Understanding The Self Review Notes PDF

Understanding the self reviewer(notes): Lesson 1: Self variant perspective. The construction of the self from different perspective. From various philosophical views. The philosophical perspective of themselves. Isocrates (philosopher) between death and exile. He dies at Martirer, he fights t...

Understanding the self reviewer(notes): Lesson 1: Self variant perspective. The construction of the self from different perspective. From various philosophical views. The philosophical perspective of themselves. Isocrates (philosopher) between death and exile. He dies at Martirer, he fights the ignorance. Under rise of understand the self. He believes that man\'s goal I\'m life is to acquire happiness. Because happiness motivated us. And knowing one self, a person can achieve happiness. Believes that a man is dualistic. Because a man can compose a body and soul. Imperfect and impermanent (body) mental and physical. First is the soul and second is the body. Plato was known as the father of the academy. One fo the pillars, or foundation. He stated that-- A follower of wisdom, won\'t undergo to any vices. They will be moral and ethical. Plato three perspective of the self: First one, is appetitive soul. Part of the person is motivated by one and need to satisfy one self. Involves physical needs to be satisfied. Second, spiritice soul. The great part of the person,the one who desires to do something. And to right the wrong of themselves. Very competitive. Third, rational soul. Is the drive of our lives this is the part of this gives and plans of the future. St. Agustine. He follows the God that embraces is all. The soul can be immortal, through communion of the divine. Communion of the Christian God. Our body lives for the goodness of God. Renedicar discartes. French philosopher,the father of modern philosophy. He believes in modern in dualism. He is famous to be the advocate, in methodical doubt. Also known for he statement of Cogito ergo sum. \"I think therefore, I am.\" Body is just a mere machine, the mind is the thinking thing and our body is just a mere machine. John locke Considered as classical liberation. He\'s he knowing of political, economic. He stated that, the self if the most tabular rasa. He believes that everyone born knowing nothing. He viewed that the consciousness is the center of ourselves. The version of ourselves through time, and we can still define ourselves David Hume is a Scottish philosophers, he focused on 3 empiricism, nationalism, etc. The self is the collection of different impression, he said that there is no permanent self because the impressions of things are based on our experiences. He stated that the self is nothing but a collection of imprssion. He defined the imprssion as experiences or ideas, collection of these. Impression are just productions of direct experience. And ideas are copies of our impressions. (That is the difference) Immanuel Kant is a German philosopher, that is famous on his work of empiricism and rationalism. He established that the compendium of impressions and the different contents of the only important in able to picture out the self. Knowing that different emotions that we have, just like impression are just a small proportion of our self. His definition of self as an organizing principle that combines experiences. The mind permits us to recognize not only things in the universe but also those are not in present, (Both present and not present) it allows us to know not only what we see, buy only that is beyond us; and this is the apparatus of our mind. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, he also believe that a man has different construction of personality that interact with each other. According to him a man ahs 3 aspect of personality because he detailed of the multi layered self. 1\. The conscious, the awareness and also the capability of our mind that we know. Three levels of consciousness: 2\. The pre-conscious, is composed of the activities that are not currently active but it was in stored on our memory. 3.) Unconscious, this are the activities that we are totally unaware of. 1\. Id, is is driven by the pleasure principle 2\. The ego, is this the reality the truth 3\. The super ego, which is our conscience Gilbert Ryle, wrote the concept of mind and he challenges the traditional difference of the body and mind by Rene Descartes is the body and the soul. According to him, the traditional concept dualistic that was given by Rene Descartes, commit a serious confusion. Rlye said that It views the mind as the additional mysteries thing that was deepen for our observation, we couldn\'t see because it is our mind, or the mechanical law of the principle that organizes the body. He contradict the dualism of ourselves, especially the non-physical self. The self is just a brand of all the behaviors we make. Paul Churchland, is a Canadian philosopher. The self is defined as the motility(source) of the brain. His work fought the common sense is false and the main philosophy is the eliminate materialism. Was a materialist who believed that nothing but an entity exist, so he manage the non-physical mind of the consciousness and he supported the self based on the state of mind, than mental. Morris Merleou Ponty, is a french philosopher he is powerfully influenced by Hesseri and Heidegger. Existential and phenomenology, he wants that can sees and the phenome He said that the self is regarded as that the body and mind are not separate entities. Instead of those elements are one in the same. He created the concept of the where you have the unity and The self Which is divided into three divisions: 1\. Body, both contains the experience as well incorporates. 