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USA -- exam - PURITANS - The Puritans. Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans were English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough. In their view, the liturgy was still too Catholic. Beginning in 1630 as many as 20,000 Puritans emigrated t...

USA -- exam - PURITANS - The Puritans. Like the Pilgrims, the Puritans were English Protestants who believed that the reforms of the Church of England did not go far enough. In their view, the liturgy was still too Catholic. Beginning in 1630 as many as 20,000 Puritans emigrated to America from England to gain the liberty to worship God as they chose. - PILGRIM FATHERS - The group of English colonists who settled in North America and later became known as the Pilgrim Fathers originated as a group of Puritans - MAYFLOWER COMPACT - document signed on the English ship Mayflower on November 21 1620, prior to its landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts; It was the first framework of government written and enacted in the territory that is now the United States of America. - PURITANISM - Puritanism refers to a Calvinist movement that emphasized a personal experience of salvation by Christ; strict moral discipline and purity as the correct form of Christian life; a convenant of obedience to God, who was viewed as absolute sovereign over all; and societal reform, to convert the world to the way of Christ = a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to "purify" the Church of England = believed that the state should protect and promote true religion and that religion should influence politics and social life - PURITAN SOCIETY -- lived a simple life based on the consepts of humility and simplicity; influence comes from their religious beliefs and the Bible = Puritans believed that it was necessary to be in a covenant relationship with God in order to be save from one\'s sinful condition, that God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit was the energizing instrument of salvation = When Puritans used the term piety, they knew exactly to what they. referred. They easily could have adopted the definition given in the Oxford. English Dictionary: \"the habitual reverence and obedience to God\" or. \"Godliness, devotedness, religiousness.\" In providing examples of usage, the. - The birth of NEW NATION - The American Revolution resulted in the creation of a new nation, and the first generation of Americans were tasked with the responsibility of building the institutional foundations of our country. - PATRIOTISM - is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one\'s country./ feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community - WAR OF INDEPENDENCE -- 19 April 1775 -- also called AMERICAN REVOLUTION -- fight between 1775-1783 between 13 Great Britains American colonies wanted to make free themselves from Britain, its rules and became new country -- United States of America -- fouded with the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE in 1776 = ritish attempts to assert greater control over colonial affairs - BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - Benjamin Franklin was America\'s scientist, inventor, politician, philanthropist and business man. He is best known as the only Founding Father who signed all three documents that freed America from Britain. Franklin is credited with drafting the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution. - THOMAS PAINE - was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer. His Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers were important influences on the American Revolution. = COMMON SENSE -- pamphlet which should not call only agains taxation but demnad for independence and that was included in it 1776 = THE AMERICAN CRISIS -- series of pamphlets with emotional language to persuade the American people to support their states\' new union and contribute to the revolutionary cause. (during the war) = spreaded fast and succesfully (vision of democratic society) - patriotism - NON FICTIONAL PROSE - nonfictional prose, any literary work that is based mainly on fact, even though it may contain fictional elements. = Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy - THOMAS JEFFERSON - a spokesman for democracy, was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801--1809). - DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE -, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies STOPPED their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists\' motivations for seeking independence. = founding fathers -- Washington, Jefferson, Franklin,.. = **life, liberty and the pursuith of happiness (three rights)** **= grievances against the king George 3. listed in and they are explaining to the world why colonies separated from UK** -- 1. British soldiers in colonies without permission. 2. Puttin on British troops in the colonies. 3. Not punishing these troops when they harm colonists. 4. Cutting off the colonists\' trade with the rest of the world. 5. Taxing the colonists without their permission. = PREAMBLE - The Preamble describes the new philosophy of government that Jefferson and the other Founders proposed. It also justifies the \"necessity\" of a revolution. In this section of the document, the ideas in John Locke\'s Second Treatise of Government are described in a short, simple statement. - ENLIGHTENMENT - The American Enlightenment was a period of great intellectual and social change that took place in the thirteen colonies during the 18th century. Rooted in revolutionary ideas from the European Enlightenment, the American Enlightenment introduced new ways of thinking, especially regarding government. = god nature and humanity -- synthesized into a worldview ( God is no longer in the center but neither the person =\< REASON ( power by which human undesratnd the universe and imrpove their condition, freedom and happiness =natural philosophy -- systematic study of nature KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM, HAPPINES - ROUSSEAU and SOCIAL CONTRACT - The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the general will of the people has the right to legislate, for only under the general will can the people be said to obey only themselves and hence be free. = Social contract theory says that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. - CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES -- written in 1787, officially valid from 1788, operated from 1789 and i tis the worlds largest surviving written charter of government = first three words are: **We The People** -- which affirm that the government of US exists to serve its citizens = signed by more than 30 people - MONTESQUE - separation of powers into was included in the constitution (background): 1. EXECUTIVE BRANCH of POWER -- sign the law and that everybody bites the law - **President** 2. JUDICAL BRANCH of POWER -- judging -- **Supreme court** 3. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH of POWER -- question of law -- **Congress** (consists of 2 houses = house of representatives and the senate) - FEDERALISM - is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for broader governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities govern the issues of local concern - AMERICAN ROMANTIC MOVEMENT - The romantic period of American literature took place from 1830 to 1870 and emphasized nature, symbolism, transcendentalism, and individualism. Key authors of this period include Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Walt Whitman = Wachington Irving -- The Legentd of Sleepy Hollow (1820) -- mysterious, parody of ghotic, psychological effect, terrible love triangle = Nathaniel Hawthorne -- The Scarlet Letter (1850) -- forgiveness and pennance, guilt and redeption; sceptical view of puritanism, individual vs society = focus on human psyche, response and reaction to the Englihtment, themes and tyles (individualism, beauty, truth, passion) focus on supernatural; THE ROLE OF SUSPENSE - Suspense ensures the reader will have enough interest to continue reading throughout the piece - DARK ROMANTICISM -- Edgar Allan Poe (short stories as well as Hawthorne) -- Raven -- mysterious, stort, detective, focus on style, sadness and strangness, horror, passion and terror genres -- scifi, detective fiction, mystery themes -- death, anxiety, crimes, loss, horror = Herman Melville and his Moby Dick -- novel representing growing industrialism in US society and the exploration of nature, multiplicity of themes, one of the greatest novels of American Literature (the whale is a symbol of otherness), symbolism and themes like obsession - TRNSCENDENTALISM -- branch of Romanticism = new ideas in literature religion and philosophy = intuition, individualism, psycholosophical roots = strong relationship to nature (understanding basic truths = Kants transcendetnal idealism -- subject based approach = american dream - Most of these people came to the North American continent to escape tyranny, religious and political persecution, or poverty. - AMERICSN CIVIL WAR -- bloodiest war on American soil = was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\") = 1861 to 1865 = 3 mani causes of the Civil War - slavery, states vs federal rights, economics, and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 = SLAVE and SLAVERY - Slaves provided agricultural and industrial labor, constructed fortifications, repaired railroads, and freed up white men to serve as soldiers. (social and economic institution -- economic collapse = ABOLITION - the movement that sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the late colonial era until the American Civil War -- it had impact on politics and economy and administrative structure of USA = slave narratives often assume a religious framework and explore several common themes, such as the quest for freedom, the search for home, redemption and salvation, the search for deliverance from evil, and the crossing of boundaries (experiences of african americans who had escaped from slavery and wnt North) books and pamphlets = Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment. = RACISM - discrimination, or antagonism by an individual, community, or institution against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized. = \#BLM -- George Floyd killed by police in 2020 -- antiracism protest started globally -- polarisation of society -- started to consider some statues from history if they are relevant and everything what was racisticismicke = Cancel culture refers to the popular practice of withdrawing support for (canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive. Cancel culture is generally discussed as being performed on social media in the form of group shaming. = Historical revisionism is the means by which the historical record, the history of a society, as understood in its collective memory, continually accounts for new facts and interpretations of the events that are commonly understood as history. The historian and American Historical Association member James M. - POST BELLUM - Any post-war period or era; Post-war period following the American Civil War (1861--1865); = territorial growth, democracy expanding, rapid growth of industralism and urbanisation, expanding population, middle class is becoming more influential - REALISM -- without idealisation, not romantised, emphasis on the depiction of everyday objects, ordinary, usage of middle class, increasing differences between classes, characters are more important to the action and plot, ethical choices, characters are temperament and motive, tone more comic and satiric, not poetic, matter of fact, language is experimenting with vernecular (language spoken by ordinary people) = Jack London -- The Call of the Wild (1903) -- animal fiction, journey, transformation, DARWINISM -- call on activist traits to survive, brutality of human nature - MODERNISM -- homogenous period in literature, a way of thinking = city and the individual (psyche, self, perception ) = responce to the experience of rapid technological development and its impact on society = optimism about technological advancements = urbanisation and population book = the impact of technology on art = experimentation (electrisity, nex literature, corrupted syntax, new techniques,.."MAKE IT NEW"), future oriented approach, focus on present = war, violence = Charlie Chaplin = concept of time -- time and free will -- pure duration - Bergson argued that time has two faces. The first face of time is "objective time": the time of watches, calendars, and train timetables. The second, la durée ("duration"), is "lived time," the time of our inner subjective experience. This is time felt, lived, and acted. - BOOTLEGGING - bootlegging was the illegal manufacture, transport, distribution, or sale of alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition period, which was from 1920 to 1933. - FLAPPER - Flapper, young woman known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional societal constraints. Flappers are predominantly associated with the late 1910s and the '20s in the United States. = stylish, independent, strong young woman, finacially stable, smokeing, drank alcohol, drove a car, rejections of accetable behaviour, liberalised, emancipated, stand-alone woman, - GANGSTER CULTURE - A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Most gangs are considered to be part of organized crime.- illegal activities -- cities as violent space - JAZZ AGE -- roaring 20s -- modernism, city life, optimism, passion- influenced everythin ( music, fashion, literature) - THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE - intellectual and cultural movement in 1910 to 1930; golden age in Afro-american culture; civil rights movement = The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that flourished in the 1920s and had Harlem in New York City as its symbolic capital. It was a time of great creativity in musical, theatrical, and visual arts but was perhaps most associated with literature; it is considered the most influential period in African American literary history. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic flowering of the "New Negro" movement as its participants celebrated their African heritage and embraced self-expression, rejecting long-standing---and often degrading---stereotypes. - COTTON CLUB - The Cotton Club was Harlem\'s premier nightclub in the 1920s and 1930s during the Prohibition Era. The club featured many of the greatest African American entertainers of the era, including Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald, Fats Waller, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Nat King Cole, Billie Holiday, and Ethel Waters. (a New York City nightclub) - APOLLO THEATRE - was the central theatre on Harlem\'s main commercial street, and its position reflects its central role in Harlem\'s culture. = the Apollo has played a major role in the emergence of jazz, swing, bebop, R&B, gospel, blues, and soul