Green Computing: Overview and Issues (PDF)

UNIT - I 1 OVERVIEW AND ISSUES 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview and Issues related to it: 1.2.1 Problems 1.2.2 What are Toxins? 1.2.3 Power Consumption 1.2.4 Heat 1.3 How can...

UNIT - I 1 OVERVIEW AND ISSUES 1.0 Objective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview and Issues related to it: 1.2.1 Problems 1.2.2 What are Toxins? 1.2.3 Power Consumption 1.2.4 Heat 1.3 How can it be solved 1.3.1 Equipment Disposal 1.3.2 Recycling 1.4 Precautions to be taken and how to do it 1.5 Company’s Carbon Footprint 1.6 Measuring and Expertising projects 1.6.1 Define your Borders 1.6.2 Set a Baseline 1.6.3 How to track and analyze data 1.6.4 Report 1.7 Other ways to reduce the occurring issues 1.7.1 Hardware 1.7.2 Power 1.8 Summary 1.9 Self-Assessment Questions 1.10 List of References 1 GREEN COMPUTING 1.0 Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to understand:  The concept of Green Computing  Issues related to why to go green, toxins, power consumption and heat respectively.  Necessity to measure Carbon footprints  To learn about Expertising Projects and ways to reduce the occurring issues. 1.1 Introduction The study of “Green Computing”(also known as green IT) refers to practice the use of computing and information technology related resources in an environmentally responsible manner. The concept of green computing teaches us to implement energy-efficient computing equipment and reduce the resource’s as well as power consumption which leads to a proper electronic disposal. Green computing is one of the solution to tackle with hazardous e-waste problem (which is not just an issue in our country but now is a global issue).As much as GC is has various benefits there are still few issues that are hurdles to the fully green figuring selection which will be further on discussed in the chapter. 1.2 An overview and Issues related to it: 1.2.1 Problems :  This isn’t the first time you’ve heard about the need to go green as it relates to your IT infrastructure. But even though the message is out there, not enough organizations are acting on it.  The reason is obvious—money. Although datacenter managers want to save the environment, they also want to save money.  Although spending that money up front can be a hard pill to swallow, think of it this way—if we don’t make meaningful changes, we’re contributing to our own downfall. 1.2.2 Toxins:  Toxins are those substances which can be hazardous and deadly / poisonous for living beings which are certainly present in hazardous waste in any chemical 2  Chapter 1 : Overview and Issues  According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Americans throw out more than 2 million tons of consumer electronics annually, making electronic waste (also known as e-waste) one of the fastest growing components of the municipal waste stream. When these electronics break down, they release mercury and other toxins.  Toxic substances can include:  Lead  Mercury  Cadmium  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)  A major portion of this change is that e-waste is being handled separately from conventional garbage and recycling processes. There are lots of benefits to reusing equipment:  There is less demand for new products and their use of virgin raw materials.  Less water and electricity is used when reuse lowers the need for the production of new products.  Less packaging is used.  Redeployed technology is available to more sectors of society, because computers and other components are often more affordable.  Less toxins are going into landfills.  The parts of computer that are dangerous for the environment are:  Lead in the cathode ray tube and solder.  Selenium used as a power supply rectifier in circuit boards.  Cadmium in circuit boards and semiconductors.  Chromium used as corrosion protection in steel.  Mercury in switches and the housing. 1.2.3 Power Consumption:  Power usage is an especially relevant issue for operating a green information system—the more power that’s used, the more money that’s spent and the greater the carbon footprint.  According to research from Intel, 80 percent of businesses have never conducted an energy audit and only 29 percent of businesses are investing in energy-efficient PCs.  It’s becoming more expensive to run an IT department, strictly from a power consumption standpoint. International Data Corporation (IDC) notes that ten years ago, around 17 cents out of every dollar spent on a new server went to power and cooling. 3 GREEN COMPUTING  There are two ways you can rely less on fossil fuel–based sources of electricity:  Virtualization:- Virtualization takes multiple physical servers out of operation and offloads their duties onto a single machine. Specialized software makes it possible to run dozens of servers on one physical machine, thus reducing the amount of power consumed.  Generate your own power Many companies are striving to be completely carbon neutral. One way you can cut your electrical bill and make a move toward carbon neutrality is to generate your own power. 1.2.4 Heat:  The energy you consume to cool that equipment is also an issue. The more equipment you have (and the less efficient it is), the more heat it generates and the more electricity you use to cool that equipment.  The crux of the matter is this: You need less equipment that is more efficient, and you need to employ a creative cooling strategies to make the least impact you possibly can. The Uitikon, Switzerland company started using the hot air removed from its datacenter to heat the nearby public swimming pool. What would normally be vented into the atmosphere, and thus wasted, is being utilized for a productive purpose. 1.3 How can the issues be solved 1.3.1 Equipment Disposal:  Computers and other devices are routinely discarded once they become obsolete. Old computers don’t need to be looked at like they’re infectious materials. If they are disposed of improperly, they can be major sources of toxins and carcinogens.  Electronic waste is a big problem. It represents 2 percent of American landfills, but it accounts for 70 percent of overall toxic waste. 1.3.2 The Recycling Process:  E-waste processing generally involves first dismantling the equipment into these different components:  Metal frames  Power supplies  Circuit boards  Plastics 4  Chapter 1 : Overview and Issues  Starting in 2004, the state of California added an electronic waste recycling fee to all new monitors and televisions to cover the cost of recycling.  An electronic waste recycling plant found in an industrialized country is able to handle a lot of equipment and effectively sort the components in a safe manner. Material is fed into a hopper, which is then sent up a conveyor and dropped into a mechanical separator. The material is then screened and sorted. 1.4 Precautions to be taken and how to do it: Can be done by Doing It Right:  No one has a perfect grip on handling e-waste, but many countries need to be lauded for their efforts.  The European Union:- Europe has taken the lead in the world of e-waste handling. The first electronic waste recycling system was mandated by the Swiss in 1991. It started with the collection of old refrigerators. The movement has since snowballed, and since January 2005 it has been possible to return electronic waste to the sales point and other collection points free of charge.  The United States:- Americans are sort of stalling when it comes to handling e-waste. That said, the United States is certainly doing some things right. In recent years, some states have banned cathode ray tubes (CRTs) from landfills because of fear that their heavy metals would leach into the groundwater. 1.5 Company’s Carbon Footprint:  The term carbon footprint is thrown around a lot in green circles. Although we have a general idea of its meaning—one’s impact on the planet. In some cases, it might refer just to carbon dioxide output; in other cases it means greenhouse gas emissions.  Measuring your carbon footprint necessitates gathering a lot of information. You need to track such areas as:  Facilities  Operations  Transportation  Travel 5 GREEN COMPUTING 1.6 Measuring and Expertising projects:  Measurement is not a five-minute project. It will take time and expertise. You’ll likely want to call in someone who specializes in this work.  Four major steps are used to measure your carbon footprint:  Define what is included in your carbon footprint.  Set your baseline.  Track, calculate, and analyze your footprint.  Report your results to stakeholders. 1.6.1 Define your Borders:  You first need to define what you are going to be measuring. You can be as liberal with this as you like, but realize that the more you decide to include in your measurement, the more difficult it will be.  Also, that while tracking less data is certainly easier, you don’t get an accurate accounting. In your calculations, you might consider both upstream and downstream events. 1.6.2 Set A Baseline:  Take a look at any available data. You need to establish a baseline year by which your future progress will be measured.  As you look at the existing data, be aware whether anything unusual was going on that year. For instance, were there newly established governmental guidelines that drastically changed your work environment? If so, you might want to look at a different year. 1.6.3 Track and Analyze your Data:  Once you get the data tabulated, it’s not only good as a yardstick by which you can measure future performance, but given the right data, you can use it to ferret out problems now. Look at the numbers critically and look for any anomalies.  