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UCSP REVIEWER BY ESTELLE MARGARETTE PERILLA “Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible.” Lesson 1 ANTHROPOLOGY (study of humans) ​ Derived from the Greek words, anthropos (human) and logo...

UCSP REVIEWER BY ESTELLE MARGARETTE PERILLA “Start by doing what's necessary; then do what's possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible.” Lesson 1 ANTHROPOLOGY (study of humans) ​ Derived from the Greek words, anthropos (human) and logos (study) ​ Father of all social and behavioral sciences which includes sociology, economics, and psychology ​ Answers the question, “why is a human a human?” ○ sociology - social, communication, interaction ○ economics - there is a huge impact of a human’s behavior ○ psychology - state of mind of a human FRANZ BOAS ​ Father of Anthropology ​ The first person to implement the scientific method into the study of human cultures and societies ANTHROPOLOGY AS ITS DEEPER MEANING ​ Systematic study of humanity ​ The goal of understanding our evolutionary origins ​ The goal of understanding our distinctiveness as a species ​ The goal of understanding the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time KINDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY ○ Sociocultural - “whose child are you?” “where are you from?” ○ Biological - tracing why human physical traits are like it > homo habilis > homo sapiens > homo erectus > homo sapien sapiens ○ Archaeology - study of material remains from the past > Fossils - human / animal remains (bones) > Artifacts - ancient materials used by people GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1.​ Observe the common things among people 2.​ Understand the diversity and what makes people different from each other 3.​ Create new knowledge through researches abound human kind and behavior SOCIOLOGY ​ The study of society, social institutions, and social relationships  ​ Interested in describing and explaining human behavior, especially as it occurs within a social context GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY 1.​ Study the nature of humanity 2.​ Appreciate society POLITICAL SCIENCE ​ A social science that deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior ELEMENTS OF POLITICS ​ Power - to influence or control the Equality: Treating everyone equally behavior of others, enforce rules, and under the law make decisions Equity: Addressing imbalances to Role in Politics: the driving force behind provide fair outcomes political actions. It is the means through Accountability: Holding leaders and which leaders implement laws, institutions responsible for their actions maintain authority, and achieve societal goals ​ Forms: ​ Order - refers to the structured and organized functioning of society, where Legitimate Power - elections or laws rules, laws, and institutions work to Coercive Power - using force or threats maintain peace and stability Persuasive Power - influencing through ideas Role in Politics: essential for preventing or charisma chaos and conflict. It provides a framework for resolving disputes, protecting citizens, and fostering social ​ Justice - it involves fairness, equity, and cohesion the ethical distribution of resources, Key Components: opportunities, and rights in society Rule of Law: Ensuring everyone adheres Role in Politics: Justice ensures that to established laws laws, policies, and actions are fair and uphold the rights of all individuals, Institutions: Governments, courts, and particularly protecting marginalized law enforcement uphold order groups from discrimination and Social Stability: Minimizing disruptions oppression such as crime or violence Principles: INTERCONNECTION OF 3 ELEMENTS: ​ Power is necessary to enforce order and achieve justice. ​ Justice - legitimizes the use of power and helps maintain order. ​ Order - provides the stability needed to ensure justice and effectively wield power GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1.​ Make people better citizens 2.​ Keep social order and stability 3.​ Establish harmonious society 4.​ Protect the rights of the people 5.​ Avoid conflict and promote cooperation THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 1.​ STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM ​ Society is seen as a complex system where parts function and work in harmony, bringing stability in the process ​ All parts are interdependent (dependent) KEY THEMES OF FUNCTIONALISM: SOCIAL FUNCTION - “what is the role of society in people?” “what is the role of people in the society?” SOCIAL CONSENSUS - “Plebisito” - a vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal, especially on a choice of government or ruler SOCIAL INTEGRATION - what do people do for education, health, and other institutions EQUILIBRIUM AND SOCIAL ORDER - talks about equality MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONS - pertaining to the use of the institution ○ Manifest - intended function, deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society ○ Latent - not consciously intended, unintended outcome that is harmful in nature (unforeseen) 2.​ STRUCTURAL CONFLICT ​ Originated largely from the works of Karl Marx ​ Shows the social class, and class struggles of the people in society > Bourgeoisie - controls the means of production in a capitalist society > Proletariat - members of the working class ​ Society is an arena of inequality and division resulting in conflict ​ Groups and societies have conflicting interests and values and they compete with each other for values and scarce resources 3.​ SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM ​ We respond based on the meanings we attach to the surrounding world; people assign meanings to each other’s words and actions Lesson 2: Culture CULTURE ​ our way of life ​ is that complex whole which includes knowledge, art, belief, law, morals, customs or any capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. ASPECTS OF CULTURE 1.​ Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive 2.​ Learned through Socialization 3.​ Shared and transmitted 4.​ Requires language FRANZ BOAS ​ Father of American Anthropology ​ Born at Minden, Westphalia Germany on July 9, 1858. ​ He received Ph.D. in Physics ​ He pioneered the concept of life group displays, commonly known as Dioramas. ​ He studied and widely collected information oncrace, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology. From these studies, he developed his Theory of Relativism. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION ​ refers to the idea that culture is passed down from one generation to the next through means such as language, religion, and education. TYPES OF TRANSMISSION: > Vertical transmission - when culture is passed > Horizontal transmission - when culture is down from adults to children. passed between peers, such as classmates. > Oblique transmission - when culture is passed between individuals in different social circles. FORMS OF TRANSMISSION: > Direct transmission - intentional and explicit > Observation - learning by carefully watching teaching of cultural knowledge and skills from one and analyzing the behaviors and actions of others. individual to another. It’s a key component of social learning. It often occurs within the context of the family or through formal education. > Imitation - involves copying the actions and behaviors of others. > Indirect transmissions - transmission is less It's a fundamental aspect of human learning, deliberate. allowing us to acquire new skills and behavior It occurs through everyday interactions and quickly. observations within a cultural environment. ​ These forms of cultural transmission often overlap and work together. ​ Cultural transmission is crucial for the preservation and evolution of culture across generations. CULTURE CAN BE TRANSFERRED THROUGH: 1.​ Enculturation - learning your own culture 2.​ Acculturation - learning another culture ELEMENTS OF CULTURE: Knowledge - any information received Beliefs - accepted reality Social Norms - established expectations of society FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS  1.​ Folkways - pattern of repetitive behavior, these are everyday habits; customs, traditions and conventions people obey without giving much thought to the matter. 2.​ Mores - these are norms people consider vital to their well-being and most cherished values; they are special customs with moral and ethical significance, which held and emphasized. KINDS OF MORES 1.​ Positive Mores ​ thou shall behavior” = duty ​ refers to the behavior, which must and ought to be done, because they are ethically and morally good ​ social responsibility 2.​ Negative Mores/Taboo ​ “thou shall not behavior” ​ refers to the societal prohibitions on certain acts which must not be done because they are unethical. 3.​ Laws ​ These are formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority. ​ They are group expectations, which have formal sanction by the state ​ Sanctions are socially imposed rewards and punishments that compel people to obey the norms. KINDS OF CULTURE Material Culture - (tangible things) produced and used by man to satisfy his/her varied needs and wants. Ex. tools, foods, fashion, architecture Non-material Culture - (intangible things) Ex. ideas, language/symbols, religion/beliefs, behavior/habits/gestures CULTURE DIVERSITY Ethnocentrism ​ judging other cultures based on the preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture. ​ an ethnocentric individual believes that his/her culture is “better”, “correct” and “normal”. Xenocentrism ​ greek root word “xeno” means stranger ​ opposite of being ethnocentric ​ refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own. Cultural Relativism ​ is the principle that an individual’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of the individual’s own culture. ​ understood based in that person’s own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another. Lesson 3: Society SOCIETY ​ a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory. ​ the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community EARLIEST SOCIETIES (dated from BCE) ​ Hunting and Gathering ​ Pastoral Society DEVELOPING SOCIETIES (from BCE to present time) ​ Horticultural Society ​ Agricultural Society ​ Industrial Society ​ Post-Industrial Society HUNTING AND GATHERING ​ earliest form of societies ​ the members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF H&G SOCIETIES ​ Family is the society’s primary institution. (family determines the distribution of food and socialization) ​ Generally 20-50 members and it is considered as NOMAD - traveling from one place to another. ​ Subsistence Lifestyle - walang tinitira ​ Egalitarian Structure - collective decision making ​ There is a division of labor based on sex. Men - hunting, Women - gathering. ​ Strong connection to nature RELEVANCE OF H&G SOCIETIES ​ The adaptability and resilience of humans in diverse environments. ​ The importance of community cooperation and sustainable resource use. ​ The foundations of cultural and social organization before the rise of modern civilizations PASTORAL SOCIETY ​ rely on the use of technology in order to ​ Began around 12,000 years ago cultivate crops in large areas, including ​ These societies rely on products obtained wheat, iron, and corn. through the domestication and breeding of ​ The technological advances led to an animals for transportation and food. increase in food supplies, an increase in ​ Animals were also a measure of wealth and population, and the development of trade social status. centers. ​ Pastoral Societies are common areas where ​ The period of technological changes is crops cannot be supported, for example in referred to as the “Agricultural Revolution” North Africa. ​ Developed spiritual beliefs centered on INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY their animals, considering them sacred or ​ It refers to a society driven by the use of symbolic of prosperity. technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY capacity for division of labour. ​ emerged 10,000 years ago in Latin ​ Industrialization is the process of America, Asia, and parts of the Middle East. transforming the economy of a nation or ​ These societies rely on the cultivation of region from a focus on agriculture to a fruits, vegetables and plants in order to reliance on manufacturing. survive. ​ Structural Conflict - Karl Marx ​ They are often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY the water supplies decrease. ​ society marked by a transition from a ​ Sedentary Lifestyle - a lifestyle with a lot of manufacturing-based economy to a sitting and lying down service-based economy ​ Surplus Food Production - hoarding of food ​ In sociology, this society is the stage of society’s development when the service AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy.