Urogenital system.pdf

THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Consists of 2 systems viz. urinary & reproductive systems F M E A M L A...

THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Consists of 2 systems viz. urinary & reproductive systems F M E A M L A L E E  THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM OBJECTIVES:  To understand and identify the different components of the urogenital system  Understand the structures and relations of each organ  Understand the differences between the male and female urogenital systems COMPONENTS OF URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS (Produce urine, erythropoietin, renin & calcitrol) URETERS (Transport urine to urinary bladder) URINARY BLADDER (temporarily stores urine prior to excretion) URETHRA (Conducts urine to exterior) EXTERIOR  KIDNEYS  Bean-shaped organ  Located laterally bet. T12 & L3  Covered by spleen, stomach, pancreas, colon  Capped by adrenal glands  Retroperitoneal  Hilus : point of entry for renal artery, exit for renal vein & ureter  Renal Artery & Renal Veins KIDNEYS  URETERS PYELOGRAM  Pair of muscular tubes from renal pelvis in kidney to urinary bladder at ureteral opening  Retro-peritoneal - firmly attached to post. abdominal wall  Ureteral opening is slit-like- prevents backflow of urine URETERS  URINARY BLADDER  Hollow muscular organ  Serves as temporary “storage reservoir” for urine  Superior surface covered by peritoneum : peritoneal folds help in stabilizing its position  Mucosa lining bladder thrown into folds - rugae  URINARY BLADDER TRIGONE  Triangular area bounding ureteral opening + entrance to urethra  Acts as funnel - channel urine to urethra when bladder contracts NECK OF BLADDER  Region surrounding urethral opening  Contains muscular INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER  URETHRA  Extends from neck of bladder to exterior  Male & female urethra differ in function & length  Both sexes, urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm (circular band of skeletal muscle forming EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER F M E A M L A L E E  FEMALE URETHRA Short : 3-5cm  Extends from bladder to vestibule  EXTERNAL URETHRAL OPENING : near ant wall of vagina  MALE URETHRA  Longer : 18-20 cm  Extends from neck of bladder to tip of penis Divided into 3 portions viz.  Prostatic urethra : Passes through center of prostate gland  Membranous urethra :Short segment penetrating urogenital diaphragm  Penile urethra : Extends from urogenital diaphragm to external urethral opening at tip of penis FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM  FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM PRINCIPAL ORGANS  Ovaries  Uterine tubes  Uterus  Vagina  External genitalia  FEMALE : EXTERNAL GENITALIA  Vagina -opens into vestibule  Vestibule : bounded by labia minora Clitoris :  Female equivalent of penis  Contains erectile tissue  Becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal  Mons Pubis : Prominent bulge ant to pubic symphysis  Labia majora : Fleshy tissue encircling labiaminora & vestibular structures  FEMALE GENITALIA  Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus enclosed within BROAD LIGAMENT  MESOSALPINX : Broad ligament attaching to uterine tube  MESOVARIUM : Broad ligament attaching to ovary  OVARIES  Located in lateral wall pelvic cavity FUNCTION  Produces ova  Secretes hormones 2 LIGAMENTS:  OVARIAN LIG : Extends from uterus to ovary  SUSPENSORY LIG : Extends from ovary to pelvic wall.  Has dense connective tissue - called TUNICA ALBUGINEA  UTERINE TUBES INFUNDIBULUM  End closest to ovary  Has finger-like projections- fimbriae- to “catch” ova AMPULLA  Expanded portion connected to infundibulum ISTHMUS  Short segment adjacent to uterine wall  UTERUS  Small pear-shaped organ  Lies across sup & post surfaces of urinary bladder FUNCTION  Provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, waste removal for developing embryo & foetus  UTERUS  Has 2 parts viz. body & cervix  Body is largest portion  Fundus : rounded portion of body above uterine tubes  Body ends at constriction- isthmus  Cervix : Portion of uterus from isthmus to vagina UTERINE WALL  MYOMETRIUM - Outer muscular layer  ENDOMETRIUM - Inner glandular layer  Supports physiological demands of growing foetus  VAGINA  Muscular tube : cervix to vestibule  Proximal : cervix projects into vaginal canal  Fornix : shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion MALE GENITAL SYSTEM MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES SPERM EPIDIDYMUS DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS EJACULATORY DUCT URETHRA Accessory Organs SEMINAL VESICLES External Genitalia PROSTATE GLAND SCROTUM BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS PENIS  TESTES  Oval in shape  Hangs within scrotum (pouch suspended inferior to perineum & ant to anus)  SPERMATIC CORD Begins at deep inguinal ring extends along inguinal canal exits at superficial inguinal ring descends into scrotum  Formed during descent of testes  Contains ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of testicular vein, inilinguinal & genitofemoral nerves  DUCTUS DEFERENS  Begins at tail of epididymis  Ascends through inguinal canal in spermatic cord  Passes posteriorly - curves along bladder toward prostate gland  Before reaching prostate & seminal vesicles - enlarged portion - AMPULLA  Functions : transports & stores sperm  Junction of ampulla with base of seminal vesicle = EJACULATORY DUCT DUCTUS DEFERENS  URETHRA  Extends from urinary bladder to tip of  Common passageway for urine & semen  SEMINAL VESICLES  Embedded in connective tissue on either side of midline between bladder & rectum  Seminal fluid discharged into ductus deferens at emission via peristaltic contractions of ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland  Contractions under control of sympathetic nervous system  PROSTATE GLAND  Small, muscular, rounded organ  Produces prostatic fluid - contributes 20-30% volume of semen  Contains antibiotic fluid that helps prevent urinary tract infections in males  BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS  Situated at base of penis  Duct opens into urethra  FUNCTION  Secretes thick alkaline mucus - helps to neutralise urinary acids that may remain in urethra  Provide lubrication for tip of penis  PENIS  Tubular organ  Contains distal portion of urethra Has 3 regions  ROOT : Attaches penis to ischium  BODY (SHAFT) : Tubular, movable portion. Contains erectile tissue  GLANS : Expanded distal end- surrounds external urethral opening  PENIS  3 cylindircal bodies of erectile tissue CORPUS SPONGIOSUM  Contains spongy urethra CORPORA CAVERNOSA  Fused together in median plane  2 crura attached on each side to pubis & ischium ROOT OF PENIS BULB  Crura, bulb, ischiocavernosus & bulbospongiosus BODY OF PENIS  Pendulous in flaccid state EXTERNAL URETHRAL OPENING  Slit-like opening of spongy urethra-near tip of glans PREPUCE  Double layer of skin covering glans