For instance, if you have three locations that are more or less similar in size, and one has an unusually large reading, you know something’s wrong. 1.6.4 Report:  In the end, you want to present your carbon footprint information to important stakeholders in your organization. This can be the CEO, shareholders, and employees. 6  Chapter 1 : Overview and Issues  Based on the protocols, companies must decide how to account for both direct and indirect emissions:  Direct emissions:- These are from sources that your company owns or controls, such as factory smokestacks, vents, and company vehicles.  Indirect emissions:- These are generated as a result of your company’s activities, but occur in sources owned by someone else. For example, if you contract work out or your employees travel, those emissions are generated by a third party, but because of you. 1.7 Other ways to reduce the occurring issues: 1.7.1 Hardware: The biggest way you can reduce your impact on the environment and the amount of money you’re paying for hardware is to simply buy less equipment.  Taking the Steps, Reaping the Rewards:- Vanderbilt’s Information Technology Services organization is using server virtualization to reduce its energy use. By reducing the number of physical servers they’re using, they save money and they do less damage to the environment.  Use What You Have:- Although purchasing new, energy-efficient equipment is a good idea, it’s only a good idea if you actually need new equipment. If you have old computers that can be repurposed, you’ve just administered a one-two punch. You don’t have to recycle anything and you don’t have to spend money on something new. 1.7.2 Power: The issue of power consumption is important on two levels. First, consider your bottom line. The more power you use, the more money you spend. Next, consider the issue on an environmental level. The more power you use, the more fossil fuels the local electrical utility has to burn.  Desktops:- An average desktop PC requires 85 watts just to idle, even with the monitor off. If that computer is only in use or idling for 40 hours a week instead of a full 168, over US$40 in energy costs will be saved annually from that workstation alone. 7 GREEN COMPUTING  Datacenters:- Consider a 24-port Ethernet switch. On the low end, it uses 250 watts of power (most switches use more) and it is in continuous use. Each 1U rack switch uses 2,190 kW each year. If the electricity generated to power this switch comes from a coal-fired plant, 1,780 pounds of coal are needed to produce the 2,190 kW. 1.8 Summary :  Overview and issues faced :  Problems, Toxins, Power Consumption, Heat  The issues / problems can be solved by implementing ;  Equipment disposal – computers and other devices can be routinely discarded once they are of no use.  Recycling process- the equipments can be dismantled / recycled into various components like metal frames, power supplies, plastics and as such.  Precautions can be taken by and was initiated by various countries such as:  European Union  United Nations  Company’s Carbon footprint: it is a form of greenhouse gas emissions. To measure carbon footprint; facilities, operations, transportation , travel areas were to be tracked.  Measuring of projects takes four major steps i.e. define what is included; set baseline; track, calculate and analyze footprint; report the results to stakeholders (direct and indirect emissions).  There are other ways to reduce the occurring issues done by using / implementing : Hardware, Power 8  Chapter 1 : Overview and Issues 1.9 Self-Assessment Questions:  What do you mean by Green Computing? Mention the pathways of green IT.  Write a short note on : a. Toxin b. Equipment Disposal c. Carbon Footprint d. Team power  What are the ways to avoid fossil fuel based sources of electricity?  What are the four major steps of measuring carbon footprints?  How does green computing affect the cost savings?  How the environment gets affected by hardware deployments?  Name the practical approaches to collect annual data. 1.10 List of references:  www.researchgate.com  www.cyrusone.com  Republication ***** 9 GREEN COMPUTING 2 CURRENT INITIATIVES AND STANDARDS 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Global Initiatives 2.2.1 StEP principles 2.3 Task Forces  Policy and Legislation  ReDesign  ReUse  ReCycle  Capacity Building 2.4 Basel Action Network (BAN) 2.4.1 Functions 2.4.2 Involvement in Campaigns 2.5 Basel Convention 2.5.1 Application 2.5.2 Additional Regulation 2.6 European Union  WEEE Directive  RoHs 2.7 National Adoption 2.8 Asia  Japan  China  Korea 2.9 Summary 2.10 List of References 2.11 Self-Assessment Questions 10  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards 2.0 Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the StEP principles of Global initiatives.  Learn about task forces for e-waste management.  Explain the Functions and campaigns of BAN.  Know about the decisions of European Union and the National adoption.  Understand the steps taken by some Asian countries for e-waste management. 2.1 Introduction IT consumes natural resources just like all human activities causing negative impact on environment. These impacts can be verified by using hardware manufacturing of natural resources or consumption of electricity or various other methods. Due to which Sustainability has become the agenda of IT. Many changes can be adapted for the environment starting with the adoption of simple actions which can be sufficient to help minimize the negative environmental impacts of the activity. It need not only be done by specialized companies but can also be done by common corporations from various areas. 2.2 Global Initiatives:  United Nations:- At the highest level of global governance is the United Nations. Seeing that e-waste is an international concern, it has stepped forward and implemented its Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) program.  Solving the E-waste Problem:- StEP is a program that is open to companies, governmental organizations, academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and nonprofit organizations around the world. StEP’s prime objectives are as follows :  Optimizing the life cycle of electrical and electronic equipment by improving supply chains  Closing material loops  Reducing contamination  Increasing the utilization of resources and the reuse of equipment  Exercising concern about disparities such as the digital divide between industrializing and industrialized countries 11 GREEN COMPUTING  Increasing public, scientific, and business knowledge  Developing clear policy recommendations 2.2.1 StEP is based on five principles:  Work is based on scientific assessments and incorporates a comprehensive view of the social, environmental, and economic aspects of e-waste.  StEP conducts research on the entire life cycle of electronic and electrical equipment and their corresponding global supply, process, and material flows.  StEP’s research and pilot projects are meant to contribute to the solution of e-waste problems.  StEP condemns all illegal activities related to e-waste, including illegal shipments and reuse and recycling practices that are harmful to the environment and human health.  StEP seeks to foster safe, ecological, and energy-efficient reuse and recycling practices around the globe in a socially responsible manner. 2.3 Task Forces: These task forces address e-waste issues at varying levels. These task forces focus on the research, analysis, and facilitation of pilot projects.  Policy and Legislation:- The Policy and Legislation task force reports and analyzes the status of existing techniques and policies for managing e-waste. Specifically, the task force does these things:  Analyzes and evaluates national legislation and the international framework for controlling and enforcing trade of e-waste and electronic recycling. Specifically, it examines how the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), and energy- using products legislation, as well as the Basel Convention and other agreements on the national and international level.  Studies green purchasing schemes, especially how they apply to e-waste, in various countries and how that purchasing affects the trade of e-waste and used electronics products.  Examines how to manage the e-waste problems in industrializing regions such as Africa and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia.  Serves as a resource for organizations in that it points out existing business models to support the sustainable use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in industrializing countries.  ReDesign:- The group’s main objective is to optimize the life cycle characteristics of EEE and their adaptation to specific end-of-life 12  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards conditions. The task force defines redesign as measures that support the optimal lifetime of a specific product through the optimization of design features. Specific tasks include the following:  Identifying and assessing critical design aspects in the end-of- life treatment of EEE. This could include the material composition and toxicity, its design, or any other components that might impact a product’s end of life.  