Urban Security and CPTED in Kuala Lumpur PDF

You are an urban resilience planning associate. Your supervisor, Ms. Chu, head of the urban resilience planning department, has asked you for a report on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). She has been reading a lot and would like to know more about the influence of CPTED in your city. As such she would like a synopsis of the issues outlined below. (2k no count intextcite) (2165) You are based in (choose one location): Kuala Lumpur; Bangkok; or Manila. The report should include (ensure no overlap in your examples): (a) Describe (details of) the concept of fear of crime. Examine (detail and reason) three examples of the impact of this with respect to your chosen location. (~444) (general) Fear of crime is the fear of being a victim of a crime. Notably, the concept does not concern the actual likelihood that a crime will happen. (Roach, 2024) Fear of crime is influenced by a person’s risk perception and perceptions of crime, which are further influenced by their experiences, environment and media. (Roach, 2024) Firstly, personal factors like demographic characteristics can increase a person’s fear of crime. Wyant (2008) surmised that people who possessed characteristics that would make it difficult to resist violent crime or cause them to be likely targets would report a greater fear of crime. Secondly, the environment that a person lives in can influence their fear of crime. This can mean the physical environment itself, such as whether a neighbourhood is well-maintained. Or it could mean the social environment of a neighbourhood, such as whether the residents of a neighbourhood are socially connected, their sense of collective ownership, and their satisfaction with the neighbourhood. (Austin et al., 2002) As the physical or social environments degrade, the residents' feelings of control and safety also deteriorate, which results in their fear of crime increasing. (Austin et al., 2002) Lastly, the stories of crime in the media that a person is exposed to can also influence their fear of crime. Dramatisations or focus on certain crimes that are currently in the public consciousness can raise a person’s fear of crime. (Wyatt, 2008) An example of how fear of crime has affected the people of Kuala Lumpur can be seen in the creation of gated communities. These communities are separated from others both physically and socially. On the one hand security measures that these communities have taken have decreased crime. (Hanif et al., 2016) But on the other hand gated communities have contributed to segregation between the higher-income residents who can afford to live in them and those that cannot. There are fewer social interactions between the communities inside and outside, which may negatively impact government attempts at creating a collective national identity. (Tahir et al., 2015) In trying to protect themselves from crime, the residents of gated communities have isolated themselves from other communities and lost social benefits that could have come from collaboration. Another example of how fear of crime has affected people is how they use and perceive urban green spaces. Park users engaged in defensive behaviour, such as avoiding locations with dense vegetation, avoiding certain other groups of park users, and arming themselves with sharp objects. Park users, particularly women, engaged in these behaviours as precautions due to the fear of becoming victims. (Maruthaveeran & van den Bosh, 2015) While the fear of crime does not stop people from going to parks, it does modify their behaviour in ways that may be mismatched to what should be a safe and relaxing location. Finally, the impact of fear of crime can be seen in the Bukit Bintang area. Long-time gang warfare in the area eventually led to an attack that harmed uninvolved civilians. The people living in the area avoided making public comments for fear of reprisals from gangsters, and tourists avoided the area. (The Star, 2016; Lin, 2016) Outside of this case, the area has an unsavoury reputation. (Malay Mail, 2024; Azmi, 2024) Yet, life continues regardless as the people prioritise earning a living, seemingly apathetic to the crime that surrounds them. Kl - https://www-sciencedirect-com.suss.remotexs.co/science/article/pii/S1618866715000 904?via%3Dihub https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/fear-of-gangsters-keeps-bukit-bintang-resid ents-at-blast-site-silent https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singaporeans-say-they-will-avoid-bukit-bint ang-area-for-now ISSUES OF GATED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA (b) Describe (detail) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Analyse (break down into parts and criticise) the use of CPTED as an approach for urban resilience. Explain (detail and give reasons) the differences between the first- and second-generation concepts and discuss the principles of each. (~888) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) are strategies to reduce crime by making use of the built environment. (Roach, 2024) CPTED influences human behaviour to address crime and the fear of crime by reducing the likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime, deterring potential offenders and fostering collective ownership among residents of a given area, and has proved effective in doing so. Interestingly, CPTED itself does not directly impact fear of crime but can reduce it through the reduction of victimisation. (Hedayati Marzbali et al., 2012) CPTED follows multiple principles, which are now differentiated into first and second-generation principles. The