2\. The percived world, is the accumulation of the perceptions and merge by the experience of the body. 3\. The people and the world, that gives way to the people but not only in the universe, and but to experience in different aspects. Lesson 2 Self from the perspective from sociology: Why socialization matters, why it is important? It it important because it uphold the society, it is also the key to an individual development. (Cultural) 1.) Nature, the nature of human being, the hormonal and genetic composition. 2.) Nurture, the care of ourselves, is the cultural surrounding in who we are raised up. Sociology influences our behavioral pattern. It is brewed in our class and gender. Carly Gilligan, and Lauren Culbert, the consciousness concept of how morality develops. The judgement if they stayed in morality. When it comes to morality, we have to think through if we have think the right thing, decent. Gilligan concept the theory of Culbert, that human born in genetic make up, all the same individual evolves through social interaction. Both in the field of psychology and sociology, to understand the development of self, and how they socialize with the others. He also thinks the sexual development, psycho sexual affects the development that attached the maturity of the child. Sigmund Freud Psycho sexual stages 1\. The oral stage, 0-1 year old children derive pleasure from oral activities, including sucking(breast feeding of thumb suck) and tasting. They like to put stuff inside their mouth. 2\. Anal stage, 2-3 years old children begin potting training. 3\. Phallic stage, 3-6 years old boys are more attached to their mothers, while girls are more attached to their fathers. 4\. Latency stage, 6 years old to puberty children spend more time to their same sex peers. The start of sex preference, the gender they have chosen. 5\. Genital stage, the beyond of puberty where an individual are attracted to opposite sex peers. Charles Horton Huli, he declare that the people understand the self thorough looking glass self, the conceptualization of how others sees them. People imagine how they look, how they fixes their hair or how they wear put on make up. And the perception of our look is going to change because of how some others views us. People always expect of reactions, if it\'s positive then we feel good about it. It is not from inner source of identity. Imagination of people on each other is a solid fact of the society. Gorge Herbert, he agree that the self is an individual that development in only through social interaction. They are views that the critical of self reflection. I and Me I represent the portion of the self that acts on it\'s own drive, or reacts it is always caught up in inner organization of others. Me on the other hand, represent the parts of the self as organize sets of attitude towards the self. It is who we are on others, public persona(personality). Sides of self: Me is how people see me, I know I am a people pleaser but they see me as a boring individual. There\'s lots of adjective to few ourselves, which contradicted to the few of others will define you. \>I,is on the inside of you \>Me, is what they see about you. Self-esteem can be observed through self success, academic, social and physical. (Three ways Development of self concept according to Harter. 1.) Early childhood, the child describe the self in terms of concrete, observable characteristics like---physical attributes, material possession(properties), behaviors, and preferences(wants). 2.) Middle to later childhood, the self is described in terms of traits such as contracts that would need the type of stratified organizational skills, characteristics of analytical thought development. 3.) Adolescence, the emergens of more abstract self definitions, inner thoughts, attitude, motives, emotions, this means that there are use of abstract words(that cannot be drawn or describe, ex: sensitive) 4.) Emerging adults 17-22 y.o, you have sight of possible self because this is the age of possibilities. (Time of grand dreams). 28-33 the visions of possible self becomes reality. What is self image? It is development as a human being grow older and a strong one is necessary. William James, and the \"me/I\" self, the father of American psychology and according to him the self has two elements. The \"I\" self which is the pure ego and the \"me\" self is just an object. 1.) Material self, this is the physical appearance. 2.) Social self, is the social skills and interpersonal relationships. 3.) Spiritual self, this involves the personality, character and defining values. Real self VS ideal self. Ideal self includes: 1.) Demotions influenced by your parents. 2.) What you admire in others. 3.) What does the society sees as acceptable. 