Comparing current industry approaches to product end-of- life to identify current economical, environmental, and regional design considerations.  Developing and demonstrating new design solutions of various products.  ReUse:- The goal of the ReUse task force is to define globally consistent reuse practices, principles, and standards for EEE products from business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) users that are economically. Specific goals of the task force include:  Developing a common nomenclature for definitions of reuse, refurbishment, EEE products, and other related topics.  Determining how equipment enters the “reuse” category.  Developing globally consistent environmental and business principles and guidelines for equipment recovery.  Designing a global standard and program for maintaining quality in environmentally sound practices, data privacy, and usage extension.  ReCycle:- The goal of the ReCycle task force is to enhance global recycling infrastructures, systems, and technologies while realizing sustainable e-waste-recycling systems. Specific objectives include:  Gathering and assessing the most relevant environmental, economic, and social characteristics of e-waste recycling in the industrialized world.  Evaluating recycling systems, leading to recommendations for long-term development of eco-efficient resource cycles.  Analyzing transboundary shipments and logistics of e-waste and its underlying driving forces, dynamics, and regulations, as well as the constraints for sustainable resource cycles.  Capacity Building:- The Capacity Building task force focuses on building infrastructures for sustainable, efficient, effective, and target group–oriented capacity building, covering relevant aspects of the entire life cycle of EEE in order to sustainably solve the ever-growing e-waste problem. Specific objectives include: 13 GREEN COMPUTING  Organizing mutual learning environments, including the identification of viable approaches adapted by different target countries and groups, and then testing and implementing these projects.  Setting standards in the form of comprehensive guidelines for capacity building. 2.4 Basel Action Network : It is a worldwide organization, focused on working with the human rights and environmental impacts of e-waste. 2.4.1 BAN performs these broad functions:  Acts as a source of information on the waste trade for journalists, academics, and the general public. BAN’s informational output includes its website (see Link 2-2), as well as an e-mail newsletter and electronic action alerts.  Provides international policy advocacy. BAN is invited to participate in UN meetings and policy deliberations. BAN has also worked with the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the UN Environment Program (UNEP) Chemicals Program and Governing Council. BAN has also produced Model National Legislation on toxic waste trade for developing countries.  Conducts field research and investigations in developing countries. It also provides photographic and video documentation of e-waste trade. 2.4.2 Involvement in Campaigns:  Participates with NGOs around the world in campaigns to counter toxic trade.  BAN is active on a number of campaigns, including the following:  E-Waste Stewardship Project:- A program to ensure that exports of hazardous electronic waste to developing countries are eliminated and replaced with producer responsibility via green design programs and legislation.  Green Shipbreaking:- A program that ensures hazardous materials have been removed from U.S. government ships prior to export.  Zero Mercury Campaign:- A program working toward an internationally binding treaty on mercury pollution to eliminate its extraction, use, trade, and recycling. To promote permanent storage and alternative uses, BAN is working particularly to eliminate surplus mercury trade to developing countries.  Basel Ban Ratification:- BAN promotes the Basel Ban Amendment Ratifications globally and works to prevent the weakening of this amendment. 14  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards 2.5 Basel Convention: The Basel Convention is an international treaty designed to reduce the transportation of hazardous waste between nations, especially from developed to less developed countries. The convention deals with minimizing the amount and toxicity of generated wastes.  Application:- The Basel Convention applies various conditions on the import and export of waste, and it also applies strict requirements for the notice, consent, and tracking of movement of waste across national boundaries. The Basel Convention also prohibits the import or export of waste between parties of the convention and nonparties. This is especially relevant to the United States, because it is a nonparty to the convention, but has a number of similar agreements that allow for the shipping of hazardous wastes to Basel party countries.  Additional Regulation:- The Basel Convention also calls for an overall reduction of waste generation. This is meant not to meddle within a sovereign country’s boundaries, but rather to discourage the generation of e-waste, which might then be transported to other countries. The convention also calls for parties to adopt a protocol establishing liability guidelines and procedures for damages that stem from the movement of hazardous waste across borders. 2.6 European Union: The European Union leads the world with its e-waste management WEEE and its RoHs directives. These laws manage not only the resultant recycling and handling of e-waste, but also its creation.  WEEE Directive:- The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (also known as the WEEE Directive) is the European Union directive on WEEE and became law in February 2003. The directive sets collection, recycling, and recovery goals for used electronic equipment. It required all of the EU’s member states to adopt it into national law by August 13, 2004. The only country to meet this deadline was Cyprus. One year later, all member states except for Malta and the United Kingdom had adopted at least portions of the directive.  RoHS:- The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. The directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of certain types of electronic equipment:  Lead  Mercury 15 GREEN COMPUTING  Cadmium  Hexavalent chromium  Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)  Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 2.7 National Adoption Although the WEEE and RoHS Directives come from the EU, countries have to pass their own national laws. Because each country has adopted varying versions of the WEEE Directive, there are different rules and regulations across Europe. Table 2-3 details specific countries’ laws. Country Legislation Adoption Date Details Austria April 2005 Austria’s WEEE ordinance requires that producers register, mark new equipment for the Austrian market, and finance the collection, recovery, and recycling of WEEE. Belgium 2004 Belgium is one of three European nations that implemented electronic waste disposal legislation prior to the EU WEEE Directive, but changed its legislation to include the EU’s mandates. Cyprus June 2004 Companies importing or retailing electronic equipment must register with the Environmental Service. Estonia April 2004 Regulations set requirements and procedures for marking electronic equipment, targets for collection, and recovery or disposal of equipment. Estonia has been granted a grace period through December 31, 2008 to meet collection deadlines. France November 2006 The French decree implements the concept of producer responsibility for WEEE, and imposes WEEE takeback and recycling obligations. The decree imposes requirements 16  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards with respect to product design, collection, recovery, financing, marking, and reporting. All producers are responsible for the collection and treatment of household WEEE. The decree also establishes penalties for noncompliance. Germany March 2005 Producers or distributors of electronic equipment in Germany must register with a clearing house, a private institution operated and financed by producers.When registering, producers must provide a guarantee for the financing recycling costs and the type and quantity of electronic equipment that will be marketed, collected, recovered, or exported outside the European Union. The law requires manufacturers to use the best available treat Greece March 2004 Producers and importers must hold a “certificate of alternative management,” which varies depending on the territory in which the products are being marketed. The Greek WEEE regulation varies from the EU directive with a directive that requires that costs for the treatment of WEEE must be clearly visible in all invoices issued throughout the distribution chain. Hungary August 10, 2004 Hungarian law requires producers to collect and treat an annually increasing percentage of the EEE they place on the market. Producers must reimburse local authorities if they provide separate collection of WEEE from households. Ireland August 2005 Irish law requires producers and distributors of electronic equipment to register with the WEEE Register 17 GREEN COMPUTING Society and join a compliance scheme to help meet their collection, recycling, and reporting requirements. Producers are responsible for financing the takeback of WEEE. Italy July 2005 Italian law establishes a Supervision and Control of WEEE Management Committee that oversees a central Italian register and clearing house. Manufacturers fund the program according to their market share. Italian law also requires information to be supplied to consumers, such as the penalties for incorrect disposal. Producers must ensure recovery of at least 80 percent of end-oflife goods listed. Producers are required to register at their local Chamber of Commerce before placing equipment on the market. They must also provide a guarantee to ensure the financing of the proper disposal of EEE placed on the market after August 13, 2005. Lithuania November 2005 Lithuanian WEEE legislation requires producers to register with the Environmental Protection Agency. Lithuania has been granted a grace period through December 30, 2008, to meet collection and recovery targets. Luxembourg January 2005 Luxembourg law requires all producers to register and provide a bank guarantee to cover WEEE management costs. Malta August 2004 Maltan law requires producers to finance collection, recovery, and recycling of WEEE. It also requires providing information to consumers about treatment sites. Producers should be able to fulfill obligations individually or through a collective. 