first-generation principles are natural surveillance, natural access control, territorial reinforcement and maintenance. Natural surveillance refers to designing spaces for visibility. This can be done through physical methods such as suitable lighting, especially for nighttime, or windows in nearby buildings that look out into public spaces. (Roach, 2024) Or it could be done through surveillance methods arranged by the people living in the area or who are responsible for it, such as police patrols. (Fennelly & Crowe, 2013) This principle is focused on deterrence. By projecting a sense of visibility, potential offenders are discouraged from attempting crimes as they perceive a high likelihood of being detected. (Hedayati Marzbali et al., 2012) Natural access control refers to reducing the opportunities for crime to occur by disallowing access to a location to anyone not authorised, thereby creating a sense of risk should a potential offender attempt a crime. (Fennelly & Crowe, 2013) This can be done through physical methods like hedges and gates and psychological methods like signs. Naturally, a building completely lacking or having substandard security is more likely to be trespassed. (Murphy & Eder, 2010) Thus, this principle helps to physically separate private and public property, which reduces the likelihood of crime. Additionally, it also aids in identifying people who do not have legitimate reasons to be on private property. (The International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Association, 2022) Territorial reinforcement refers to fostering a sense of ownership and community among the residents of a given area. This is done by utilising the previous two principles. Other ways of suggesting ownership to people who pass through the area would be proper landscaping and regular maintenance of property. These methods help to build a sense of pride and ownership in the residents of an area, which leads to them internalising the area as their territory. Thus, as a group, residents will be willing to defend their territory and may aid each other when in need. (Hedayati Marzbali et al., 2012) This sense of territory or ownership is also perceivable by potential offenders, which acts as deterrence. (Wortley & McFarlane, 2009) Finally, Maintenance is complementary to territorial reinforcement and refers to the upkeep of a given area. As mentioned above, maintenance of property is a way to suggest ownership over something, and thereby extend a community’s sphere of influence and deter potential offenders. Furthermore, how well-maintained an area is affects human perception. A poorly maintained area can invoke feelings of danger in viewers and suggest poor defences to potential offenders, increasing the likelihood of a crime occurring. (Cozens et al., 2002) The second-generation principles are Social cohesion, Community culture, Connectivity and Threshold capacity. Introduced in 1997, the focus was on social concepts, which were not addressed in the physical space-focused first-generation principles. The introduction of the second-generation principles was also motivated by new works in criminology. (The International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Association, 2022) Social cohesion refers to strategies to build social relationships between residents with a focus on solving local problems. The main goal is to get residents involved with their community, as they are the best placed to solve local problems through their collective effort. (Brassard, 2003) An example would be community support teams for at-risk youth or drug abusers. Community culture is closely linked to Social cohesion but does not focus on solving problems through collective action. It instead focuses on building a sense of togetherness in a community by having its members participate in events, like festivals or sports. This principle is an extension of the first-generation principles. A community that is connected is likely to take ownership of its environment, defend it, and help each other. This strength in numbers thereby acts as deterrence against crime. Connectivity refers to the ways that communities are connected. This can be physical and social. Connectivity can be used to solve problems by connecting diverse stakeholders. It can also enhance the quality of life of an area’s residents and promote visitors. (Marciniuk, 2021) Threshold capacity refers to using the land in multiple ways, to meet the needs of the residents in the area. The needs referred to do not just mean physiological needs like food, but also social ones, like places to meet friends. This principle intends to reduce the likelihood of crime by limiting the amount of places that can be built where crime is likely to occur. (The International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Association, 2022) However, even places made with honest intentions can be misused, leading to a rise in the likelihood of crime. The residents of an area need to exert ownership over the public spaces actively, or those with nefarious intents will co-opt them. (Saville & Cleveland, 2008) Even individually, the component principles of CPTED have proven somewhat effective in reducing crime and increasing safety but are more effective when multiple principles are used together. (Cozens et al.,2005) On top of that utilising CPTED may also benefit urban planners. The material cost of implementing CPTED principles is low, and these losses may be made up for in the crimes prevented. (Armitage, 2013) Additionally, CPTED itself does not build a sense of community or empower one directly. But in the course of its implementation, a community can come together, solve problems and take ownership of their neighbourhood. Social benefits can thus result from CPTED, so long as the residents are involved. (Armitage, 2013) However, CPTED can create undesirable results. Social exclusion, like the displacement of lower-income residents, can result from the implementation of its principles. Cozens (2002) noted that socioeconomic associations of the residents of flats caused them to be perceived as less secure and for crime to happen more likely there, in relation to single-household homes. Furthermore, Cozens et al. (2005) pointed out that negative social conditions can cause residents to become ‘selfish’, prioritising their defence and withdrawing from the community. Thus, possible knock-on effects and the people who live in the area of potential CPTED projects must be considered to not negatively affect a specific demographic. Moreover, the focus on physical design over social and economic factors that contribute to crime is another limitation of CPTED. If a community were to overly rely on the physical principles of CPTED, it could result in a ‘fortress mentality’, where the residents end up creating a gated community, to the detriment of the social aspects of CPTED. (Cozens et al., 2005) In fairness, this limitation is what the introduction of the second-generation principles was meant to address, though there does not seem to be a large focus on them. May help https://www-sciencedirect-com.suss.remotexs.co/science/article/pii/S0272494411000 892?via%3Dihub The International CPTED Association (ICA) - Primer in CPTED - What is CPTED? https://web-p-ebscohost-com.suss.remotexs.co/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfX zU0NTE4MV9fQU41?sid=b7b8bdba-db2a-4fa5-ab59-3e2317b0e100@redis&vid=0&f ormat=EB&lpid=lp_128&rid=0 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - timothy crowe / lawrence j fennelly https://www-sciencedirect-com.suss.remotexs.co/science/article/pii/S0264275115300 159?via%3Dihub An exploration of 1st and 2nd generation CPTED for end of year school leavers at Rottnest Island Crime Prevention Effect of the Second Generation Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Project in South Korea: An Analysis Crime prevention through housing design policy and practice rachel armitage 2013 (c) Appraise (detail, give reason and decide effectiveness) the use of CPTED concepts in your chosen location. Identify how it is currently used in your community, providing three examples. (~666) Example one; what was done in terraced housing Example 2 Safe City program CPTED concepts have seen implementation in cities in Malaysia since the introduction of the Safe City Programme in 2004. As a crime prevention strategy, the Safe City Programme has incorporated first- and second-generation CPTED principles in its crime prevention methods. On a wide scale, Kuala Lumpur has implemented multiple CPTED-related measures to prevent crime. Some measures that have been taken include installing surveillance technology and lighting in high-risk areas and developing more green spaces. Other measures include mixed land-use plans and police and public collaborations. (Seng et al., 2020) Such measures follow the principle of natural surveillance and territorial reinforcement, by increasing and projecting a sense of visibility and exerting the community’s ownership to deter potential offenders. By involving the community and limiting what land can be used for, second-generation principles that focus on the social aspects of crime prevention can also be seen in these measures. Example 3 Taman Gembira and Taman OUG Moving to a smaller scale, more CPTED measures can be found in the residential areas of Taman Gembira. In order to prevent burglaries, the residents of the area utilised multiple physical measures like surveillance cameras, front lighting and fencing that allowed for clear sight lines. It is notable that these security measures come about as a result of victimisation. (Othman et al., 2020) The last example of CPTED measures can be seen in the design of the Taman Melati residential area. First-generation principles are practised in the ample lighting and maintenance of the neighbourhood. Second-generation principles are also practised by implementing a neighbourhood watch and connections between the residents. These measures seem to have been done with an understanding of CPTED principles. (Mohit & Hannan, 2012) These measures have seen some success in combating crime in Kuala Lumpur. The crime levels are tolerable, and most of the crimes reported were low-level opportunistic crimes. Furthermore, both residents and authorities perceive their locations to be safe. (Seng et al., 2020; Mohit & Hannan, 2012) However, each example had limitations that were noted. A common thread of all three examples was the fact that the social causes of crime lacked redress. The authorities of Kuala Lumpur as a whole pointed out that assistance for offenders and guidance for those at risk was lacking. (Seng et al., 2020) Research in both the Taman Gembira and Taman Melati areas focused on the effectiveness of physical CPTED measures, and the recommendations made to address the lack of effectiveness focused on further ‘fortress-mentality’ style tactics like further physical security measures and even the establishment of a gated community. (Othman et al., 2020; Mohit & Hannan, 2012) Another limitation was that certain CPTED measures did not result in effective crime reduction, despite the literature stating otherwise. Othman et al. (2020) found that the high visibility of the neighbourhood did not deter burglaries from happening, and