4.) What you think is best interest. Real self includes (is the one who you are, how you behave in a certain situation.) The importance of alignment, if the real self is alignment with the way I want to to be is an ideal self(perfect self). True self VS false self. True self is described by our real feelings and desires. False self is a sight of us that has changed its behavior. Healthy false self: when we allow someone to be functional to society(ex: politeness) Unhealthy false self: this is the disfunctional behavior (ex: addiction/vices) Lesson 3 Self from the perspective on anthropology. What is anthropology, is the study of people, past and present. Centering the understanding the human foundation on its cultural aspect. Anthropology perception of the self recons, cultural and genetic. The self plays of socialization and language and the types of self, bring forth of the individual journey to adulthood. We cannot fully understand without looking at the background or the growth of that person. It concentrate on the studies of human aspect, that seek all the human experiences. Culture is everything is the identify, the individual has, does and thinks. Intonation Culture is important on how they\'ll make decision. Consistent of: 1\. Material,all the concretes and visible parts of culture Material differs, on its\' environment and culture. The different life, events and things. 2\. Non-material, none physical concept that people have about their culture. (Values, beliefs, norms, rules, morals,language, organization) Culture is a method of inherited conceptions uttered in symbolic form by means people communicates, perpetuates and knowledge towards life. Nature and nurture: human experiences as an interaction of nature and nurture refers to inherited genetic (that influences potential of an individual). Nurture, is how we are raised and the things they do, is what we also been influenced starting from the childhood. Robins stated that we are raised with culture. That\'s why we have our identify, is interpreted by the basic society. The self is imbethed in culture, human nature is really benefitial in knowing the self. How are we going to achieve, self identification? We really have to get over the hindrances. The traditional stay viability, Lesson 3: Kathrine Raeff, she believes that the culture can influence the following view. 1.) Relationships, culture influences on how into or keep a relationship, because relationship is a vulnerability base or duty based. 2.) Personality traits, the cultural influences wether. Self-esteem, perceive hardship in life, politeness, humility, assertiveness. 3.)Achievement, how you value the specific individual and group achievement, this includes how you define success. Success is reaching your ambitions, what you want to be. 4.) Expressing emotions, how you influences yourself and it will affect you emotionally. Lesson 4. Self from the perspective of psychology. Johari window, Window 1, the characters that you know about yourself and our willing to share.(you know) Window 2, is composed of the thoughts and ideas is given by other people from you.( you don\'t know but others do) Window 3, this is something about yourself that you are aware of but might not want others to know.(hidden) Window 4, the unknown area,(doesn\'t know) The self as cognitive contraction: Psychology, is a scientific study of how people behave, think or feel. This includes that are related on how the brain works, and how people interact with groups. And this also includes of how children learn about the universe. So therefore, everything that are related to human, is the concern of psychology. (Consciousness, memory, language, reasoning) These are the psychology examines. (Who pioneered the cognitive development?) Cognitive development, is nature of knowledge itself. Basic components of Tiange\'s cognitive theory 1.) Skemas/skims, are the building block of the knowledge, the mental organization individual use to understand their environment and fate action. 2.) Adoption, is the child\'s process to encounter situation conditions. 3.) Stages of cognitive development, these are the growing expertises of the child\'s thought process. What role do skemas play in the learning process? 1.) Assimilation, is the process of getting new information that is already active in our skemas. 2.) Accommodation, is a procedure known as a part of adoption that involves altering or changing the existing skemas as a result of a new experience and information. 3.) Equilibration (balancing), this is the balance between assimilation and accomodation. When you say assimilation is the previous knowledge, while the accomodation is the new knowledge. Stages of cognitive: 1.) Sensory motor, 0-2 years old the child learns by doing, looking, touching, and sucking. The senses that develops to the child, in everything they see, they copies it of touches it. 2.)pre-operational, 2-4 the childe uses language, symbols, letters and numbers. The recognition. 3.) Concrete operations, 7-11 years old children, this is the thinking stage. The child demonstrate the conservative, reversibility and serial ordering and understanding of cause and effect relationships. 