UTS Lesson 1 PDF
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This document presents lesson notes on philosophy, focusing on fundamental concepts of self, knowledge, and the nature of existence. It touches upon the ideas of key historical philosophers. This is a summary lecture summary of core philosophical concepts and thinkers.
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Lesson 01: Philosophy o Emphasizes that being in constant doubt regarding one's existence is What is Philosophy? proof that a person exists. - st...
Lesson 01: Philosophy o Emphasizes that being in constant doubt regarding one's existence is What is Philosophy? proof that a person exists. - study of acquiring knowledge through John Locke: rational thinking and inquiries that o Father of Classical Liberation involves in answering questions o "Tabula Rasa" regarding the nature and existence of ▪ Grounded on empiricism man and the world we live in. Derived from sense- experience What is Self? o Knowledge is ultimately derived from - It is defined as "a unified being, sensory perception and reflection on essentially connected to consciousness, those perceptions. awareness and agency (or, at least, with o Memory Theory the faculty of rational choice). ▪ "A person is born with knowing nothing and that is Socrates: susceptible to stimulation o First Martyr of Education, and accumulation of learning Knowledge, and Philosophy from the experiences, o Self-Understanding and Wisdom failures, references, and o Socratic Method observations of the person." o "Know thyself" David Hume: o Humility and Intellectual Honesty o Scottish Philosopher o Happiness as Life's Goal o Focused his work in the field of (Eudaemonia) empiricism, skepticism, and Plato: naturalism. o Called Father of academy o Self is the accumulation of different o Self-Understanding and Wisdom impressions and does not exceed o Believed in the division of a person's the physical realm. body and soul o Bundle Theory o Claimed that the soul is divided into ▪ Suggests that the self is not three parts: a substantial entity but a ▪ Appetitive Soul collection or bundle of Satisfy perceptions, experiences, ▪ Spirited Soul and sensations. Courageous ▪ "There is no permanent self ▪ Rational Soul because impressions of Drive things are based from our St. Augustine: experiences where we can o Saint and Philosopher create our ideas and o God is always with us. knowledge. Thus, it may o Created like God... but? improve or totally be o We are naturally looking for meaning replaced." and purpose. IMMANUEL KANT: o Born imperfectly... perfect. o German Philosopher known for o We may not always agree with empiricism and rationalism. everything others tell us, but we can o Believes that the awareness of still find common ground and different emotions that we have, agreement based on our own impressions and behavior is only a perspective and understanding. part of ourselves. René Descartes: o Intuition o Mathematician and French ▪ Sensible intuitions Philosopher known as the “Father of ▪ Intellectual intuitions Modern Philosophy" o Transcendental apperception o Modern dualism (Cartesian Dualism) ▪ Our consciousness helps us o Es Cogitans understand and create a o Res Extensa sense of self by putting o Proponent of “methodical doubt" together everything we've o Known for the statement "cogito experienced, intuited, and ergo sum" (I think therefore I am) imagined. Austrian, Father of Psychoanalysis Paul Churchland: The child is the father of the man. o Also a Canadian Philosopher Psychosexual stages o The self is defined by the movement OAPHALAGE of our brain. Levels of mental life: o A constant movement of the brain can be the basis of who the person Unconscious is emphasized by Churchland and Pre-conscious his wife in the statement "the brain Conscious as the self"). Provinces of the mind: o Associated with eliminative Id materialism. Ego o Mental concepts might be replaced Superego or eliminated by a more precise o Conscience understanding of brain processes. ▪ What is right and wrong o Ego-ideal MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU- ▪ Standard for perfection PONTY: o A French Philosopher who is known for his work on existentialism and Sigmund Freud - Image: phenomenology. o This image shows the different o Coined Phenomenology of levels of the mind according to perception (unity of the function of Freud: the mind and the body). ▪ Conscious o Follows “Gestalt Psychology” ▪ Preconscious o Our perception of the world is ▪ Ego intimately tied to our actions. ▪ Super-Ego o Our bodily experiences and ▪ Id movements are central to how we ▪ Unconscious understand the world and ourselves. St. Thomas Aquinas: o Explained the composition of Man ▪ Matter or hyle Common stuff that makes up everything in the universe (biological elements). ▪ Form or Morphe Essence of a substance or thing o Will and Intellect o The soul is what animates the body; it is what makes us humans. o The soul is what elevates a human being to a distinct level of existence, endowing them with rationality, GILBERT RYLE: o British philosopher who believes that consciousness, and moral agency. the behavior presented by the person. o Knowing how and knowing that. o The way we act or behave can tell a great deal about our personalities. o A dynamic and evolving construct that is continuously shaped and reshaped by our actions and interactions. o For Ryle, we understand people by looking at what they do and how they act, not by guessing what they might have hidden in their minds.