USH UNIT 2 2024-2025.pptx

MOST CURRENT 2024-2024 JHTEACHER UNIT 2 A NEW NATION Unit 2 VOCABULARY SUFFRAGE Thurgood Marshall ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION RATIFICATION James Madison NORTHWEST ORDINANCE Due process TARIFFS SHAYS REBELLION ELECTORAL COLLE...

MOST CURRENT 2024-2024 JHTEACHER UNIT 2 A NEW NATION Unit 2 VOCABULARY SUFFRAGE Thurgood Marshall ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION RATIFICATION James Madison NORTHWEST ORDINANCE Due process TARIFFS SHAYS REBELLION ELECTORAL COLLEGE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 GREAT COMPROMISE NATIONAL DEBT 3/5TH COMPROMISE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION LEGISLATIVE BRANCH WHISKEY REBELLION EXECUTIVE BRANCH DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY JUDICIAL BRANCH XYZ AFFAIR CHECKS AND BALANCES ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS FEDERALISM AMENDMENTS ANTI-FEDERALISTS FEDERALISTS ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION ▪ WHAT INFLUENCED THE RULE OF ▪ WHAT THE ARTICLES DID LAW BEING ESTABLISHED FOR THE ▪ SINGLE BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL NEW YOUNG COUNTRY GOVERNMENT ▪ MAGNA CARTA 1215 MADE THE KING ▪ LIMITED POWERS SUBJECT TO LAW ▪ ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689 KEPT ▪ EACH STATE HAD 1 VOTE IN THE KING AND QUEEN FROM CONGRESS CHANGING LAWS WITHOUT ▪ CONGRESS WOULD SETTLE PARLIAMENT'S CONSENT. PARLIAMENT DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES, ISSUE REPRESENTED THE PEOPLE GIVING COINS, BORROW MONEY, MAKE THEM A STRONG VOICE. TREATIES ▪ ENLIGHTENMENT – EMPHASIZED THE ▪ NO PRESIDENT OR COURT SYSTEM USE OF REASON, SEPARATION OF POWERS AND SOCIAL CONTRACTS ▪ PASSED BY THE 2ND CONTINENTAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT CONGRESS Day 1 The Articles of Confederation ▪ The Articles of Confederation became the first form of government in America in 1781 ▪ The Articles had only one branch of government [legislative], which had the ability to declare war, make treaties, and borrow money  Turn and Talk ▪ Under the Articles of Confederation, what was the only branch of government? ▪ Why was an executive branch (job for a leader) not created? Day 1 Weaknesses of the Articles ▪ The government had no power to pass taxes ▪ The government could not regulate trade ▪ All states had to approve any amendments, or changes to the government ▪ New laws required the approval of at least 9 of the 13 states ▪ There was no executive branch to enforce the laws < ▪ The states had more power than the national government  Turn and Talk ▪ What was one weakness of the Articles of Confederation? ▪ Why did the Articles of Confederation intentionally create a weak government? NORTHWEST TERRITORY ▪ CONGRESS NEEDED TO DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH THE NEWLY ACQUIRED LANDS AND HAD A NEED TO RAISE MONEY ▪ NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM FOR BRINGING IN NEW TERRITORY TO THE UNION ▪ NORTHWEST TERRITORY WOULD BE DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL SMALLER AREAS AND A GOVERNOR APPOINTED BY CONGRESS ▪ WHEN POPULATION REACHED 60,000 THE TERRITORY COULD DRAFT A CONSTITUTION AS ASK TO JOIN THE UNION ▪ THE LAW PROTECTED CIVIL LIBERTIES AND REQUIRED PUBLIC EDUCATION BE PROVIDED ▪ SLAVERY AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE WAS BANNED IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Day 2 The Northwest Ordinance ▪ The Northwest Ordinance created a plan for the orderly addition of states to the Union ▪ This land forbid slavery, and allowed freedom of religion and trial by jury ▪ Once a territory reached a population of 60,000 