UTS LESSON 2 PDF

Lesson 02 - Sociology He also developed a "Moral Philosophy" that included social statistics and principles of ethics. The Self an...

Lesson 02 - Sociology He also developed a "Moral Philosophy" that included social statistics and principles of ethics. The Self and Various Interconnected Social Spencer's principles of ethics emphasized Factors individual freedom as long as it did not The lecture notes introduce the concept of infringe on the rights and freedoms of the "self" and its relationship to various others. social factors. He believed that knowledge should be These factors include culture, family, peers based on empirical observation and and social network, media and technology, scientific evidence. and education. David Émile Durkheim George Herbert Mead Durkheim was a French sociologist who is Mead was a sociologist from the University considered the principal architect of modern of Chicago. social sciences. He developed the Symbolic Interactions He established the academic discipline of Perspective, which emphasizes the sociology with Marx and Weber. importance of social interaction in shaping Durkheim focused on the "Sociology of the self. Knowledge", which explores the role of According to Mead, the self is composed of society in shaping individual beliefs, values, two parts: self-awareness and self-image. and behavior. Self-awareness refers to our ability to reflect He emphasized the importance of on ourselves, while self-image is the way "collective representations", which are we see ourselves. shared beliefs and values that hold society Mead also introduced the concept of together. "generalized others," which refers to the Durkheim also explored the role of language internalized expectations of society. in society, arguing that the way we talk and He distinguished between the "I" and the communicate is a product of everyone "Me". The "I" represents our spontaneous working together. and impulsive self, while the "Me" Durkheim developed a theory of suicide that represents our socialized self. identified four types: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. Egoistic suicide results from a lack of social Henri de Saint-Simon integration. Saint-Simon was a French socialist who is Altruistic suicide results from excessive considered the historic founder of French social integration. Socialism. Anomic suicide results from a lack of social His ideas about the reconstruction of society regulation or moral confusion. were influenced by the French Revolution Fatalistic suicide results from excessive and the feudal and military system. regulation and oppressive social conditions. He believed that those who are able to organize society for productive labor are entitled to govern it. Albert Bandura Saint-Simon emphasized the role of experts Bandura developed the "Social Learning and professionals in guiding society, which Theory", which emphasizes the importance he termed the "Society of Science". of observing and imitating others in learning. He also developed the "Modeling/Observational Learning" theory, Herbert Spencer which suggests that we learn by observing Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the and imitating models. fittest". Bandura introduced the concept of "self- He believed that individuals and groups that efficacy", which refers to an individual's are most adaptable and capable would belief in their own ability to achieve specific thrive, while those that are not would goals. decline. He expanded on social learning theory in Spencer developed a "Synthetic his "Social Cognitive Theory", which Philosophy" that encompassed realms of emphasizes the role of cognitive processes physical, psychological, biological, in learning and behavior. sociological, and ethical.  Bandura highlighted the significance of self- develops and changes according to a efficacy, cognitive factors, and reciprocal specific sequence. determinism in shaping human behavior. Morgan identified three stages of social He identified four main sources of self- evolution: savagery, barbarism, and efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious civilization. experience, social persuasion, and psychological responses. Karl Marx Marx developed a "Theory of Self- Estrangement or Self-Alienation", which explored the alienation of individuals from their work and purpose in life. He believed that under capitalism, individuals become disconnected from the products of their labor and the process of production. Marx also developed the concept of "class consciousness", which refers to the shared awareness of exploitation and oppression among the working class. He believed that class consciousness would lead to a revolutionary transformation of society. Max Weber Weber was a German sociologist and political economist. He explored the concept of "bureaucracy", which is characterized by hierarchy, specialization, and formal rules and procedures. Weber introduced the concept of the "Iron Cage of Rationality", which argues that modern society, with its emphasis on efficiency, predictability, and calculability, constrains individual freedom and creativity. He believed that to be successful, individuals need to use their imagination and not just follow the rules. Lewis Morgan Morgan was an anthropologist who studied the Iroquois society in his book "The League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois". He presented a path-breaking ethnography that served as a model for future anthropologists. Morgan developed the theory of "monogenesis", which suggests that all human beings descended from a common ancestor. He also developed the "Theory of Social Evolution", which suggests that the structure of the family and social institutions