18  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards The Netherlands July 19, 2004 The Netherlands requires that producers guarantee they will finance the management of WEEE from private households for EEE placed on the market after August 13, 2005. Producers also must pay the costs of WEEE management in proportion to their market share for products placed on the market before August 13, 2005. Norway January 24, 2005 Norway had enacted WEEE legislation in 1998, but amended its preexisting law with the EU’s RoHS and WEEE. The law requires reporting obligations on manufacturers and importers. Producers and importers must be members of a takeback company that has been approved by the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority. Businesses can bring WEEE to dealers selling the same types of products, only if they make a new purchase. Businesses can also deliver WEEE to municipalities. Consumers can deliver WEEE free of charge to dealers selling the same types of products and can bring WEEE to municipalities, free of charge. Poland October 20, 2005 Polish law requires producers to register with the government. Fees are calculated according to a producer’s annual net turnover. Producers also must keep data and information regarding users and treatment facilities. In Poland, point-of-purchase is considered when goods enter the Polish market, offering a narrower definition than under the EU WEEE Directive. 19 GREEN COMPUTING Slovak Republic April 29, 2005 Slovak law provides for a recycling fund into which producers pay quarterly, based on the difference between the recovery target and their actual recovery rate. Slovenia November 2004 Slovenia was granted a grace period until December 31, 2007 to meet EU WEEE Directive collection goals. Spain February 25, 2005 Producers may fulfill their WEEE obligations individually or through a collective plan. Spain’s WEEE law requires producers to design and manufacture equipment that is easier to dismantle, repair, and reuse. Sweden 2005 Swedish law requires producers to register with the EPA, finance the collection, recovery, and recycling, as well as mark new equipment for the Swedish market. Switzerland June 2005 Switzerland had legislation in place in 1998. Its version differs from the EU’s WEEE Directive in that buyers of EEE pay a recycling fee to finance collection and treatment. Retailers, distributors, producers, and importers are required to take back WEEE of the kind of goods they market, manufacture, or import. United Kingdom January 2, 2007 The law requires manufacturers to recycle and dispose of used electronic equipment. Plans include a national Distributor Takeback Scheme, with treatment facilities to handle recycling and keep producers informed of returned products. 20  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards 2.8 Asia Asia is a large dumping ground for the world’s e-waste, and several countries are trying to minimize the impact on their environments. This section takes a closer look at what’s going on in Asia to protect their environment.  Japan While the bulk of e-waste is shipped to countries in Asia and Africa for recycling, and while the West is getting its e-waste house in order, the Japanese have made great strides in managing their own e-waste problem.  Life Cycle The Japanese approach to the issue is different from other countries. Whereas Western companies look at the issue as a three-step process—pay a fee, get old materials hauled away, and dispose of them along environmental regulations—the Japanese see the issue in another way. The Japanese look at the product’s end of life as another stage in the product’s life cycle. Japan’s own WEEE laws took effect in 2001, and the taking back, dismantling, and reuse of materials has become an integral part of the supply chain to create new products. For instance, glass from old televisions is reused in new televisions. Plastic is also reused. This helps Japanese companies meet reuse standards.  Waste Management Japan’s version of the WEEE Directive came in 1998 with the Japanese Home Electronics Recycling Law. In it, manufacturers were warned to prepare for collection and recycling by 2001. Many manufacturers decided to pool their resources with the Japanese government to open a pilot recycling project while the WEEE legislation was still being tweaked. The pilot plant was an opportunity to gather important information on cost, personnel, and how to meet reuse targets. This, in turn, helped shape the legislation. By the time the legislation was passed, companies were already prepared. Japanese electronic waste goes, mainly, to two large, centralized recycling companies, each operated by a consortium of electronics manufacturers. Companies don’t involve third parties, but send them to these operations instead. This helps save money, because the middleman has been eliminated from the equation. 21 GREEN COMPUTING  China Although China takes its lumps for being a destination of much of the world’s e-waste, the nation is working to get e-waste legislation in place. The Chinese regulation is normally referred to as China RoHS. Though it is similar to the European Union’s RoHS, it does take a different approach. The EU’s RoHS lists specific categories of products. Specific products are automatically included in those categories unless specifically excluded. China RoHS, however, contains a list of included products. That list is called the Catalog.  Products There is, naturally, overlap between the two directives. But many product types that are not within the scope of EU RoHS are within the scope of China RoHS. China RoHS includes the following: a) Automotive electronics b) Radar equipment c) Medical devices d) Semiconductor and other manufacturing equipment, components, and some raw materials e) Some packaging materials By the same token, some categories of EU RoHS are not within the scope of China RoHS, such as toys and home appliances. Products shipped to China must be marked as to whether the items are compliant or noncompliant. The Electronic Information Products (EIP) logo or other label is used to mark parts that do not have unacceptable levels of substances listed by China RoHS.  Materials Products that contain hazardous substances must be marked with the EIP logo and include an Environmental Protection Use Period (EPUP) value listed in years. Like the EU RoHS Directive, China RoHS bans the following: a) Lead b) Mercury c) Cadmium d) Hexavalent chromium e) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) f) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 22  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards  Marking Requirements also differ from the EU RoHS. The initial requirement is for a mark and disclosure of any of the six aforementioned hazardous substances and their locations within the product. Labels must contain the following information: a) Whether the product contains any of the six hazardous substances. If they are present, the “Environment- Friendly Use Period” (EFUP) must also be determined and indicated. b) Disclosure of which hazardous substances are contained in the product and the component(s) they are present in. c) Packaging material must be disclosed on the outside packaging. d) The date of manufacture. The regulations have not been implemented yet, being postponed in their formal adoption twice. There is no formal schedule for completion of the Catalog.  Korea In April 2007, Korea adopted its Act for Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Automobiles, also known as Korea RoHS. The act includes four main requirements: a) Restrictions on hazardous materials b) Design for efficient recycling c) Collection and recycling of WEEE d) Recycling of vehicles at end-of-life The act went into effect January 1, 2008. Under the act, producers and importers of EEE or vehicles must make efforts to facilitate the recycling of waste by reducing the use of hazardous substances and making them more easily recyclable. Producers are required to take back old products when selling a new one, regardless of whether the product was made by them—including packaging—free of charge. Any products to be recycled must be dealt with in an approved manner, by the reseller, by an individual producer or importer, or by a Mutual Aid Association. It’s helpful to realize what laws might apply to you and your company, but in the next section we’ll roll up our sleeves and see how you can start making some environmentally and pocketbook-friendly changes to your organization’s use of power. 