they could apply to be an equal state in the Union  Turn and Talk ▪ How many people had to live in a territory before it could apply to become a state? ▪ Do you think the newly created states should be considered equal in power to the original 13? Why? RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES ▪ WITH NO MILITARY SUPPORT DIFFICULT TO MAKE BRITAIN ADHERE TO THE TREATY OF PARIS ▪ BRITAIN ALSO CLOSED PORTS TO AMERICAN SHIPS/TRADE ▪ BRITISH FORCED HIGH TARIFFS ON GOODS MADE WITH AMERICAN RESOURCES ▪ RESULTED IN ECONOMIC ISSUES ▪ SPAIN CLOSED ACCESS TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN THE SOUTH ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ▪ EACH STATE MADE THEIR OWN ▪ THESE EVENTS HIGHLIGHTED THE TRADE LAWS WEAKNESSES IN THE ARTICLES OF THE CONFEDERATION. ▪ TO PAY OFF DEBTS STATES BEGAN TO PRINT MONEY THAT BECAME WORTHLESS ▪ INFLATION RESULTS ▪ MASSACHUSETTS TRIED TO FORCE FARMERS TO PAY TAXES OR LOSE THEIR PROPERTY ▪ UNABLE TO PAY THEY REVOLTED – SHAYS REBELLION Day 3 Economic Depression ▪ After the American Revolution, farms were damaged in the south and trading with other countries slowed ▪ As a result, farmers could not pay state taxes, and states took the farmer’s land away  Turn and Talk ▪ Why were farmers unable to pay their taxes? ▪ Do you think it was fair for the state governments to take the land of people who didn’t pay their taxes? Day 3 Shays’ Rebellion ▪ Daniel Shays led a rebellion with other farmers (who wanted their land back) by marching outside a courthouse with guns, not allowing judges inside ▪ Shays and his group almost got a hold of an arsenal before the state militia barely stopped them ▪ Shays’ Rebellion resulted in many Americans wanting a stronger form of government than the Articles of Confederation  Turn and Talk ▪ What is the name of the farmer that started the rebellion in Massachusetts? ▪ Why did Shays’ Rebellion leave Americans wanting a stronger federal government? Day 5 Philosophers of the Constitution ▪ John Locke claimed that if a Life government did not fulfil its Liberty purpose of protecting individual’s Property freedoms, the citizens had the right [and responsibility] to overthrow it Constitution ▪ Montesquieu believed that government power should be separated to keep one group from gaining too much power ▪ William Blackstone believed that even the king should not take away a person’s property and believed strongly in individual rights  Turn and Talk ▪ What philosopher believed all people had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property? ▪ Why did Montesquieu believe the government should be divided into three different parts? Day 5 Roots of the Constitution ▪ The Magna Carta limited the king’s power and gave citizens the right to a trial by jury K I N ▪ The English Bill of Rights protected G certain rights of citizens from the government ▪ The Mayflower Compact was created by the people Day 15 U.S. Constitution Declaration of Independence n s tio o lu S Problems So lu tio Bill of Rights n s Day 15 Grievances Addressed ▪ When the Americans became their own country, they created laws in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights that addressed the grievances they had against King George III GRIEVANCES ADDRESSED ion Constitut King imposed taxes without consent Taxes must be approved by Congress King made judges dependent on his All judges are appointed for lifetime will 1st amendment provides right to King refused colonists permission to petition petition King quartered troops in colonists’ 3rd Amendment provides right to not Rights Bill of homes quarter soldiers King deprived colonists right to trial 6th Amendment provides right to