within this stage, children copy others but don’t understand their actions, words, or tone of voice. PLAY STAGE (TAKING ON ROLES) The play stage occurs from about ages three (3) to six (6). During this period, children engage in imaginative play. They pretend and still do not follow the rules within organized games. Children would ‘pretend’ to be “mother” or “father,” depending on their observation. GAMES STAGE (UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE ROLES The game stage typically begins at age seven (7). Children start to comprehend and follow the rules of games, take on roles independently, and consider others’ perspectives, forming the concept of “generalized others”.