23 GREEN COMPUTING 2.9 Summary:  Global Initiatives: UN is the highest level of global governance , has implemented its Solving E-waste Problem (StEP)  StEP is a program open to companies, non profit organizations around the world and as such.  It’s prime objectives are:  Optimizing life cycle of electrical equipments  Closing material loops  Reducing contamination  StEP’s based on five principles  Task forces like :  Policy and Legislation, ReDesign, Reuse, Recycle, Capacity Building  Basel Action Network and its functions  BAN campaign membership:  E-waste Stewardship Project, Green Shipbreaking, Zero Mercury Campaign, Basel BAN Ratification.  Basel Convention , it’s application and additional regulation.  European Union :  WEEE Directive  RoHS 2.10 List of References:  www.brainly.com  Researchgate Publication  www.britannica.com 2.11 Self-Assessment Questions:  What does StEP mean in global initiatives? What are its principles?  What is the job of StEP?  Explain the functions of Basel Action Network  Differentiate between BAN and Basel Convention  Short note on: a. National Computing Recycling Act b. Electronic Waste Recycling Act 24  Chapter 2 : Current Initiatives and Standards  Write a note on the steps taken in managing their own e-waste problems by the countries mentioned below: a. Japan b. China c. Korea d. India  Explain any five e-waste laws of US and Canada  Which green computing initiatives were taken by California?  Mention any five laws of national adoption in favor of green computing. ***** 25 GREEN COMPUTING UNIT - II 3 MINIMIZING POWER USAGE 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Power Problems 3.4 Monitoring Power Usage 3.5 Servers, 3.6 Low-Cost Options 3.7 Reducing Power Use 3.8 Data De-duplication 3.9 Virtualization 3.10 Management 3.11 Bigger Drives 3.12 Involving the Utility Company 3.13 Low-Power Computers 3.14 PCs, Linux 3.15 Components 3.16 Servers 3.17 Computer Settings 3.18 Storage 3.19 Monitors 3.20 Power Supplies 3.21 Wireless Devices 3.22 Software. 3.23 Summary 3.24 Reference for further reading 3.25 Unit End Exercises 26  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage 3.1 Objectives  To learn the Minimizing power consumption in green computing devices.  To understand the how to reduce electricity & trimmed  To learn the issue of power consumption & offer recommendations to reduce it. 3.2 Introduction To save money and to help the environment in the process that reduces use of electricity. It shows electricity how much you’re using and where it can be trimmed. The issue of power consumption and provide some recommendations to reduce it across your IT department’s infrastructure, from servers to workstations. 3.3 Power Problems Power is a huge issue for businesses. Forget for a flash that this book is essentially about minimizing your IT department’s impact on the environment, and appearance at it from a price point of view. For no other reason than saving tons of cash, energy efficiency is vital. But even beyond saving the earth and saving money, you would like to save lots of power, because at some point, not have enough power to run your equipment. Table 1 The Various Ways You Can Cut Power and Costs 27 GREEN COMPUTING  Power isn’t cheap. As if rising prices aren’t enough, data centers use a lot of electricity. U.S. datacenter power consumption totaled 45 billion kilowatt (kW) hours in 2005. That’s more than Mississippi and 19 other states.  It’s a business imperative to reduce power use wherever it is possible. It’s not just for the planet. It’s not just to save some money. It’s for the sake of your business. There are sundry changes you can make in your organization to save power. Some changes are big whereas others are small. Table 1 shows how making corrections throughout your organization can help you save money. 3.4 Monitoring Power Usage  Clearly, the server room isn’t the only place where power gets used.  The whole organization uses power, all the time.  The place to start is with an overall evaluation of the power you use. If an IT professional, then only interested in the computers and network infrastructure, but this task to whatever level of granularity you choose.  For instance, although reducing server power draws and minimizing PC power usage seem obvious, it might decide to implement a plan where lighting automatically turns off.  A small as directing laptop and cellular phone users to disconnect their chargers from the wall when they’re not using them. Although there’s no device plugged into the charger, the charger still sips at the electrical current.  The organization can study its power usage. This can be considered the costs involved with doing the testing and what it would cost to contract out the project. 3.5 Servers  To monitor power consumption it must use power-monitoring software. Without knowledge of where to start out , it’s impossible to inform what proportion of a 28  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage drag is? and to what degree fixes are helping. Several vendors offer tools that help monitor data center power. As an example, IBM’s Power Executive provides the tools needed to watch and manage power consumption accurately.  It can measure real-time power consumption and warmth emission by individual server, server group, or location.  It allows for the optimization of energy use and therefore the lowering of power consumption when low utilization can provide cost savings.  These power monitoring and management capabilities are a crucial tool in achieving energy efficiency within the data center.  With the help of results should be able to do the following: 1. Understand the datacenter’s thermal traits. 2. Locate overlapping areas of cooling capacity. This shows high density or mission-critical equipment because of its ideal cooling location. 3. Consider “what-ifs” with the placement of the datacenter 3.6 Low-Cost Options There also are some very low-cost solutions for checking power on your workstations and standalone devices. Kill A Watt  The Kill A Watt device may be a product that plug into the wall then plug to computer or monitor into the device.  The results show ways much power your device is using.  True, it’s not really practical in an environment with many workstations to frolic and connect this device.  However, assuming all the devices’ settings are an equivalent , can measure a few workstations and make some easy assumptions about power usage. 29 GREEN COMPUTING Calculator Tech Republic offers a free worksheet to assist, identify various costs for monitor power. It allows you to try to the following::  Determine what proportion of electricity to power your existing monitors.  Compare new LCD and CRT monitors to work out which option is a smaller amount expensive.  Compare different models of an equivalent sort of monitor to work out which one carries rock bottom total cost, when power is taken into account.  Compare an equivalent monitor under two different operating scenarios. For instance , see what proportion of cost savings could be achieved by implementing a monitor’s sleep mode rather than leaving it running at full power when not in use. 3.7 Reducing Power Use If we get an idea of how much power is consumed, it’s time to take steps. There are a number of ways to cut your electric bill. 3.8 Data De-duplication  “data de-duplication” may be a tool for reducing storage and bandwidth consumed from disk-based backup. By eliminating the necessity to constantly copy an equivalent file over and once again , backup storage consumption is reduced 10 to 50 times. Because less data is shipped across the network, overall bandwidth consumption is reduced by almost 500 times.  The obvious benefit is freeing up space for storing , but there are energy implications that affect your corporate ledger.  Reducing the amount of knowledge copies reduces storage capacity needs and storage power consumption. 30  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage  Further, once data storage has been reduced, snapshots and other copies from high-performance disks are often shifted to lower-performance, energy- efficient disks.  The benefit trickles down once you consider your organization’s remote sites. Because less data is being replicated, money is saved because network traffic and storage capacity aren’t being overused. 3.9 Virtualization  The biggest power draw to your IT infrastructure is from servers. In and of themselves, they will garbage down 50 percent of the facility coming into your datacenter. The simplest thanks to reduce this power usage is to scale back the amount of servers used.  In the past, it needed a lot of servers to satisfy mission-critical tasks, by consolidating several machines into one and through virtualization, this is often illustrated in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Consolidating servers onto a fewer number of units conserves energy. 