instead shifted the crime to occur in the early hours of the day when residents would leave for work. Mohit & Hannan (2012) found that the location and visibility of the houses in its study area did not deter crime. Finally, a limitation of a more specific nature is that the research found public collaboration could be further enhanced, as the public’s confidence in CPTED approaches was questionable and that the public needed to be educated further on their part in curbing crime (Seng et al., 2020) To conclude, the use of CPTED concepts in Kuala Lumpur has been somewhat effective but has also been too focused on first-generation principles. This has left a deficiency in addressing the social aspects of crime prevention. Kl -A Study of Crime Potentials in Taman Melati Terrace Housing in Kuala Lumpur: Issues and Challenges - ScienceDirect A Framework of Challenges Facing the Safe City Programme in Kuala Lumpur. the impact of physical features and environment on crime in urban neighbourhood areas May help https://ijaseit.insightsociety.org/index.php/ijaseit/article/view/16839/pdf_2378 Safe City Concept and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Urban Sustainability in Malaysian Cities View of AWARENESS BY KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL STAFFS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) Armitage, R. (2013). Crime prevention through housing design: Policy and practice. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. Austin, D. M., Furr, L. A., & Spine, M. (2002). The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(02)00148-4 Azmi, A. (2024, June 23). Operation red light: Police raid uncovers foreign prostitution hub in KL. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2024/06/1067200/operation-red-light-police-raid -uncovers-foreign-prostitution-hub Brassard, A. (2003). Integrating the Planning Process and Second-Generation CPTED. The CPTED Journal, 2(1), 16–53. http://www.alternation.ca/pdf/2nd-Gen-CPTED-BRASSARD-2003--CPTED-journal-2-1-P6. pdf Cozens, P. (2002). Sustainable urban development and crime prevention through environmental design for the british city. towards an effective urban environmentalism for the 21st century. Cities, 19(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(02)00008-2 Cozens, P., Hillier, D., & Prescott, G. (2002). Defensible space, community safety, the british city and the ‘active citizen’: Penetrating the criminal mind. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 4(4), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140166 Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483 Fennelly, L., & Crowe, T. (2013). Crime prevention through environmental design. Elsevier Science & Technology Books. Hanif, N. R., Aziz, W. N. A. W. A., Tedong, P. A. A., Peel, D., & Lloyd, G. (2016). Gated and guarded communities in Malaysia: The new roles of the state and civil society. Studies of Urban and Regional Real Estate (SURE). https://plpr-association.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PLPR2012_Paper_Noor_R.pdf Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., Razak, N. A., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2012). The influence of crime prevention through environmental design on victimisation and fear of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.12.005 Lin, M. (2016, January 28). Singaporeans say they will avoid Bukit Bintang area for now. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singaporeans-say-they-will-avoid-bukit-bintang-are a-for-now Malay Mail. (2024, February 6). Police arrest five over brawl in Jalan Bukit Bintang. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/02/06/police-arrest-five-over-brawl-in-jalan -bukit-bintang/116709 Marciniuk, C. (2021). Crime prevention through environmental design (cpted) recommendations. https://www.edmonton.ca/sites/default/files/public-files/Chinatown-CPTED-Recommendatio ns.pdf?cb=1654795303 Maruthaveeran, S., & van den Bosh, C. K. (2015). Fear of crime in urban parks – What the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.012 Mohit, M. A., & Hannan, M. H. E. (2012). A study of crime potentials in taman melati terrace housing in kuala lumpur: Issues and challenges. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.191 Murphy, R., & Eder, S. (2010). Acquisitive and other property crime (Crime in England and Wales 2009/10). Home Office. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7a0475e5274a34770e3a78/hosb1210.pdf Othman, F., Mohd Yusoff, Z., & Salleh, S. A. (2020). The impact of physical features and environment on crime in urban neighbourhood areas. Planning malaysia, 18(14). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i14.818 Saville, G., & Cleveland, G. (2008). 2ND GENERATION CPTED: An antidote to the social Y2K virus of urban design. https://www.safegrowth.org/uploads/4/8/5/5/48559983/saville_cleveland-2nd_generation_cpt ed_4.pdf Seng, B. L., Yong, C. K., Abdul Rashid, M. F., & Abdul Malek, J. (2020). A framework of challenges facing the safe city programme in kuala lumpur. Planning malaysia, 18(14). https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i14.817 Tahir, Z., Hussin, K., & Rasid, K. A. (2015). Issues of gated community development in malaysia. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 3(4), 205–217. The International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Association. (2022, January 3). The international CPTED association (ICA) - primer in CPTED - what is CPTED? ICA home page. https://www.cpted.net/Primer-in-CPTED Roach, B. (2024). Urban Security and Resilience. Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) - Publisher. https://suss.vitalsource.com/books/9789814873697 The Star. (2016, January 19). Fear of gangsters keeps Bukit Bintang residents at blast site silent. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/fear-of-gangsters-keeps-bukit-bintang-residents-at- blast-site-silent Wortley, R., & McFarlane, M. (2009). The role of territoriality in crime prevention: A field experiment. Security Journal, 24(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2009.22 Wyant, B. R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427807309440 What are your metrics and how you will measure them, why using them. 110~ ish words per metric A metric that could be used would be the level of accessibility of the social connectedness programs. The tri-community area is made up of vastly different demographics, which would likely affect the ability of people from different demographics to participate in certain programs. For example, elderly citizens might find digital initiatives complicated, while the infirm might be unable to participate in physically strenuous activities. Thus, the accessibility of the programs can be measured by tracking the attendance of individuals with disabilities or special needs in community activities. Furthermore, the demographics of the participants can also be tracked. Applied to the programs suggested above, tracking the demographics of the participants could reveal possible blind spots in the design of the programs. According to Thomas & Griffin (2021), language is an important factor that affects whether someone feels that they are included in a community. Concerns about language are relevant to the people of the tri-community area as it is made up of people who speak different languages. Low numbers of participants from certain demographics such as recent immigrants might signal that there are linguistic barriers to understanding and communicating with other participants, and thus difficulties in fully appreciating the programs and building the sense of social conectedness that is the goal of these programs. Another metric that could be used could be how the social network of the participants has been affected. This metric would be suitable to measure the effectiveness of the programs because it can be used to test if participants, particularly those who may be vulnerable to isolation and loneliness, of the programs have managed to expand their social network which could mean that they have benefited through greater access to social support and a greater sense of belonging. (Ogrin et al., 2024) Therefore, whether the participants have been positively affected can then be measured by using surveys or questionnaires over an extended period of time. This would allow for the ability to chart the effects of participation in the suggested programs. Questions that could be asked include: how many new people have participants met and formed relationships with through programme activities? How often and in what settings have participants interacted with people they met through the programme? How often do participants provide or receive support from their social network in times of need? And how many participants regularly engage in activities in group settings? (Giva et al., 2021) These questions would then be indicators to help determine how well the suggested programme is building both individual relationships and broader, more resilient social networks. Language Shared social values trust belonging that involves cross-culture education and representation, and Language Trust Shared social values participation that involves social justice and equity Trust Shared social values Language Joint celebratio Another challenge that could be faced is the need to sustain the communities’ long-term engagement with the program. Initial enthusiasm for the programs might be high but they can lose momentum over time. While dialogues and exchanges are valuable, they can become repetitive to regular participants or irrelevant if the topics do not evolve with the community's changing environment. Furthermore, the programmes can experience a drop-off in participation once the novelty of a new experience wears off, especially if interactions do not lead to meaningful relationships. With community murals, maintaining community pride and interest in the completed artwork can be difficult past the initial creative phase. Thus, to address this challenge, it is crucial to refresh the contents of the programmes. Long-term engagement is enhanced if participants are able to have enjoyable experiences and have facilitation to form new community connections. These social connections can also act as motivation for participants to continue engaging with the programmes. (Bunnage, 2014) The topics of dialogues should, and naturally would, evolve to address current issues, like the community’s concerns or prevailing social trends. Changing formats from discussions to interactive activities could also refresh and keep content engaging. Programmes could also combine physical activity and social interaction in the form of sports. Offering both in-person and online options of participation could also create convinice for participants and reach out to new participants.(Weselman et al., 2022) The spaces used for murals could be converted into rotating public art spaces, where new works are created periodically, thereby allowing ongoing community participation and interest. In these ways, the key factors for long-term engagement like addressing participant motivation and fostering social networks can be met, leading to likely long-term engagement. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Supporting-integration-through-social-a-development -Thomas-Griffin/06d9ea5c3500437299311cee041d5cb2b050e637 Thomas, K. T., & Griffin, J. (2021). Supporting integration through social connectedness: A development framework. Journal of Youth Studies, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1994129 https://www-jstor-org.suss.remotexs.co/stable/26473073?sid=primo&seq=19 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%E2%80%9CConnect-Local%E2%80%9D%3A-protocol-fo r-the-evaluation-of-a-Ogrin-Robinson/ec0fcb82e0175dc91a0b05ad4215643c04a4b965 Ogrin, R., Robinson, E., Rendell, K., Alrababah, S., Fineberg, D., Fiddes, K., Yerolemou, A., Lim, M.H., Engel, L., Lowthian, J.A., Smith, M.L., Samtani, S., Joyce, A., & Lazzari, C. (2024). “Connect Local”: protocol for the evaluation of a codesigned whole of community approach to promote social connection in older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Building-Social-Capital-for-Sustainable-Well-being-G eva-Greenspan/08992b0960f7f88eae6f4992a61871aa8205e6ee Geva, Y., Greenspan, I., & Almog-Bar, M. (2021). Building Social Capital for Sustainable Well-being in Israel: A Scientific Review. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Older-adults'-experiences-of-a-community-wellness-a-W eselman-Naseri/3d1add16679a32e57a65d43c59254479a7eff434 Weselman, T., Naseri, C., Vaz, S., Beilby, J.M., Garswood, L., O’Connell, H., & Hill, A.M. (2022). Older adults' experiences of a community wellness program (Connect 60+) that focused on physical activity and social connections: a qualitative exploratory study. Australian journal of primary health. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261330375_Social_Movement_Engagement_over_the _Long_Haul_Understanding_Activist_Retention Bunnage, L.A. (2014). Social Movement Engagement over the Long Haul: Understanding Activist Retention. Sociology Compass, 8, 433-445. Maintaining community engagement over the long- term poses a challenge. Although there might be excitement for programs, sustained interest may wane if discussions and interactions become monotonous or fail to address the evolving needs of the community. The allure of experiences could also diminish, particularly if these interactions do not foster connections. Likewise, it may be tough to sustain interest in community murals once the creative process is complete. To tackle this challenge effectively, programme content should be refreshed consistently. Revamping the dialogue topics to reflect events and diversifying formats can help maintain interest levels. Furthermore, Including activities such as sports offerings, giving options for both in person and online participation, and creating rotating public art spaces for new works can enhance keep participants interested. By having common experiences to build connections and providing a range of experiences to meet the motives of the participants, the programmes may encourage long term involvement. (Bunnage, 2014; Weselman et al., 2022) Another metric to use would be to measure the impact of participation in the programmes on participants' social networks. This would measure whether the program helped participants, especially those vulnerable to isolation, to expand their social networks. An expanded social network might then mean that they have accesses to more social support and gained a better sense of belonging (Ogrin et al., 2024). To assess this, surveys or questionnaires would be used over an extended period of time to track participant’s effects after experiening the programmes. Questions would include: How many new social connections have participants made through the programme? How often do the participants interact with these new social contacts? How frequently do they give or receive support within their social networks? How many people in their social network regularly participate in group activities? (Giva et al., 2021). These questions would then be indicators to help determine how well the suggested programmes are building both individual relationships and broader, more resilient social networks. Resit sessions Urban resilience Ability of urban systems (people too) to adapt survive and learn from shocks Build back Sustainability - from environment Disciplines Its a whole package Inclusiveness - vulnerable populations Women, elderly, children, migrants Stakeholders in urban systems Individuals Diff communities Institutions - all types Business Gov Out of silo - learn and operate with each other The systems Infra - buildings, urban green space, trans, utilities Governance - levels, labour, industry - integrity, knowledge Socioeconomics- demographic, education, mobility public health equity justice Networked materials - supply chain, resources Security - CPTED Indiv security - people feel comfortable Urban security From national to personal, freedom from aggression to freedom from fear and want Threats - affect livability, business, family units Need support of the people Changing crime - last time need tough laws, people need to believe Sg Livebality framework Look below - 3 Integrated master planning - balance the different parts while adapting to needs Fighting productively - Using for multiple purposes Innovating systematically - include more, innovation Dynamic urban governance - Brings diff stakeholders together to collaborate Leading with vision and pragmatism - transform from negative to positive Involving community as stakeholders - Pride and ownership Tech, environment, demographics change all the time How def affects social life Different elements can affect many different things Sustainable resources, quality of life, competitive