USII 5ponds Student Book PDF

CHAPTER TEN The Worst World War...146 Why War Again?...148 Villains and Heroes 150 "A Date Which Will Live in Infamy".....1 52 Franklin Delano Roosevelt.....1 54 On the Home Front 156 The Holocaust 158...

CHAPTER TEN The Worst World War...146 Why War Again?...148 Villains and Heroes 150 "A Date Which Will Live in Infamy".....1 52 Franklin Delano Roosevelt.....1 54 On the Home Front 156 The Holocaust 158 The Major Turning Points of World War II 160 From Midway to D-Day.....1 62 Last Stop: Hiroshima.....1 64 Timeline and Review.....166 CHAPTER ELEVEN The Cold War...168 An Iron Curtain Rises... 1 70 A Search for Peace.... 1 72 Happy Days Once More.....1 74 The Cold War Begins 176 Three Cold War Conflicts 178 A Series of Tragic Events 180 The Cold War Ends 182 Timeline and Review.....1 84 C +1 APTER, TW ELVE Building a Better World 186 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE A New Fight for Civil Rights... 1 88 Women's Rights.....1 90 Maps and Documents RI Inspiring Americans 192 The Constitution of the United States Techno-Age.....194 Our Place in a Changing World.....1 96 The Bill of Rights.....R9 Timeline and Review.....194 Additional Amendments.....R10 United States Presidents.....R14 United States Maps.....R1 5 North America Maps.....R1 9 World Map.....R21 Index...R23 Picture Credits.....R25  Out of the Ashes of War WHERE DOES THIS STORY BEGIN? Imagine it is the year 1865. The United States is a wounded nation. The horrors of the Civil War are still fresh. Abraham Lincoln's tragic death has cast a shadow of sorrow across the land. The South lays in ruins. African Americans, finally free $60,000 from slavery's brutal hold, battle to build new lives. Many families have lost fathers, husbands, and homes, and now struggle to survive. As people drift across the country, trying to escape painful memories and ruined lives, a new America will take shape. wn MOURN A MARTYRED FATHER. A destroyed train locomotive sits in the bombed-out ruins of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad depot at the Civil War's end.  "Allterica has ymrth, south, east, west. The rises over (he hills awl sets cver the mountains, the compass justpcblts clown, we cav laugh at the absurd 110ti011 there being a 'Idrth south. We are dile tilldivicled. Almost 700,000 men Samuel Rush Watkins— died fighting in the a former Confederate Civil War. soldier WHAT WILL YOU SEE? Out of our nation's darkest days, a new America will begin to emerge—a nation determined to grow and prosper. The United States will become a place where freedom is a guiding light—a land where hard work is rewarded and dreams really can come true. 'Stå;dl.kr.j:.. — Millions of newcomers will arrive from the Earth's far-away places, with little more than a few dollars in their pockets and a hope for a better life. The American promise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness will become a beacon for people from every corner of the globe. YOUR JOURNEY BEGINS It is 186.5. Great expanses of the unsettled west await. Mighty locomotives pull trains swiftly across the continent. Cities are growing, and new inventions and industries bring the promise of a bright future. Across the country a new spirit of adventure is beginning to take hold. The work of rebuilding America has begun. !ITiReborn  As America changed in the years after the Civil War, the fate of our nation was shaped by the land—from the busy harbors of the Northeast, to the vast deserts of the Southwest, to the fog-bound shores of the Pacific coastline. sem REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES OURAMAZING LAND CHAPTER 1  1300 w 1250 w 1200W 1150W 1 1 oow 1050W 450W 400W 350W 300W MAPPING THE UNITED STATES Understanding our land is the key to understanding our nation's story. There are many different ways to look at our country. This map was made from satellite images taken from space. It shows some of the major physical features of our land. Of course, in real life, state border lines, and latitude 250W and longitude lines do not exist, but they are very useful when locating places on maps. The parallels of latitude (the horizontal lines) and meridians of longitude (the vertical Tropic lines) help us describe each states's relative location. of Cancer 1200N 1150N 1 IOON 1050N 100  900W 850W 800W 750W 700W 650W 450N 400N 41. 350N 300N 250N Tropic of Cancer 950N 900N 850N 800N 750N  A state is an example ofa political region. States may be grouped as - part of different regions depending upon the criteria used. WASHINGTON ALAS , MAINLANb,i OREGON UNITED iTAiES'; HAWAII ING, All-American math: Fifty states divided into seven unique regions equals one remarkable country. {CALiFOR ARIZONA America's NEW MEXICO Seven Regiong From low-lying seashores to the high mountain peaks, America's geography has had a huge impact on the way our land was settled and the way our nation grew. Linked by geography—by similar weather, landscapes, growing seasons, and the customs of the people who settled there—our nation developed seven distinct regions. Each region PACIFIC OCEAN played a unique part in the growth of our nation. We are all Americans ONC NT1woGsl///////ll/W/71!