31 GREEN COMPUTING  Data storage is another massive consumer of power. Direct-attached storage can account for the maximum amount as 27 percent of your electricity bill. Direct-attached storage units fragment where data is stored within the organization. Also, each device must consume its own power.  Clustering also involves identical hardware and operating systems to make sure a smooth rollover occurs within the event of tragedy. The prices add up, especially when one considers the value of the hardware and therefore the power draw especially from a largely unused device.  If virtualized the servers, however, advanced clustering technologies allow them to act as traffic cops and move applications between servers and storage devices with precision. no matter what fails, Further, this causes a discount within the need for hardware, space, and energy usage. Storage  If an organization uses a lot of direct-attached storage, a huge power savings if we switch over to a storage area network (SAN). By removing file servers, it enables an instant reduction in power usage.  A SAN also allows growth in a logical, efficient manner. With direct- attached storage, to add file servers to the network. The disks are added, which is considerably less expensive. 3.10 Management  In many organizations, computers are used for just 4 hours each day. The extra 20 hours, those idle machines are still using energy while offline.  The evaluation says that 65 percent of the energy used by computers and monitors is wasted because workers don’t turn off computers when they leave for the day. In Addition, half of computers and monitors do not have a power management scheme applied, so more money is wasted when they fail to automatically switch off. 32  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage  A number of utilities are available that empower system administrators to easily manage power settings. These utilities normally enable sleep features built into prevalent operating systems and allow a computer to go into low-power-consuming sleep mode. 3.11 Bigger Drives  Different technological blessing that can help to conserve power is to ditch all older, smaller hard drives and install a new, bigger one.  Serial ATA (SATA) drives or storage devices use about 50 percent less power per terabyte (TB) than Fiber Channel drives. They are also higher in storage device density, which also helps reduce power consumption.  For details, if HDD replaces 11 legacy drives with a modern, high-capacity drive, then get a 16 percent increase in capacity and use 81 percent less power. This saves 93 percent more floor space than with the other system. 3.12 Involving the Utility Company To involve utility companies in our efforts to reduce power costs. They can offer power-savings tips as well as other services that can save money. Monitoring One way to monitor how much power is used is simply by contacting the utility company. They can provide historical information about how much power was consumed, and they can help figure out what currently is being used. Sellback Opportunities An organization is especially forward thinking and has turned to Mother Nature for its power needs. If that’s the case or the idea simply piques interest that might be fascinated to know that those electrical lines running into your organization send power both ways. That is, if this generates more power than the using, it can sell it back to the power company, 33 GREEN COMPUTING as shown in Figure 2. The practice is called net metering, and most states have laws that direct utility companies to buy back power at the same rate they buy it from them. Fig. 2 Net metering allows you to sell power back to the electric company. If organization is examine relying on the sun for its power, and likely to sell back power to the utility company, they need a few things:  Photovoltaic panels these panels absorb solar radiation. They are built of silicon and coated with tempered glass. Panels are typically climbed on the roof or on a free-standing pole.  An inverter device controls the power and changes it to alternating current (AC).  A meter is required that can run backward and can show how much organization is sending back to the utility company. 3.13 Low-Power Computers  Computer manufacturers are starting to offer low-power models that consume less power than other computers.  Of course, the workstations need or may not fall in line with the specs for these machines, but as more and more companies want to save money on power costs, look for more machines to be explained. 34  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage 3.14 PCs, Linux 1. PCs Windows-based PCs are the backbone of industry. There are Macs and Linux boxes out there, but most companies run on Windows OS. There aren’t too many models for low-power out there, but recent trends saw a variety of latest models introduced. Intel The new processor increases a PC’s speed, reduces power requirements, saves on battery life, helps the environment, and comes in a smaller package for more designable and compact computer designs. With the arrival of the new processors, Intel will be offering a total of 32 desktop, laptop, and server processors. HP HP has initiated its own low-power PCs, including the rp5700. The PC praises a specialized design with additional cooling features. This enables it to be in higher temperature environments than most other PCs. Its energy efficiency brings from S3 power management, specialized Intel processors, and 80 Plus power supplies. 2. Linux Low-power Linux machines have mostly been like the OS itself homebrew devices.. But there are companies that enable their own low-power Linux options. Example 1 The MicroClient Jr. boots from CompactFlash rather than a hard drive. Other features include:  Fanless design  128MB SDRAM 35 GREEN COMPUTING  Input/output ports  IDE  10/100 Mbps Ethernet  3 USB V1.1 ports  Optional RS232  CompactFlash slot for expansion  2.5-inch hard drive mounting Example 2 The Bubba server was designed to be left on all the time, without using much power or generating a lot of noise. It draws a maximum of 10 watts. Bubba’s hardware specs include :  200MHz ARM processor  64MB RAM  3.5-inch, 7200rpm 80GB, 320GB, or 500GB IDE hard drive  1 x 10/100 Ethernet  USB 2.0 type A to printer or memory stick connection  USB 2.0 type B to PC connection  7.2 × 4.5 × 1.7 inches  3.7 pounds 3.15 Components  The big power draw is the server room, that’s no secret. However, a number of other places within IT infrastructure can save little watts. the large numbers adding up like they do in the server room, but every bit helps.  if this replicating a setting changes across hundreds or even thousands of workstations, those savings will add advantages. 36  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage 3.16 Servers  Reduce the amount of energy of servers used by deploying blade servers and by virtualizing these servers.  Blades are entire computers contained on a card that can be inserted into a huge device. As such, rather than one server taking a whole rack, 20 blades can be installed into one unit. Usage Blade servers consume about 10 percent less energy than equivalent rack mount servers because multiple servers share common power supplies, cooling fans, and other components etc. Blades are popular because they not only minimize the amount of space needed, as Figure 3 shows, but also because they use less power. Fig. 3 The work of many servers can be offloaded onto one server 37 GREEN COMPUTING containing many blades.  Numerous organizations have a large number of servers, each running one application. This separates us and isolates the units, and if there is a failure only that application is affected on the system. Even though there is some logic behind this setup, the presence is that each server only has a 5 to 10 % CPU utilization rate. This boils down to a bunch of hardware taking up a lot of space. 3.17 Computer Settings  Although establishing policies to govern computers’ monitor power settings is a great place to start, there are some other places where they make more precise changes for real savings. Polling  Periodic polling is that, the computer automatically checking to see if a given action has been taken draws power from idling computers, because it automatically wakes the computer up to check for a given event.  Every time an application polls for something, the CPU wakes from an idle state and consumes power.  Not be able to eliminate all polling tasks, but can manage them. Turn Off Unused Devices  This looks like a no-brainer. If a computer or other device is not going to be used in the certain future, turn it off.  Failing that, at least set up the computer so that it hibernates after a certain period of nonuse of the device. 38  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage Fig. 3 Group your timers together so that they reduce the amount of time the computer has to be polled. Use Large Buffers  If any organization is one where media is played from a CD, DVD, or hard drive, make sure that applications’ buffers are set large enough to store as much of the media in memory as possible.  Doing this reduces the hard drive, DVD, or CD drive from spinning as much and thus saves power. 3.18 Storage  Storage is another huge area in the realm of power consumption.  