Summary

This document provides an overview of the urinary system and its functions. It details various components and processes within the system, including their roles and interactions. The document is a study guide or reference material.

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Overview of the Urinary System and Its Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g8gk4m 1. Urinary System Major excretory system eliminating body wastes. 2. Renal Capsule...

Overview of the Urinary System and Its Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g8gk4m 1. Urinary System Major excretory system eliminating body wastes. 2. Renal Capsule Connective tissue protecting each kid- ney. 3. Hilum Indentation containing renal artery and ureter. 4. Renal Sinus Space containing renal pelvis and blood vessels. 5. Renal Cortex Outer portion of the kidney. 6. Renal Medulla Inner portion of the kidney. 7. Renal Pyramid Cone-shaped structures in the renal medulla. 8. Renal Papillae Tips of pyramids draining into calyces. 9. Renal Pelvis Funnel-shaped structure leading to ureter. 10. Nephron Functional unit of the kidney; over one million. 11. Juxtamedullary Nephrons Nephrons with long loops for water con- servation. 12. Cortical Nephrons Nephrons with shorter loops located in cortex. 13. Glomerulus Network of capillaries in the renal cor- puscle. 14. Bowman's Capsule Enlarged nephron end surrounding the glomerulus. 15. Filtration Membrane 1/4 Overview of the Urinary System and Its Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g8gk4m Structures filtering blood in the renal cor- puscle. 16. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Regulatory structure controlling blood pressure. 17. Filtration Pressure Pressure driving fluid across the filtration membrane. 18. Urine Formation Involves filtration, reabsorption, and se- cretion. 19. Tubular Reabsorption Process of reclaiming substances from filtrate. 20. Tubular Secretion Removing substances from blood into nephron. 21. Countercurrent Mechanism Opposite flow of fluids enhancing mater- ial exchange. 22. Medullary Concentration Gradi- Difference in solute concentration be- ent tween medulla and cortex. 23. Countercurrent mechanism Fluids flow in opposite directions, en- abling exchange. 24. Medullary concentration gradient High solute concentration in medulla ver- sus cortex. 25. Osmosis Water movement from high to low con- centration. 26. Descending limb of loop of Henle Site for water reabsorption from filtrate. 27. Vasa recta Blood vessels that remove excess water and solutes. 28. Ascending limb of loop of Henle Dilutes filtrate by removing solutes, not water. 2/4 Overview of the Urinary System and Its Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g8gk4m 29. Aldosterone Hormone increasing Na+ transport in kidneys. 30. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Hormone promoting water reabsorption in kidneys. 31. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) Hormone decreasing Na+ reabsorption, lowering blood pressure. 32. Micturition reflex Bladder stretch triggers urination re- sponse. 33. Intracellular fluid compartment Fluid inside cells, two-thirds of body wa- ter. 34. Extracellular fluid compartment Fluid outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid. 35. Hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted by fluid within a com- partment. 36. Osmotic pressure Pressure from solute concentration dif- ferences. 37. Thirst center Hypothalamic region regulating water in- take. 38. Ion concentration regulation Maintaining Na+, K+, Ca2+ levels in flu- ids. 39. Sodium ions (Na+) Dominant extracellular ions, influencing osmotic pressure. 40. Potassium ions (K+) Critical for muscle and nerve function, tightly regulated. 41. Calcium ions (Ca2+) Essential for electrical properties of ex- citable tissues. 42. Phosphate ions (PO43) 3/4 Overview of the Urinary System and Its Functions Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g8gk4m Reabsorbed in kidneys, excess excreted in urine. 43. Sulfate ions (SO42) Similar to phosphate, reabsorbed active- ly in kidneys. 44. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Hormonal pathway regulating blood mechanism pressure and volume. 45. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Kidney structure releasing renin when blood pressure is low. 46. Angiotensin II Vasoconstrictor that raises blood pres- sure. 47. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Hormone increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. 48. Calcitonin Hormone reducing blood Ca2+ concen- tration when high. 49. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY EXCRETION REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE BLOOD SOLUTE Concentration Extracellular fluid pH Red blood cell synthesis Vit D synthesis 50. COMPONENTS OF URINARY kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra SYSTEM 51. 4/4

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