/l/ THE PACIFIC with much in common, no matter what part of the country we live in. By understanding regional differences The three states edged by Four mostly arid sta we can see how our the Pacific Ocean ARIZONA, nation's destiny CALIFORNIA, NEW MEXICO, LASKA AND HAWÄÜ wASHlN&TON TEXAS, was shaped. OKLAHOMA  "AINE ORTH VERMONT 8KOTA NEW HAMPSHIRE Iscor.sl MASSACHUSETTS ORK! RHODE ISLAND *OUTH AKOT CONNECTICUT PENNSYLVA NEW JERSEY DELAWARE EST MARYLAND IRGI 1 WASHINGTON,DC KENTUCKY NORTH CAROLINA ATLANTIC OCEAN ENNESSEE SOU H OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS CARO IN The Northeast GEORGIA The Southeast MISSISSIPPI ACABAMA The Midwest EXAS FLORIDA LOUISIANA The Rocky Mountains The Southwest The Pacific GULF OF MEXICO Noncontiguous THE ROCKY THE MIDWEST THE SOUTHEAST THE NORTHEAST MOUNTAINS Sikh/ hlaltiiude Twelve; 'heartland" states Fourteen lush states Nine northern Atlantic states NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH MARYLAND, DELAWARE, NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, NEVADA„ UTAH, DAKOTA, NEBRASKA, WEST VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA, RHODE COLORADO, KANSAS, IOWA, OHIO, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH ISLAND, MASSACHUSETTS, ADAHO, ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, CAROLINA, GEORGIA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, VERMONT, CONNECTICUT, WYOMING, MISSISSIPPI, ARKANSAS MINNESOTA, INDIANA MAINE LOUISIANA, KENTUCKY, 13 TENNESSEE  The Northeast canals, and sprawling cities. Québec J) MAINE Montreal Augusta Ottawa Burlin@ton CANADA VERMON Portland Montpelier NE W AMPSHI E Concord Boston Lake Ontario ASSACHUSETT Toronto rovidence NEW YORK Albany NNECTICU Buffalo Hartford: RHODE ISLAND Lake Erie New York PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY Atlantic Ocean 10 Harrisburg Philadelphia Trenton Pittsburgh  FOUR MAJOR NORTHEAST CITIES Cities serve as centers of trade and have political, economic, and cultural significance. The Empire Boston's State Building Paul Revere in New York statue City The Northeast Region is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Great Lakes to the west, and Canada to the north. This is the nation's smallest region but also the wealthiest. It is a place with huge cities as well as farmlands tucked away in quiet inland valleys. Long before the arrival of European settlers, many American Indian nations, including the Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples, called this region home. NEW YORK CITY BOSTON Called the "Big Apple" A major shipping port. NINE STATES THAT because it is the largest city in Home to some of the world's BUILT OUR NATION the United States. finest universities, plus a Some of the biggest, busiest U.S. cities A major world cultural center. center for medicine, research, are in the Northeast. The sheltered Home to the Empire State electronics, engineering, Building, Statue of Liberty, and finance, and biotechnology. deep-water ports of Philadelphia, New Nicknamed "Beantown. " the United Nations. York, and Boston have thrived since the earliest days of European One of Pittsburgh's many bridges settlement. From revolutionary times, Hall in and a funicular—a vertical train the Northeast has been linked with the birth and growth of our nation. Northeast banks provided much of the money to build the railroads that led to westward expansion in the 1800s. The region was also a manufacturing and heavy industry center. After the Civil War, the cities of the Northeast swelled as millions of newcomers from Europe arrived in a great wave of immigration that lasted for almost a hundred years. Today this region is of vital world importance and continues to influence the nation. PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH Sometimes called the "City of Built where two rivers flow Brotherly Love" because it was together to form the Ohio River. founded by Quakers who preached love for all people. Called the City of Bridges" Roads, canals, and railroads and "The Steel City" for its helped make it the United hundreds of bridges and Statest first major industrial city. former steel mills,  Ilmington Ba timor RY@Å N D Dover D L AWARE iowWEST VIRGINI Richmond Charlestown Virginia Frankfort Beach VIRGINIA Roanoke KENTUCKY Raleigh TENNESSEE NORTH Nashville CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINAW Memphis ARKANSAS Columbia Atlanta Birmingham Charleston Little Rock GEORGIA Savannah Mont omery LOUISIANA Atlantic Ocean Jackson ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI Tallahassee Biloxi Baton Rouge Orlando New Orleans0 Gulf of Mexico The FLORIDA B 01 M Southeast Lush lowlands and lofty highlands are Miami edged by watery wonderlands. WASHINGTON, D.C. AMERICA'S CAPITAL CITY There is something very special about "the District." It is not a state, and the people who live in the District of Columbia do not have any voting representatives in Congress. Since 1800 this 68-square mile area—built Our nation's capital at on land taken from Maryland and dusk. It is located in Virginia—has been the capital of the United the Southeast Region. States and the centerpiece of our nation.  