To measure redundancy protecting your data, it’s simply wasteful and inefficient to have hundreds of drives resolve away when a number of will do the trick.  Organization’s storage started in one, reasoning way, but has since become something else. Green Drives  Green hard drives are drives that lessen the amount of power they use through a collection of mechanisms, including unloading the heads during inactive time to reduce trim drag. 39 GREEN COMPUTING  Further, the drives calculate the minimum seek speed to use just the amount of power required. MAID  A large array of idle disks (MAID) is a system that employs hundreds or thousands of hard drives for near-line data storage. the power used to run them as well as minimizing the generation of heat, which in turn lesser cooling costs.  MAID differs from RAID in that it has increased storage solidity and is much less costly, thus saving power and the need for cooling.  MAID comes with some settlement, however, such as increased latency, lower throughput, and much lower redundancy.  Although a MAID solution can be slow, data access can take a few milliseconds up to 10 seconds, it is much faster than tape drive, which can take 60 seconds or longer to access data. Drives that are designed for repeated spin-up or spin-down cycles are much more costly.  The MAID architecture is developed because of the introduction of SATA drives that are invented to be powered up and down. In a large deployment, MAID allows a dense packaging of drives, and typically only 25 percent of the disks are spinning at any given time, as shown in Figure 4. It resolves the problem of throughput. Fig. 4 In a MAID deployment, only a quarter of the disks are spinning at any one time. 40  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage Power-managed RAID  The plan behind RAID has always been to safeguard your data. But employing multiple, always on drives jacks up the power consumption. To deal with this issue, a new form of RAID has been initiated. Fig. 5 Power-managed RAID only uses the drive where data is being stored and the parity drive.  Power-managed RAID provides parity protection, but with just some of the RAID disks actually turned on. When data is written, only the parity and associated data drives are powered up. When data is read, only the disk being read must be powered up. this is often illustrated in Figure 5. 41 GREEN COMPUTING  No disruptive and sequential read/writes are accomplished by staging the info to an always-spinning drive, while subsequent drive is being powered up. The results that your organization can have many terabytes in storage during a single footprint. 3.19 Monitors  Monitor is used 100 W of power while they are on. In sleep mode, they use 5 W or less. Adjusting monitors to automatically enter sleep mode after a period of nonuse device is a quick-and-easy way to reduce costs of power. LCD displays aren’t required to be less power hungry than CRTs. It depends on the model. It’s the best way to evaluate monitor power. Settings  The setting up monitors to turn off after a certain period of nonuse. subtle changes to your computers’ settings that can reduce costs while they are turned on.  Clearly, managing the colors on your monitor especially backgrounds can save money. Table. 2 Different Colors Use Different Amounts of Power 42  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage  White and bright colors use max up to 20 percent more power than black or dark colors. Table 2 shows power colors. After multiplying that by the number of computers in the organization a huge difference will come. The Power Switch  The best way to save energy is to switch off the monitor. Some users don’t know, but there is a power switch, located on the front or the side of the monitor. Turn it off when the computer’s not going to be in use for a particular duration, and you get the ultimate saving i.e. zero watts of energy used.  Another way is to use the Energy Star settings in Windows to turn the monitor off after a while, but those settings take little time to set in. 3.20 Power Supplies  The components that enter your computers or other devices, use people who conform to the 80 Plus standard.  This requires power supplies in computers and servers to be 80 percent or greater energy efficient at 20 percent, 50 percent, and one hundred pc of the rated load.  The EPA finalized updated performance requirements for computers and servers that include the more efficient 80 Plus standards. 3.21 Wireless Devices Wireless Devices or radios consume power for both transmitting and receiving. Most laptop adapters use their radios, even if they’re not connected to an access point (AP). WiFi  Access Points announce their presence at regular intervals by sending a beacon packet.  The default interval for many APs is about 100 milliseconds. 43 GREEN COMPUTING  The impact of the beacon interval is most noticeable when it’s trying to seek out a network to accompany.  This is shown in Figure 6. Association requires a WiFi radio to tune to every channel and listen for the AP to broadcast a beacon.  The longer between the intervals, the longer the radio must serve each channel.  In addition to the radio overhead, the downside of tons of broadcast beacon packets is that with some wireless adapters, the PC must begin power-saving idle states to process the packets.  For laptops that are on the brink of the AP, you’ll be ready to save a little bit of power by going into the executive page of the AP and increasing the beacon Interval. Fig. 6 APs regularly transmit beacon packets so that wireless clients can find them 3.22 Software  Although it’s possible to manage many power settings using Group Policy in Windows or a similar tool in Linux and Mac environments, some companies are making the process even easier and marketing power-saving software. 44  Chapter 3 : Minimizing Power Usage  As repeatedly stated, power consumption is a major issue. It affects the environment, it affects your bottom line. By using the mechanisms that should be able to see some appreciable cuts in your power usage. But even as optimal as a system is, it’s still going to use power, and that power will generate heat. 3.23 Summary  We analyze the power problem in today’s world, how to monitor them.  A small as directing laptop and cellular phone users to disconnect their chargers from the wall when they’re not using them.  Doing this reduces the hard drive, DVD, or CD drive from spinning as much and thus saves power.  Reducing the amount of knowledge copies reduces storage capacity needs and storage power consumption.  A large array of idle disks (MAID) is a system that employs hundreds or thousands of hard drives for near-line data storage. the power used to run them as well as minimizing the generation of heat, which in turn lesser cooling costs. 3.24 Reference for further reading  Green IT, Velte & Elsenpeter, McGraw Hill, 2008 3.25 Unit End Exercises 1. Write a short note on Data De-duplication? 2. What is MAID? Explain Power-managed RAID? 3. Explain the Virtualization in Minimizing power usage? 4. What are low-cost solutions for checking power on your workstations and standalone devices.? ***** 45 GREEN COMPUTING 4 COOLING 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Cooling Costs 4.4 Power Cost 4.5 Causes of Cost 4.6 Calculating Cooling Needs, 4.7 Reducing Cooling Costs 4.8 Economizers, 4.9 On-Demand Cooling, 4.10 HP’s Solution, 4.11 Optimizing Airflow, 4.12 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle, 4.13 Raised Floors, 4.14 Cable Management, 4.15 Vapour Seal 4.16 Prevent Recirculation of Equipment Exhaust, 4.17 Supply Air Directly to Heat Sources, 4.18 Fans, 4.19 Humidity, 4.20 Adding Cooling, 4.21 Fluid Considerations, 4.22 System Design, 4.23 Data Centre Design, 4.24 Centralized Control, 4.25 Designs for Your Needs, 4.26 Put Everything Together. 4.27 Summary 4.28 Reference for further reading 4.29 Unit End Exercises 46  Chapter 4 : Cooling 4.1 Objective  To examine cooling issues in the datacenter as well as where you can save money, and it provides some tips for adding cooling capacity without spending more money than need to.  To understand that reduces how much power the datacenter consumes. 4.2 Introduction  In this topic we learn strategies to reduce power that is used by the datacenter which consumes. With any amount of power comes heat, and if there’s too much heat in the datacenter.  Data center manager wants to keep things cool, but you don’t want to walk in and see polar bears curled up on the floor shivering. Overcooling your datacenter is a very common problem.  Data Center managers don’t want their equipment to overheat, but they’re spending money when they use too much cooling power.  This examines cooling issues in the datacenter as well as where can save money, and it provides some tips for adding cooling capacity without spending more money. 4.3 Cooling Costs  Some estimates state that cooling can account for upward of 63% of your IT department’s power usage. That’s obviously an enormous amount and not something that ought to be overlooked.  If more cooling power is needed, rather than simply turning up the air conditioning, it’s useful to figure out the quantity of spending and how much actually needs to be spent. 4.4 Power Cost  Electricity is paid for per kilowatt-hour (kWh). This is a calculation of the hourly consumption of electrical power.  For the purpose of easy math, let’s use a basic electrical device: the household incandescent light bulb to determine how much electricity costs.  