trial by jury by jury to everyone THE GREAT COMPROMISE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 1787 ▪ VIRGINIA PLAN ▪ NEW JERSEY PLAN ▪ NEW FEDERAL CONSTITUTION THAT ▪ UNICAMERAL – ONE HOUSE GAVE SOVEREIGNTY OR SUPREME LEGISLATURE POWER TO THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ▪ EACH STATE AN EQUAL NUMBER OF VOTES ▪ BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE – TWO HOUSES WITH MORE ▪ FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COULD REPRESENTATION FOR LARGER TAX CITIZENS IN ALL STATES STATES ▪ GOVERNMENT TO REGULATE ▪ SMALL STATES FEARED THIS PLAN COMMERCE GAVE LARGE STATES TOO MUCH POWER AND THEY CAME UP THE NEW JERSEY PLAN THE GREAT COMPROMISE 3/5TH COMPROMISE HOW WILL THE SLAVE POPULATION BE COUNTED ▪ SOUTH WANTED THEM ALL COUNTED TO GET BETTER REPRESENTATION AND MORE POWER IN CONGRESS ▪ THE NORTH WANTED THE NUMBER OF SLAVE TO DETERMINE TAXES BUT NOT REPRESENTATION ▪ UNDER THE 3/5TH COMPROMISE ONLY 3/5TH OF THE SLAVE POPULATION WOULD COUNT WHEN DETERMINING REPRESENTATION A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT ▪ THE THREE BRANCHES ▪ LEGISLATIVE BRANCH – CONGRESS ▪ PROPOSES AND PASSES LAWS ▪ SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ▪ EXECUTIVE BRANCH – PRESIDENT ▪ HELPS RUN THE GOVERNMENT ▪ JUDICIAL BRANCH – NATIONAL COURTS ▪ INTERPRET LAWS, PUNISH CRIMINALS, SETTLES DISPUTES BETWEEN STATES  Turn and Talk ▪ What does the word ratify mean? ▪ What did people across America debate? CHECKS AND BALANCES KEEPS ANY ONE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT FROM BECOMING TOO POWERFUL FEDERALISM ▪ THE SHARING OF POWER BETWEEN A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND THE STATES THAT MAKE UP THE NATION. FEDERALISTS AND ANTI- FEDERALISTS ▪ ANTI-FEDERALISTS – ▪ FEDERALISTS- ▪ OPPOSED THE CONSTITUTION ▪ SUPPORTED THE CONSTITUTION ▪ GEORGE MASON, PATRICK HENRY, ▪ JAMES MADISON, GEORGE SAMUEL ADAMS WASHINGTON, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, ALEXANDER HAMILTON ▪ BELIEVED IT GAVE TOO MUCH POWER TO THE CENTRAL ▪ FEDERALIST PAPERS HELPED GOVERNMENT CONVINCE PEOPLE TO ACCEPT THE NEW FORM OF GOVERNMENT Day 6 The Federalists ▪ The Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution ▪ They believed the Constitution created a more powerful government, but not too powerful ▪ James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote The Federalists Papers to explain how the Constitution worked  Turn and Talk ▪ What is the name of the people who supported the U.S. Constitution? ▪ What was the purpose of The Federalist Papers? Day 6 The Anti-Federalists ▪ Patrick Henry and George Mason wrote the Anti-Federalists Papers ▪ They believed that the Constitution created a government that was too powerful and would take away some freedoms ▪ The Anti-Federalists demanded a bill of rights be added to the Constitution before they would ratify it  Turn and Talk ▪ What group of people was against the Constitution being ratified? ▪ What did they want added to the Constitution before they would approve it? Day 7 Constitution Accepted ▪ Written in 1787, after much discussion and debate, all the states ratified the Constitution once the Bill of Rights was promised to be added Bill of Rights ▪ In 1791, the Bill of Rights was officially ratified  Turn and Talk ▪ In what year was the U.S. Constitution written? ▪ Why did the Anti-Federalists eventually agree to ratify the Constitution? Day 7 Organization of Constitutio ▪ Preamble – Intro ▪ Article I – Legislative Branch ▪ Article II – Executive Branch ▪ Article III – Judicial Branch ▪ Article IV – States Respect Each Other ▪ Article V – Amending Constitution ▪ Article VI – Constitution is Supreme