The Southeast Region of the United States is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the states of Oklahoma and Texas to the west. It Geography Glossary Gulf is bordered by the Ohio River Valley to the north and the Gulf of Mexico A part ofan ocean or sea that to the south. It has both coastal and inland states. extends into the land. The Appalachian Mountains rise to the northwest of this region. The lowlands of the Coastal Plain—broad expanses of low-lying land—are Delta edged by the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ()cean. Land made ofsilt left behind as a Many people in the Mississippi Delta and other coastal areas of the river drains into a larger body of water, such as a gulf. Southeast earn a living from the seas. Lush farmlands provide a perfect environment for growing Mississippian societies built huge cities. cotton and other crops. Some of the most advanced American Indian cultures thrived here before the arrival of the Europeans. FOURTEEN STATES PLUS OUR NATION'S CAPITAL—HISTORY HAPPENED HERE! From America's Revolutionary War victory at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, to the bitter battles of the Civil War, through the birth of the Civil Rights movement, the Southeast Region has seen many milestones in This satellite photo of the America's story. It is a region of both sorrow and triumph. It was here Mississippi Delta shows huge that the first manned airplane took flight, the spirited sounds of jazz amounts ofsilt being deposited were born, and rockets blasted off into space. in the Gulf of Mexico. THREE IMPORTANT CITIES OF THE SOUTHEAST Atlanta's St. Louis Square Centennial i in New Orleans Park has fun fountains. Palm trees, 'kj'crapers, an Biscayne Bay meet in Miami. ; ATLANTA NEW ORLEANS MIAMI A top business city and major Nicknamed the "Big Easy. " A global city because of its air transportation hub. A major port city that straddles importance in world finance, One of the fastest growing the Mississippi River. commerce, entertainment, arts, urban areas in the United States. Known for its great food, and trade. The home of several major architecture, and music. It is the The fourth largest corporations, such as Coca-Cola. birthplace of jazz. metropolitan area in the U.S. Home to Mardi Gras, a wild, The gateway to South wonderful spring carnival. America and the Caribbean.  NORTH DAKOTA Lake Superior Bismarc MINNESOTA WISCONSIN MICHIGAN SOUTH DAKOTA St. Paul Green Bay Minneapoliso Pierre Madison Lansing Milwaukee0 Detroit IOWA Des Moines Chicago NEBRASKA INDIANA ILLINOIS Columbus Indianapolis Lincoln Springfield OHIO MISSOURI Jefferson City Topeka KANSAS ARIC ANSA5 The Midwest America'S heartland is covered by flat grasslands that gradually the this vast region , IS a lot more than just corn and w;ea! fields. 18  THREE BUSY MIDWEST CITIES Chicago hugs Lake Michigan The Midwest Region of the U.S. is bordered by the Ohio River and the Great Lakes to the east and the Rocky Mountains to the west. It is bordered by Canada and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River Valley, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the south. Home to the Lakota and other important American CHICAGO Indian nations, this region had a rich cultural history. The third largest city in the United States, built on the Fierce struggles over claims to the land by settlers from shores of Lak Michigan. the east came in the years following the Civil War. 14 major, transportation hub linking the Eastern and TWELVE STATES THAT FORM Western states. AMERICA'S HEARTLAND Nicknamed the Windy City not because if the wind, but because of Its fascination with talkative politicians. The Midwest is often called the nation's "breadbasket" because its fertile soil is perfect for growing vast acres Dusk falls at the Gateway of cereal crops—oats, wheat, and especially corn, which Arch in St. Louis is America's most important crop. This is farm country and the treeless prairies and plains stretch as far as the eye can see. In the Dakotas, badlands form an eerie, yet beautiful landscape. But there is more to the Midwest than just miles of grass, barns, tractors, and tornadoes. After the Civil War the Midwest became a manufacturing hub, the birthplace of the modern auto industry. Chicago, Illinois, became the country's meat- packing center from the CivilWar until the 19'2()s, and ST. LOUIS was a major railroad hub for almost a century. The Gateway Arc cemerpleceo isqc w ich ft khe! of the Missouh( ano 10ÅsÆippi Geography Glossary the great westward expansion. Prairie General Motors' Detroit Land that is covered with tall headquarters grass. ont Plains Large areas of nearly flat land. Badlands A heavily eroded dry region with colorful sculpted rock DETROIT formations. Called -"Motor City" because much of America's auto industry was originally based here. Home to the Motown-sound—a legendary music 'Style. The Southwest It is high, dry, and home to some of the most famous landscapes in the world. The towering.cliffso the Ä9ranå Canyon.bégöi offhe eoldFadg River (üütüÅiiiiiii7X GRAND CANYON Colorado Rivyr NEW MEXICO OKLAHOMA Santa Fe Oklahoma