A 100 watt bulb uses 100 watt hours of electricity in 60 minutes duration. like, ten 100 Watt light bulbs will use a total of 1 kWh of electricity per hour. But electrical power costs are different around the country. 47 GREEN COMPUTING  Electricity costs different amounts in different places. Table 1 compares the average price per kWh for each region and shows how much it has increased in one year. Table 1 Price per kWh Varies Around The Nation and Is Increasing 4.5 Causes of Cost  Cooling is a major component of power consumption and by extension, IT budget.  A number of issues extends power consumption and cooling costs, including the following: 1. Increased power expenditure as more servers and storage devices are deployed. 2. Increased heat solidity in the racks because of increased computing power in a confined space. 3. Irregular heat load in the data center. This is irritated by poor planning for heat management as the topology of the data center changes. 4. Increasing power costs across the different locations. 5. A tendency to over cool data centers. The “flood-cooling impulse” leads data center managers to overcool their data centers by more than two and a half times what is needed. Figure 1 shows where data centers are using electricity. Fig. 1 data centers are using electricity. 48  Chapter 4 : Cooling 4.6 Calculating Cooling Needs  The requirement of cooling needs your system at the data center.  All the equipment in the server room generates heat while running.  All these sources of heat contribute or supply to the heat load of the server room.  Generally. This number is expressed in British Thermal Units (BTUs) or kW. One kilowatt is the same as 3412 BTUs.  Before buying any new cooling equipment, it’s important to figure out how much is required.  To find the heat load, must take into consideration a number of factors, not just the heat load of equipment. The following points address these additional considerations.  Room Size The room itself requires cooling. To calculate the cooling needs of the room, use this formula: Room Area BTU = Length (meters (m)) × Width (m) × 337  People in the Room If people are located in the server room, the heat load goes up about 400 BTU per person. Here’s the formula: Total Occupant BTU = Number of occupants × 400  Equipment Clearly, most of the heat generated is from equipment. the equipment’s power consumption in its documentation or on the vendor websites. Formula: Equipment BTU = Total wattage for all equipment × 3.5 Lighting multiply the total wattage for lighting by 4.25, as shown in the following formula: Lighting BTU = Total wattage for all lighting × 4.25  Total Cooling Requirement Total Heat Load = Room Area BTU + Windows BTU + Total Occupant BTU + Equipment BTU + Lighting BTU 49 GREEN COMPUTING 4.7 Reducing Cooling Costs  If the datacenter’s cooling consumption cost may occur in a billing (or have been afraid to), there are some ways we can reduce costs.  If you find a data center needs more cooling, it might be learned to deploy equipment that won’t chow down a lot of power. Table 2 shows how much money different- sized data centers can save in different parts of the world.  It also shows how much pollution can be cut when optimizing cooling. Here we learn about some equipment that can use and save money and help supplement your environment. Table.2 Cost Savings and Pollution Reduction Based on Cooling Optimization 4.8 Economizers,  Nature, winter provides an opportunity to enhance the cooling system by using the cold outside air to cool things down.  But it isn’t as simple as opening a window to accomplish this. To do so, you need to employ what is called an economizer.  There are two types: air-side economizers and waterside economizers. Air:  An air-side economizer regulates the use of outside air for cooling a room or a building. It employs sensors, ducts, and dampers to regulate the amount of cool air brought in. 50  Chapter 4 : Cooling Fig. 2 Air-side economizers draw in outside air to cool the datacenter.  The sensors calculate air temperature both inside and outside the building. If it notices that the outside air is suitably cold enough to cool the datacenter, it will adjust its dampers to draw in the outside air, making it the main source of cooling.  This cuts or eliminates the need for the air = conditioning system’s compressors, which provides a big cost savings. This is illustrated in Figure 2.  Their main strength is over contamination and humidity levels. As long as the economizers are drawing air in from outside, pollution can potentially enter the datacenter.  A larger concern is the change of humidity in the datacenter.  If air-side economizers are something an organization wishes to employ, you should consider air filters and supplemental humidification. 4.9 Water-side economizer:  A water-side economizer utilizes evaporative cooling, provided by cooling towers to indirectly produce chilled water to cool a datacenter when outdoor conditions are cool.  This is best for environments with temperatures below 55 degrees Fahrenheit for 3000 or more hours a year.  While using economizers, chilled-water-plant energy consumption can be cut by up to 75 percent.  Using this it helps in reductions in maintenance costs, because the fluid-chilled cooling system allows drastically reducing, maybe even completely eliminating the need for chiller operation.  Water-side economizers are beneficial, because not only do they save costs, but they don’t allow contaminants or altered humidity levels into the datacenter. 51 GREEN COMPUTING Fig. 3 Water-side economizers cool using a loop connecting to a cooling tower, evaporative cooler or dry cooler.  Water-side economizers work with a cooling tower, evaporative cooler, or dry cooler to cool down the datacenter. This kind of economizer is normally incorporated into a chilled water or glycol-based cooling system.  Fluid in the cooling system passes through a coil to cool the room, thus eliminating the need for the compressor to operate. A water-side economizer is shown in Figure 3. 4.10 On-Demand Cooling On-demand cooling systems are becoming more and more common. These units are brought in to provide temporary cooling when central air is descending. They are also widely used in datacenters. There are two types of on-demand cooling systems, very similar in function to economizers:  Air to air smaller air-to-air coolers can be wheeled into the room needing cooling. They use flexible ductwork to connect to a window, and then the generated heat is transferred out of the building. They can be plugged into a standard 110-volt wall outlet. Larger units can be mounted on the outside of the building, with cool air being ducted through a window. These units operate on temporary 208-to-230- volt circuits.  Water based these are much larger units, where a standard garden hose is connected to the device so that water flows in, cools down the equipment, and then is sent through a second hose to run down a drain. 52  Chapter 4 : Cooling 4.11 HP’s Solution  Hewlett-Packard offers a cooling technology that it says can cut an IT department’s power costs by up to 40 percent. The system, called Dynamic Smart Cooling, uses sensors to regulate the temperature in specific areas of the datacenter. HP labs were ready to reduce the facility to chill a datacenter from 45.8 kW employing a standard industry setup to 13.5 kW.  Dynamic Smart Cooling is an intelligent solution, and instead of turning the datacenter into a meat locker, the system allows air conditioners managed by specially designed software to manage the cold air delivered to an area supported the requirements of specific computers.  Dynamic Smart Cooling uses the datacenter’s air con system to adapt to changing workloads with sensors attached to the computers. If the system senses that a computer is warming up an excessive amount of , air conditioners will send more cool air. 4.12 Optimizing Airflow  Exchange of air is important.  To bring the precise cooling environment, air must be exchanged at a sufficient rate.  In high-density data centers, air has to be exchanged 50 times an hour. If sufficient air is not exchanged, cooling air will heat up before it reaches the equipment and disaster could occur.  Optimizing airflow reduces cooling costs. It helps minimize costs without you having to buy the newest product.  That can help optimize the airflow around servers and other networking equipment. 4.13 Hot Aisle or Cold Aisle  Equipment is typically described to draw in air from the front and then blow the exhaust out the rear. As Figure 4 shows, this enables equipment to be arranged to create hot aisles and cool aisles. 53 GREEN COMPUTING Fig. 4 Equipment can be configured in a hot-aisle/cold-aisle configuration  In the above figure is that the cool sides of equipment are arranged together, whereas the hot sides of equipment countenance each other.  This allows the equipment to attract cool air, instead of air that has already been preheated by the rack of kit ahead of it.  The cold aisles have perforated floor tiles to draw cooler air from the raised floor.  Floor Mounted cooling is placed at the end of hot aisles, but not parallel to the row of racks.  This is because parallel placement can cause the hot exhaust to be drawn across the top of the racks and mixed with the cool air. It als