4.) Formal operations, 11-15 years old the child demonstrate abstract thinking, they can elaborate the things they have imagine. (Dr. Susan) Harter self development concept. She labborated on the emurgens of self concept and a certain a wide development of changes observe of cross early childhood, later childhood, adolescent can be understood of framework Self concept is an idea that refers to an individual\'s perception of self that remains comparatively consistent and study overtime, in development stages. What\'s the difference of self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept, Ideal self and self concept, the perfect concept of our Self-esteem is the value of self. Lesson 5: Eastern Buddhism Confucianism Hinduism Integral Yoga Islam Taoism Zen Western Christian Rational scientific Logical Principles East first: ---Life is a journey towards internal reality that are beyond the realities that surrounds us. ---Circular view of the universe, based on the perception of internal currents. --- inner world dependent. ---self liberation from the false me, and finding the true me. The state is to live to be the state of no self, where neither self worth nor self importance has any real meaning. Behavioral ethics: West principles: --- feeling one self as an element of the divine. --- life is a service(pag lilinkod, sa Dios, sa salapi, etc etc) --- the lenial view of the universe and life is based in the Christan philosophy where everything has beginning and the end. --- other world dependent --- self dedication to the goal. Living principles: East: virtue To be able under all circumstances to practice 5 things that constitution the perfect virtue. Gravity, generously of soul, sincerity, hermesness(kataimtiman) kindness. Stated confucionism Be satisfied with whatever you have, and enjoy the same, when you come to know that you have everything and you are not sure of anything then the whole world will be yours. The thoughts manifest as the word, the word manifest as the deed. The deed develops into habits and habits hardens into character. So, what\'s the thought and its\' ways to care and let it to spring from love born out of concern for all beings. That is according to Gotama Buda. West: lives/believe in ethics. One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love. According to Lev Tolstory. Reframe from doing ill from one all powerful reason, least our children should our least deed. We are all prone to immitate whatever if based and deframed. There is no real excellence in all this world, which can be separate from right living. David Starr Jordan. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Next topic: the Me concept. East: internal reality of the universal truth, self liberation through getting with of the false me and discovering the true me.(pag aalis ng huwag na sarili, upang matuklas Ang tunay na sarili) West: me is here and now, the true me in every human being is a part of the divine that needs to become a parent. Through me is given and doesn\'t have to be cognizable.( di kailangan makilala) Next topic: search for absolute truth. East: holistic approach, all events in the universe is interconnected. Searching inside yourself by becoming a part of the universe through meditation and right living. Though he should lived a hundred years, not seeing the truth sublime yet better indeed is the single days life of one who sees the truth sublime. According to Budda. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ West: more confused on individual events and the role of the person Searching outside yourself, through research and analysis. The truth that survive is simply delay that is pleasant test to believe by Maentkan. New topic: search for truth and fundamentals\>\> Research\> East: the truth is given and it does not to have to be proved. The philosophic based form culture of fundamental research is weaker. West : is truth is need to be proved The philosophic based form of culture of fundamental research is stronger. Beliefs and values: East: the true key is inside, the inner world of a human being and his or her ability to control and develop is of the highest value. The way to the top is inside yourself through self development. Man is made by his belief as he believes so he is. By Bhagavad. The superior man understands what is right, the inferior man understands what will sell, according to confucious. By chasing desires you need only the outer surface. \_\_\_\_ West: the main values our success and achievement This can be achieve in many ways but rarely thought developing inner self. The majority of self criteria has an external nature(money, fame, status etc etc) and the way to the top is through active outside intervention(pakikisalamuha natin sa ibang tao) Happiness lies in virtues The main valmen entes in achnewment this can be a achieve in many ways but hadily rarely thought leveliping West: iner self, majority of self exiteria has an external nature and the The mayon way to the tops & though native outside intervention, Happiness lies in vertuer activity and perfect happiness was in the festivity which is contemp belive. By Aristotle Individualism and collectivism: East: a human being is an integral part of the universe and society. Duty towards to all others is very important matter,collectivism is stronger. Western: a human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the universe and society. Individualism is stronger. Goals and key to success: East: spiritual Live a virtues life and adhere to performing your duties. The three armies can be deprived of their commanding officer buy even a common man cannot be deprived of his purpose. By confucious. If you really want everything, then give up everything. According to\_\_\_\_\_(idk) He is able who thinks he able. \_\_\_ West: material The secret of success in life and substituently of making money is to enjoy your work, if you don\'t nothing is hard work no matter how many hours you put in. According to Billy Cutin. Success is not all a(ABC?) busy ability breaks and courage. Flaming in enthusiasm back to horses and persists is the quality that is frequently make for success. According to Dave(idk\...) Thought about the self\> Eastern concept: 1.) Confucianism. 