Day 8 Principles of the Constitution 9.1a ▪ Popular Sovereignty - the people have the ultimate authority ▪ Republicanism - the people vote for representatives to rule on their behalf ▪ Limited Government - the government cannot do what is not in the Constitution ▪ Federalism - power is shared between national and state government State Federal Day 9 9.1b More Principles ▪ Separation of Powers - power is separated between the three branches ▪ Checks and Balances - each branch has power over the other two branches ▪ Individual Rights - basic liberties of citizens are protected  Turn and Talk ▪ What principle divides the power of the government into three different parts? ▪ What principle gives one branch of government power over another branch of government? Day 10 Amending the Constitution ▪ The Constitution provides guidelines for making changes to the document ▪ The amendment process allows for the Constitution to change and grow with the nation, ensuring that the government adapts to the needs of its people ▪ It is an intentionally difficult process so that any changes are fully thought-out and totally necessary Only 27 amendments have been passed Amendments 1-10 are the Bill of Rights and protect individual freedoms  Turn and Talk ▪ How many total amendments have been added to the Constitution? ▪ Why do we allow for changes to be made to the Constitution? Day 11 Legislative Branch ▪ Has power to make laws, declare war, tax citizens ▪ Has two parts- the Senate and House of Representatives ▪ Is also called Congress ▪ Powers are listed in Article I of the Constitution  Turn and Talk ▪What is the job of the legislative branch? ▪If you could make a new law for the United States, what law would you make? Why? Day 11 Executive Branch ▪ Enforces the laws that the legislative branch makes ▪ Is made up of the president (commander-in-chief), vice president, and a cabinet of advisors ▪ Powers are listed in Article II of the Constitution  Turn and Talk ▪What is the job of the executive branch? ▪Who in your life enforces rules you have to abide by? Day 11 Judicial Branch ▪ Main job is to interpret and rule on the laws Congress makes ▪ Is comprised of the Supreme Court and other federal courts ▪ A judge can serve for life as long as they behave appropriately  Turn and Talk ▪What is the job of the judicial branch? ▪Why is there an odd number of judges?  12 Day 13 Bill of Rights ▪ 1st Amendment ▪ Freedom of religion ▪ Freedom of speech ▪ Freedom of press ▪ Freedom of assembly ▪ Right to petition the government ▪ In a constitutional republic, the people rule and exercise freedom of speech and press; this helps people to make informed decisions by giving them the opportunity to freely discuss issues and hear differing opinions ▪ Freedom of religion has played an important role in shaping the American way of life where people of various faiths coexist creating cultural and religious diversity  12 Day 13 Bill of Rights ▪ 2nd Amendment - right to bear arms ▪ 3rd Amendment - right not to quarter soldiers STAY OUT!  13 Day 14 Bill of Rights ▪ 4th Amendment - no unreasonable search and seizure I can explain why I’m innocent ▪ 5th Amendment - right to due process, or steps We believe followed before a person’s you rights are taken away ▪ 6th Amendment - fair, speedy, public trial ▪ 7th Amendment - right to trial by jury (civil cases) ▪ 8th Amendment - no cruel or unusual punishment  13 Day 14 Bill of Rights ▪ 9th Amendment - citizens have more rights that aren’t listed in the Constitution ▪ 10th Amendment - rights not given to the federal government go to the states THE BILL OF RIGHTS INTENDED TO PROTECT CITIZENS RIGHTS CITIZENSHIP EXPECTATIONS ▪ VOTE ▪ PARTICIPATE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS ▪ TAXES ▪ DRAFT ▪ UPHOLD/OBEY LAWS Day 12 U.S. Citizen ▪ There are two ways to become a U.S. citizen ▪ Birthright Citizen- born in U.S. or parents are U.S. citizens ▪ Naturalized Citizen- ▪ Live in U.S. for 5 years ▪ Be 18 years old ▪ Understand U.S. history and government ▪ Swear allegiance to the Constitution  Turn and Talk ▪If you are born in Germany, how many of your parents have to be American citizens in order for you to be an American citizen? ▪Which requirement of the naturalization process do you think is the least important? Day 12 Responsibilities of Citizens ▪ Vote during elections ▪ Staying informed ▪ Serve on juries ▪ Serve in military if asked ▪ Pay taxes ▪ Obey all laws ▪ Attend school  Turn and Talk ▪Identify two responsibilities of American citizens. ▪Why is paying taxes so important to the success of America? THE FIRST PRESIDENT ▪ GEORGE WASHINGTON ▪ ELECTORAL COLLEGE – BODY OF ELECTORS WHO REPRESENT THE PEOPLE'S CHOICE FOR PRESIDENT ▪ AS THE FIRST PRESIDENT ALL ACTIONS SET A PRECEDENT TO BE FOLLOWED Day 1 Washington’s Precedence ▪ Most of what he would do would set a W precedent for future presidents: A S H I ▪ Use of domestic force H G A T D O A N J M ▪ Executive Cabinet S E F F E M ▪ 2 term limit R S A D O N I S ▪ Proclamation of Neutrality O N vs  Turn and Talk ▪ What does the word “precedent” mean? ▪ What is one precedent that Washington set for future presidents? Day 1 Washington’s Problems ▪ Took office in 1789 to become our nation’s first president ▪ He faced a plethora of issues: ▪ Define authority of central government ▪ Pay off war debt ▪ Create stable economic system ▪ Build a military ▪ Maintain national security ▪ Set up court system  Turn and Talk ▪ Who was America’s 1st president? ▪ What was one problem Washington faced as president? THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 ▪ ACT CREATED THREE LEVELS OF COURTS INCLUDING THE SUPREME COURT ▪ DEFINED THEIR POWERS ▪ DEFINED RELATIONSHIPS TO THE STATES ▪ CREATED FEDERAL AND CIRCUIT COURTS ▪ PRESIDENT NOMINATED FEDERAL JUDGES, APPROVED BY THE SENATE ALEXANDER HAMILTON APPOINTED TREASURY SECRETARY Day 2 Hamilton’s Financial Plan ▪ Washington’s biggest problem when he took office was that the nation was deeply in debt ▪ Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, came up with a plan to help the U.S. financially ▪ Repay the debt ▪ Establish a national bank ▪ Tax whiskey ▪ Create a protective tariff U.S.  Turn and Talk ▪ Who did Washington choose to come up with an economic plan? ▪ Why did Hamilton decide to pay off America’s debts instead of ignoring it? PROCLAMATIONS AND TREATIES ▪ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789 LEAD TO THE NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION ▪ US WOULD NOT TAKE SIDES WITH ANY EUROPEAN COUNTRY THAT WAS AT WAR ▪ PINCKNEY’S TREATY ▪ SETTLED BORDER DISPUTE WITH SPAIN ▪ US SOUTHERN BOUNDARY 31 DEGREES LATITUDE ▪ REOPENED PORT AT NEW ORLEANS LEADING TO FURTHER FRONTIER EXPANSION ▪ TREATY OF GREENVILLE ▪ GAVE THE US RIGHTS TO MOST INDIAN LAND IN THE NORTHWEST ▪ WHISKEY REBELLION ▪ FARMERS WERE UPSET ABOUT TAXES ON WHISKEY ▪ FIRST TIME THE US MILITARY WAS USED TO END A REBELLION THE WHISKEY REBELLION Day 3 The Whiskey Rebellion ▪ Hamilton placed a tax on whiskey to help the U.S. make money ▪ Many farmers who made the whiskey did not have cash to pay the tax ▪ The farmers protested until Washington sent the army to restore order  Turn and Talk ▪ Why did the farmers not like the whiskey tax? ▪ How did Washington get the farmers to stop their violent protests? Day 3 Washington’s Farewell Address ▪ When Washington retired he wrote