ARIZONA City Phoenix Albuquerque Tucson TEXAS o El Paso o Dallas SOUTH OF THE BORDER Austin e Houst The Rio Grande forms a watery border between the United States and Mexico for more than 1,000 miles. Parts of the e San Antonio Southwest originally belonged to Mexico, and the region has a Spanish influence. Gulfof Mexico  Geography Glossary Plateau A large area of elevated flatland. Mesa A hill with a flat top. Mesas are smaller than The Southwest Region of the plateaus. United States is characterized by high elevations and many deserts. Butte Majestic canyons, broad mesas, carved buttes and other eerie rock A small flat-topped hill that is smaller than a mesa or a plateau. formations dazzle the eye. Visitors from all over the world flock to see Canyon wonders such as Arizona's Grand A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often with a Canyon. People have lived in this stream or river running through it. region for thousands of years. These are the lands of the Desert Pueblo and Navajo peoples, A very dry environment and a proud and ancient history unfolds across these animals. towering stone canyons. FOUR STATES HISTORIC SOUTHWESTERN CITIES The first Europeans to arrive in the Pueblo-style architecture Southwest were ruthless Spanish gives Santa conquistadors in search of gold. They Fe its claimed most of the Southwest for character Spain and forced the American Indians from their ancestral homelands. Many Spanish churches, called missions, were built by forced Indian labor. By the 180()s much of the Southwest belonged to Mexico, but on-going conflicts between Mexico and the U.S. changed our nation's borders and San Alamoat sunset brought the oil-rich "lone-star" Republic of Texas into the Union. SAN ANTONIO SANTA FE In the 1930s the construction of the Home of the legendary Alamo, Founded in 1608, it is the massive Hoover Dam harnessed the the place where Texas' fight for oldest capital city in what is Colorado River and brought a steady independence from Mexico today the United States. water supply to a region that was began. The Santa Fe Trail was a vital once too dry to live in. Oil strikes in The second-largest city in 7 9th-century transportation Texas and Oklahoma brought great Texas. route that linked the Midwest wealth and a rush of new settlers to The heart of Tejano culture— with the West. a unique blend of Mexican and Served as a trade center the region, changing it forever American traditions. between the United States and Mexico.  Mountain Six statesmarked by stunning natural beauty and a bounty of mineral riches. CANADA Pacific MONTANA Missouri River Ocean Helena THE OREGON TRAIL 1) AIRC.}TA 1.1 IDAHO Boise 5 OUT Casper THE TRANSCONTINENTAL j WYOMING RAILROAD Cheyenne Carson City Salt Lake City UTAH Boulder NEVADA Denver COLORADO Saint George Las Vegas 22  Geography Glossary The Continental Divide -4 The Rockies are the birthplace of many streams. The "Great Divide" is the place that separates the river systems into three areas. One Reaching almost three miles high at its peaks, the section drains into the Pacific Rocky Mountains dominate this western region and Ocean, and another drains into the Atlantic Ocean stretch all the way from British Columbia, in Canada, and the GulfofMexico. At the northernmost part of to New Mexico. the Divide, a third group of rivers drains into the These are the ancestral homelands of the Apache, Arctic Ocean via the Hudson Bay. Arapaho, Cheyenne, Crow, Pueblo, and other American Indian nations. They are places breathtaking beauty. Deep beneath the towering stone of TWO CITIES IN THE outcroppings lay great treasures—gold, silver, and MOUNTAINS valuable minerals—that led many to plunder and to Denver is rimmed by the Rockies. destroy parts of the landscape. A Colorado silver mine SuX STATES FRAMED BY MOUNTAINS' MAJESTIES DENVER Lewis and Clark's famous "Voyage of Discovery" in grew in importance as a major western city with the Mountains. As they passed through the homelands of arrival of the Transcontinental Railroad. more than 50 American Indian nations, they collected Today the "Mile High City" is a major tourist all sorts of plants, animals, and minerals. Their destination famous for its nearby skiing. expedition helped pave the way to and through the Rocky Mountains for settlers from the east. By the early 1840s, pioneer families on heavily- loaded wagon trains were crossing the Rockies along what became known as the Oregon Trail. Soon after, the Mormons, seeking religious freedom, settled near the Great Salt Lake and began to build a city. When gold was discovered in the region in the mid-1800s, the ii ii rush was on, and people flocked to the Rockies. With the laying of the final tracks of the amazing t/" bgckya Transcontinental Railroad in Utah in 1869, the region changed even more. Towns sprang up in the middle of SALT LAKE CITY Founded in 7847 by the religious group known as nowhere, sometimes in a matter of days. In 1872, with the Mormons who were fleeing persecution. the creation of the world's first national park in The site of hundreds of copper, silver, gold, and lead Yellowstone in Wyoming, even more fame came to the mines dug in