2.) Taoism 3.) Buddhism Western concept: 1.) Human are holders of irreplaceable values. 2.) Outlines for categories on how the term self is used: ---First one, analytical. --- monotheistic(relating to or characterized by the belief that there is only one God.) --- materialistic and rationalistic. Lesson 5: The Self in Western and Eastern Thoughts INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM Individualism Is an orientation concerned with the independence and self-reliance of the individual. Individualistic cultures put more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family\'s welfare. ⚫ The western conception of the self is Individualistic; it gives more emphasis on freedom and choice- an independent self that is free from the influence of culture and environment and from the expectations and welfare of society. It describes the self as existing and distinct from others. The self is free express itself Self-orientedness Does not promote isolation An individual has the capacity to consider his or her own best interest. Everyone is free to decide whether to take it or not in solving societal problems Collectivism ⚫ Is an orientation characterized by belongingness to larger groups or collectives. ⚫ Collectivistic cultures, on the other hand, give more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in turn takes care of the individual\'s welfare. The eastern conception is collectivistic; It gives more importance on relationships, roles, duties, obligations, and the preservation of culture and tradition. ⚫ It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and desires of every individual. ⚫ It is founded that people are socially connected. It put more emphasis on belongingness to a larger group and adjustment to social demands and situations. Others-oriented, since it encourages people to be kind, benevolent, charitable, dependable, sacrifice for the welfare of society. A man should think, live, and act toward certain goals that benefit the group BUDDHISM Founded by Siddharta Gautama ⚫ In Buddhism, there is no such thing as the Atman (Self). The atman is impossible to perceive by one\'s senses for it does not actually exist in any metaphysical, material, and spiritual level.It is regarded as illusion, an Imaginary concept born as a product of evolved consciousness and misguided thinking of humans. There is no illusion, a flux of momentary perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. What is perceived by one\'s sense becomes one\'s reality. The Buddhist philosophy also refutes the Idea of having an enduring self, a self that stands the test of time, for it implies that something is permanent or never changing. ⚫ There is nothing permanent, but change. ⚫ It does not consider humans as persons with a fixed and unified identity. Instead, a human being is a product of five changing processes, the physical body, feelings, perceptions, responses, and the flow of consciousness-that experiences them all. ⚫ One may identify with the role of a man or woman, parent or child. Yet, these are not one\'s true identity. CONFUCIANISM ⚫ It regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a separate being. The ethical teachings of Confucius are based on human relationship as reflected in his concept of Five Cardinal relationship/Five bonds: ✓ Between the ruler and minister ✓ Between father and son ✓ Between husband and wife ✓ Between brothers Between friends ⚫ If individuals perform their respective roles, there will be harmony. ⚫ Individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to which one belongs. This identity is called relational self. ⚫ Each member must possess the same qualities that the group preserves and cherishes. Each member shares the pride that the group claims and is united in every success or failure. Subdued Self is conditioned to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations. To subdue oneself means to practice ren-(human-heartedness)- the hallmark of confusion ethics. Ren is a virtue characterized by altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person. It has been stated that Brahman is an absolute reality, while Atman (soul or spirit), the true knowledge of self, is identical to Brahman. The atman indicates a true self which underlies one\'s existence. The atman is viewed as a spiritual, immaterial being that must be detached from the material world and worldly possessions. The goal of man is to have a knowledge of the true reality-Brahman ⚫ Law of Karma is the most important doctrine of Hinduism - All actions are subject to Karma (Good or Bad) \"We summoned the next until the end was reached\" Good luck peeps! Review well.