a letter to the American people called his “Farewell Address” ▪ He warned the people against 2 things: 1. Political parties 2. Permanent foreign alliances  Turn and Talk ▪ What was Washington’s goodbye letter to the American people called? ▪ Why did Washington not want the American people to develop political parties? Day 4 Beginning of Political Parties ▪ A political party is a group of people What should I that have similar ideas of how do? government should be run ▪ The first political parties developed because of arguments between Less! Alexander Hamilton and Thomas More! Washington Jefferson ▪ They mainly disagreed over the power of the federal government Hamilton Jefferson Democrat Federalist Republican Party Party  Turn and Talk ▪ What was the main argument between Hamilton and Jefferson? ▪ What are the two political parties we have today called? THE ELECTION OF 1796 INTRODUCTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES ▪ FEDERALIST PARTY ▪ DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY ▪ ALEXANDER HAMILTON ▪ THOMAS JEFFERSON & JAMES ▪ STRONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADISON ▪ SUPPORTED INDUSTRY AND TRADE ▪ WANTED TO LIMIT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S POWER ▪ JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS PINCKNEY WERE THE FEDERALIST PARTY ▪ NOT RELATED TO TODAY'S CANDIDATES REPUBLICAN PARTY ▪ BUSINESS PEOPLE AND CITIES ▪ THOMAS JEFFERSON AND AARON BURR WERE THE CANDIDATES ▪ FARMERS AND ISOLATED AREAS Day 4 Federalist Party ▪ Leader: Alexander Hamilton ▪ Wanted: ▪ Strong federal government ▪ Emphasis on manufacturing ▪ Rule by wealthy/educated ▪ Pro-British ▪ Loose interpretation of Constitution ▪ National bank ▪ Protective tariff U.S.  Turn and Talk ▪ Who was leader of the Federalist Party? ▪ Was the Federalist Party in favor of a: strong federal government or weak federal government? Day 4 Democrat-Republican Party ▪ Leader: Thomas Jefferson ▪ Wanted: ▪ Strong state’s rights advocate ▪ Emphasis on agriculture ▪ Rule by the people ▪ Pro-French ▪ State banks ▪ Strict interpretation of Constitution ▪ Free trade  Turn and Talk ▪ Who was the leader of the Democrat- Republican Party? ▪ Who was the Democratic Party in favor of: Britain or France Day 5 John Adams ▪ Adams, a Federalist, was elected 2nd president ▪ France was capturing American ships going to Britain ▪ Adams sent delegates to France to try and talk through problems, but France refused to listen - XYZ Affair ▪ Even though his political party wanted him to declare war, he did what he thought was best for the country, not himself (civic virtue) I think of my country first, therefore no war THE XYZ AFFAIR ▪ PRESIDENT ADAMS SENT ENVOYS TO IMPROVE RELATIONS WITH FRANCE ▪ THE FRENCH REPRESENTATIVE ASKED FOR A BRIBE ▪ THE US REFUSED AND THOUGHT A WAR MIGHT RESULT ▪ EXPANDED THE NAVY ▪ DEVELOPED A PEACETIME ARMY ▪ EVENTUALLY AN AGREEMENT WAS MADE  Turn and Talk ▪ Who was the 2nd president of the U.S.? ▪ What was the XYZ Affair? Day 5 Alien and Sedition Acts ▪ The Alien Act allowed the president to imprison aliens [people from other countries] he thought were dangerous ▪ The Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the U.S. government (violating the 1st amendment) ▪ Thomas Jefferson and James Madison helped write the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions that claimed the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and would be nullified THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS  Turn and Talk ▪ What law allowed John Adams to imprison people from foreign countries? ▪ What law made criticizing the American government a crime? What amendment did it violate?