the area between 1860 and the 7 920s. area. Mining and fur-trapping industries have given Home of the world-famous Mormon Tabernacle— way to technology and tourism in Inodern times. a massive stone church—and its choir. The Pacific Edged by the vast Pacific Ocean, these three states are Seattle high, low, wet, dry, and everything in between. The Pacific Region of the United States is bordered by mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Olympia WASHINGTON Canada lies to the north and Mexico to the south. It is a MT.nST. HELE}qs region of contrasts. Salem Eugene OREGON Pacific Ocean Sacramento San Francisco CALIFORNIA Los Angeleså THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE 'San Diego One of the most famous bridges in the world was built in San Francisco in the 1930s and was, at the time, the longest suspension bridge in the world. Today it is still one of America's most beloved bridges—and one of the world's best-known landmarks.  The majestic mountains of the Geography Glossary Coastal Range are not as massive as Volcano the Rockies, but they are hugely A vent in the Earth's crust important. As moist air from the through which molten lava, ash, Pacific Ocean hits the mountains, the and gases are ejected. air is forced up to where it cools, and then drops moisture as rain, sleet, or snow. This abundant moisture sustains the fertile valleys and nurtures giant sequoias and redwoods—the biggest trees on Earth. Some of the native peoples of this region, such as the Kwakiutl Indians, carved them into massive totems and huge canoes. THREE FERTILE, FRUITFUL STATES Much of the nation's fruits and vegetables grow in the Pacific's valleys. Beyond the lowlands lie the highest mountains in the continental U.S. This is a region of constant geological The explosion of Mount St. Helens, a activity. volcano in the Cascade Range, was a vivid reminder of nature's fury. The ever-shifting San Andreas fault runs through California, leading to frequent earthquakes, but that has not stopped people from flocking here. The discovery of gold in 1848 brought waves of people from Asia. When the The eruption ofMt. rush ended, these skilled builders were crucial to building the great Saint Helens in Transcontinental Railroad, which transformed America forever Today this Washington in 1980 sent ash and toxic gases multi-cultural region is also home to one of the largest Latino population into the atmosphere. groups in the nation. THREE PACIFIC COAST CITIES LA's famous freeways are often Seattle's striking Space Needle packed with traffic. Cablécar$ climbsteep 'San Francisco LOS ANGELES SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE The "City of Angels" is the The Gold Rush of 1849 A cultural center, it is the second largest city in the U.S. transformed a small village into birthplace of alternative rock n' Home of Hollywood's film and "the City by the Bay." roll and Starbucks Coffee. television industry, it is the It was almost destroyed by an Originally a great timber/ world's entertainment capital. earthquake in 7906. lumber area and ship-building One of the most culturally Today "Silicon Valley," just center, it is now an aircraft iverse cities In the world. south of San Francisco, is an manufacturing region. important center for technology. 25  Arctic Ocean CHILLY CITY ALASKA Anchorage Juneau is rimmed by tall mountains. Juneau Pacific Ocean ; Thecapita Founded m '1880Åiwhen gold,was struc/f. 'e Acce'sible only by Dogt 'orair,lcars; 'and; tru to and from Juneau by barg ferrieso;h Noncontiguous States Alaska and Hawaii were the last two states to join the United States. They are called noncontiguous states because they do not touch any of Geography Glossary the other states. You cannot drive from the U.S. mainland to Hawaii, Glacier and you must cross a huge part of Canada to reach Alaska. A frozen river or sheet of ice Alaska, which became a state in 1959, is bordered by Canada and the moving s/ow/y down a slope or Arctic Ocean. Hawaii also became a state in 1959 and is a group of eight valley. islands located in the Pacific Ocean between North America and Asia— about 2,000 miles from the California coast. The two states could not be more different! There are about 10 ,O O glaciers in Alaska.  WARM Heåd Cråteq É an,-, extinct volcano, Honolulu Fw(s arognd its base. HONOLULU 'An important tourist destination' Thé American navai base:ofPearl Harbor is learby. In 1947 it was the site of an attack by 'apan that 'led the U.S.Jlntb World, War 11/1 KAUAI HAWAII THE TWO NEWEST STATES NIHAU Alaska is extremely cold most of the year OAHU Honolulu while Hawaii enjoys balmy temperatures MOLOKAI every day. Alaska is the biggest state in the LANAI United States—more than twice the size of Pacific Ocean Texas! Hawaii is made up of a group of small KAHOOLAWE islands. It would take 80 Hawaiis to equal the size of Alaska. How did these two far-away MAUI Hilo places end up as part of the United States? HAWAII Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for about 2c an acre. At first people thought it was a terrible deal until gold was discovered in the 1890s. It turned out that the frozen land was rich with minerals and oil. Hawaii also became a part of the U.S. ALASKA because of a natural resource—sugar. Hawaii was annexed—taken over against the wishes of its people—by the United States in 1898, in part because of its very valuable sugar plantations. Many of the plantations had been started by American Christian missionaries who first came to the HAWAII islands to try to convince the Hawaiian islanders to accept the Christian faith. Even though they were the last to gain statehood, both Alaska and Hawaii have played important parts in the history of our nation. 27  ALASKA/HAWAII Vast natural resources—oil: With something special and unique to fields, fisheries, and plantations— offer, each region attracted newcomers put people to work. from other lands. But their arrival set the stage for conflicts with the American Indians who had dwelled in the Americas for thousands of years. How i PACIFIC Majestic forests in the Pacific North- Regions west provide lumber, while fertile soil further south is Shaped perfect for growing fruits and vegetables. Our Nation What do America's regions have to do with the story of our country? Each region had a special "something" that defined it. Each was settled by different groups that brought their unique cultures to the area. These are some of the faces of America's past. Each tells a story. ROCKIES For the American Indians, it was on Silver mines like this of loss, sorrow, survival, and finally one drew adventurous cultural revival. For the African souls searching for Americans torn away from Africa, it riches. was one of struggle, oppression, and a long fight for equality. For millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia, it was one of great sacrifice, new beginnings, and hope. Differel regions attracted different groups, yet all helped to shape our nation. THE GREAT MOVE In the years following the Civil War, a restless spirit gripped many people in the nation. Families picked themselves up, packed their SOUTHWEST belongings, and headed to new Wide open spaces regions to seek their fortunes. were a good place for cattle ranching. 28  At the same time, troubles in Europe led to a wave of immigration from across the sea. People from Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Russia, Italy, and other nations packed aboard ocean liners to sail across the Atlantic to the Northeast. There the new arrivals found work in the many factories, barely making a living but hoping that their children would NORTHEAST have a better life. Great harbors led CHANGING LIVES tp centers of trade, which led to the For the millions of African Americans growth freed from slavery's bondage at the and industry. end of the Civil War, the chance to start anew was a powerful draw. They, too, packed up their belongings and flocked to the Midwest and the Southwest. By the 1870s one in four cowboys was an African American. Immigrants from parts of Europe also MIDWEST headed to the Midwest to build farms Thousands of miles'ofvvheåt and start new lives, but for the American and corn 'fields 'and farmlands Indians, who had always called this region helped feéd "home," the coming years would bring heartbreak and destruction. COMING TO COLD MOUNTAIN In the West, the discovery of gold in 1848 had led to a huge influx of new- comers. Thousands of Chinese immigrants crossed the Pacific to escape famines and floods in their homelands, dreaming of gold and glory. Japanese and Korean immigrants Iso set sail to work in Hawaii's pineapple and Igar plantations before heading to the U.S. to seek better opportunities. FROM MANY, ONE That is what our nation's motto, E Pluribus Unum, means. Many regions, with different resources and cultures, grew into one thriving nation. People from Asia, Europe, and Africa eventually stood alongside America's first peoples, joining together to build one remarkable country. SOUTHEAST Cotton and tobacco plantations, linked THIS IS THEIR STORY! by broad rivers provided cash crops, but the need for a large labor force led to enslavement for African Americans. 29  US, Regions at a Glance ROCKY MOUNTAIN NORTHEAST Idaho (ID) 'NorthDakotåXNQ)i:, (ME) OVermoht Montana (MT) South Dqkotq (SDI Hatppshire Wyoming (WY) Massachusetts (MA) Colorado (CO) Utah (UT) Mihnesota (MN) Nevada (NV) Missouri (MO?? Wisconsin(Wl?' Connecficut (CT) Denver, CO Salt Lake City,UT t'illinöiS1iL'j New J)brk (NY) New Jersey (NJ) filndiana(ltO) Chicago, IL St. Louis, MO New York, NY Boston, MA PACIFIC California (CA) Oregon (OR) Detroit, Washington (WA) Philadelphia, PA PittsbüiOK5PR' os nge es, CA San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA SOUTHWEST Arizona (AZ) New Mexico (NM) SOUTHEAST Texas (TX) Oklahoma (0K) Maryland (MD? Delaware (DE) Virginia (VA) West Virginia (WV) North Carolina (NC) South Carolina (SC) Georgia (GA) Florida (FL) Alabama (AL) Mississippi (MI) San Antonio, TX'he Santa Fe, NM Louisiana (LA) Arkansas (AR) Tennessee (TN), Kentucky (KY) Washington, D.C. (DC) NON-CONTIGUOUS Alaska (AK) Hawaii (HI), uneau, AK ew Orleans, LAAWashIngton, DCL' Atlanta, GA 30  Explore and Review ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN COMPLETE SENTENCES Use pages 12-13 to answer question 1. l. What role does geography play in how states are grouped into specific regions? Use pages 14-15 to answer questions 2—3. 2. List the states in the Northeast Region. 3. What are some examples of cities in the Northeast that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages 16-17 to answer questions 4—5. 4. List the states in the Southeast Region. 5. What are some examples of cities in the Southeast that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages 18-19 to answer questions 6—7. 6. List the states in the Midwest Region. 7. What are some examples of cities in the Midwest that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages to answer questions 8—9. 8. List the states in the Southwest Region. 9. What are some examples of cities in the Southwest that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages 22-23 to answer questions 10—11. 10. List the states in the Rocky Mountains Region. 11. What are some examples of cities in the Rocky Mountains that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages 24-25 to answer questions 12—13. 12. List the states in the Pacific Region. 13. What are some examples of cities in the Pacific that historically have had political. economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Use pages 2627 to answer questions 14—15. 14. List the noncontiguous states. 15. What are some examples of cities in the noncontiguous states that historically have had political, economic, and/or cultural significance to the development of the United States? Apply Your Learning Identify and think of the region of the United States in which you live. Create a poster or chart analyzing the similarities and differences between it and the other six regions. I low do you think the climate and physical characteristics of each region affect the types of businesses and industries located there? If you could move to any region in the United States, which one would you choose and why?  CHAPTER 2 The end of slavery changed America completely. The twelve years that followed the end of the Civil War saw America try to re-unite and rebuild. It was a time of great hope for some and great loss for others. American Indians were caught in the middle of the on-going racial strug/es. Many Southern whites were bitter and angry at their loss. 32 RECONSTRUCTION 1865-1877 "Now we arefree. What we want? We want Ulte else: and thenyou will see the down-trodden race rise up. —John Adams, a freed These students at Virginia's Hampton Institute cherished the opportunity to finally get, g proper education. 4merican Indians also gitÅough't&f wo grogps did not mix.  The actions ofAbraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts. ABRAHAM LINCOLN: FORGIVENESS How would states come back into the Union? Lincoln's Men of plan stated that state if (who had participated one-tenth of the voters in a particular in the oath of loyalty to the United States and abided by the 186() election) swore a Emancipation Proclamation, that state could form a new Honor Their lives followed different paths, government and tenth is elect representatives to Congress. not a very big percentage at all. One- Many in Congres thought Lincoln's plan was too generous, especially wher but as a fragile peace settled over the it came to forgiving Confederate leaders. They argued tlu nation at the end of the Civil War, traitors should be punished, not given the privileges of these three men made enormous freeclom. After Lincoln's death, his plan was changed. contributions. Long before an assassin's bullet ROBERT E. LEE: LET'S MOVE ON ended his life, President Abraham As he studied the documents of surrender before him Lincoln began laying out a plan to Appomattox Court House, General Robert E. Lee knew ty help heal the Union. He believed the only way to achieve lasting peace was for Southerne) preserving the nation was more to reconcile and reunite as Americans, even though sonm important than punishing the South Southerners wanted to continue to fight. He urged his for seceding. Lincoln's reconstruction and urged that fellow Southerners to forget the past, plan called for reconciliation African Americans be given a chance to go to school, livc between the North and the South. in peace and find work with dignity. By late 1863, even as the war still After the war ended, Lee was asked to become the raged on, President Lincoln began president of Washington College in Virginia. Today it is drafting a plan for the re-unification of known as Washington and Lee University, a Virginia the United States. Amnesty would be landmark. granted to anyone who would take an oath of loyalty to the FREDERICK DOUGLASS: United States and MORE TO DO pledge to follow the By the time the Civil War ended, tl federal laws brilliant former slave had been fighti Doug/" forbidding slavery. for his people's freedom for more th. All would be 30 years. He was exhausted and fr\ed'slave to fight forgiven. e mon. thought of retiring, but as lawmaker: in the South began to strip freedmen their rights through unfair "Black Code" laws, Douglass Words to Know knew his fight had to continue. Reconciliation "Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the (re-con-sill-ee-a-shun) ballot," he wrote. He traveled across the country fighting The reestablishment of friendly for constitutional amendments that would guarantee relationships. African Americans the right to vote. Thanks to his powel human rights and civil liberties, the 15th voice for Amnesty Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, promising the righ (am-nist-ee) to vote to people of all races, became a reality. The act of forgiving people who broke the law. 34  V,YCUi t'åe 0/7/0'/ be mendect An 1864 cartoon shows President Lincoln, a rail in hand, and his vice-president (a former tailor) attempting to sew the Union back together. THE 'RAIL SPLITTER" AT WORK REPAIRING THE UNION. Six days after the Civil War officially ended, a weary Abraham Lincoln attended a play at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. While watching the (P show, he was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern extrernist. We can only wonder what might have happened had Lincoln not died. THE MAN AFTER LINCOLN was a Southerner Lincoln's vice-president from Tennessee named Andrew Johnson. Like Lincoln, Johnson was an honest, hard-working man from a poor family, but he is remernberecl as one of the weakest U.S. Presidents ever. Johnson had been a senator from Tennessee when the war started, and he stayed in the U.S. Senate even after his state left the Union. His loyalty to the Union was rewarded. He became Lincoln's vice-presiclent in 1864. When Johnson became President he got caught in the middle, trying to calm angry white Southerners, while at the same tirne helping the newly freed slaves. In 1865, while Congress was not in session, Johnson gave pardons—official documents of forgiveness—to many wealthy Southern leaders. By the time Congress met again that year,many Southern states—with their old leaders back at the helm—were already writing special laws, called "Black Codes," designed to strip the African Americans of their freedoms. The stage was set for a new battle for equality under the law. 35  Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African HOPE GROWS Americas had achieved. The twelve-year period War is following the Civil called Reconstruction. It was a time of great hope for people of color. Newly freed African Americans Forty Acres needed jobs and homes. They wanted a decent education and a chance for a better life. To help them, the U.S. government created an agency and a Mule The dreadful days of the Civil War were over and the known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The early clays of Reconstruction saw the building of churches, banks, schools, and colleges difficult task of rebuilding the nation had begun. One for African Americans in the South. Black men of the biggest challenges was helping the freed slaves. could finally vote and run for political office, and in 1870 the first African American U.S. Senator was EQUAL UNDER THE LAW? elected. The American dream seemed within The Civil Rights Act of 1866 made a promise: reach. Anyone born in the U.S. was a full citizen, entitled to equal rights. To back up that promise, federal YOUR LAND, MY LAND, YOUR LAND troops were authorized to enforce the new law. For people who had supported the Confederacy, For four million formerly-enslaved African things were very different. A simmering anger Americans, the passage of this act brought great took hold. Former Southern military leaders could joy. Though it was a start, the new law held no not hold public office. Northern soldiers patrolled serious penalties for those who chose to ignore it. the South, and Federal troops were on hand to In the months after the war's end, thousands of make sure the Civil Rights Act was obeyed. freed people, many of whom had labored for unkind At the war's end, the U.S. government controlle masters, packed up and moved on. Many went in a lot of land in the South that had been taken search of family who had been sold away from during fighting. In 1865, large tracts of land on the them. Wives went looking for husbands. Mothers barrier islands of South Carolina and parts of and fathers searched for children. There were Georgia and Florida were set aside for newly free happy reunions, but also many sad times as African Arnericans. About 40,000 freed people people learned the fates of their lost loved ones. claimed 40 acres, farm tools, and a mule to help with the work. But in less new than a year, their farms were taken away.Why? President Andrew Johnson, who became President after Lincoln's assassination, decided to forgive the Confederate soldiers ancl give them back their properties. Many freedmen found themselves back at work in fields once again owned by whites. Now IN HIS OWN WORDS the freedmen toiled as share- Luther Walker, a Sharecropper in croppers and had to turn over Sctd!t Cardina: most of what they grew for rent "I remember one year, the cotton got up payments. Their Arnerican dream knee high. Then a hail storm come was quickly fading. through and tore it down. We thought there wasn't going to be nothing left But Life as a sharecropper was hard. Landowners we got lour bales off it. I guess the good