economy Terrorism Growing range of shocks and stressors Proactive and pre-active Built infra - but need to be multifaceted Move away from defensive - more local level - look at the size of country All perspectives Everywhere can happen Many different types of attacks Targets are high density, religious - mass casualties can happen Cause terror, force people to live differently Security measures - deter, but fear - combine visible and non-visible - acceptable for the people we are trying to protect How would security look like? Risk assessments specialists Psychosocial - mental health Research and info-gathering Disaster risk reduction Planners need to know the elements Individuals need to be able to address their own personal plans/response Global security and urban resilience cyber sec - lots of different systems now that tech is everywhere - indivs as well Privacy - can affect users of tech - laws Emerging tech - AI and shiz - use and regulation Critical infra - vital to national defence - when not controlled by gov anymore Built environment - cpted, designed for anti-terrorism, smart tech, education, community Coordination of crisis management activity - preplanning, practice, resources, resilience Environmental - protection of resources, ecosystems, biodiversity, climate change - all affect humans Maritime - international trade, environment, illegal activities Different sectors, countries look at security differently, prioritise different things Personal security - think inclusively Security in public spaces - appropriate mitigations in spaces, demographics affect, collaboration - measures needed to mitigate a range of threats - balanced planning People want to feel safe - threats can affect all levels Think about the range of insecurities that can happen in a public area Think of the vulnerable populations affected Overt features and stealthy features - aesthetically designed, partial security measure CPTED Built environment Crime prevention Neighbourhood, facility, safer space Look at the principles Landscaping Greenery No hiding spaces Aesthetics Deter criminal decisions, build community Different professions needed Natural surveillance - visibility for you, crims dont want to be seen, formal surveillance Natural access - traffic flows where you want it to Territorial reinforcement - safe activities with community, territoriality, helps each other, ownership, protection Maintenance - upkeep shows ownership Social cohesion - solving local problems as a community Community culture - bring people together Connectivity - external support through connections with other communities Threshold capacity - what you have, balance elements, dont want too much or too little Planning and design strategies - look below Avoid entrapment - dont have small confined areas Mixed land use - mix things Activity generators - place where people can gather Frameworks Basic structure Information, principles, concepts Similar elements based on best practices Sendai Understanding disaster risks and losses of all kinds Disaster governance at all levels - collabs and partnerships Investing in disaster risk reduction - resilience Enhance preparedness for effective response Reduce Mortality Affected people Economic loss Danger to critical infra and service disruption Increase Countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies International cooperation to developing countries Availability and access to early warning systems and drr info UNDRR Resilient structure, disaster-resilient city Is less affected by disasters because it has planned for them and explored how best to mitigate the impact Competent governance, resources, and plans in place, mitigated Cross-sectorial benefits when investing in resources The approach principles - holistic Inclusiveness - social Inter-department collabs and leadership - political and institutional Protect Ecosystems - environmental Diversification of economic activities - economic Essential elements Must have comprehensive understanding of the needs for DRR Budget Risk assessments Investment in critical infrastructure Schools and health facilities Building regulations and land use principles – realistic and risk-compliant Education and training programmes Protection of ecosystems and natural buffers Alert system with emergency management capacity Address recovery and reconstruction phase of disasters Milestones Organise and prepare to apply the 10 Essentials Risk Assessment Develop an action plan for a safe and resilient city Implement Monitor and follow-up Making Cities Resilient 2030 - includes the under stuff Safe, resilience and sustainable - reduce climate/disaster risk Global and regional partnerships Multirisk, multisectoral, multistakeholder 3 stage roadmap Cities know better - increase understanding and enhance awareness, collabs with stakeholders Cities plan better - improving risk analysis and diagnostic skills, local strategies with national and regional strategies Cities implement better - implementations, improving mainstreaming and cross-sectorial governance plans Framework commonalities Redundant mechanisms Community (stakeholders) engagement Resources Innovation Competent and professional governance Flexibility Transparency - integrity and accountability Diversity Risk assements and foresight Dynamic governance Cites are Centres of the economy - attract investments A lot of people More damage if something happens - density of people, of wealth Safe Cities Index 2019 Urbanising increasing Digital, infra, health and personal security High quality of healthcare, cyber sec, community policing, disaster and biz continuity planning, transparency Richer cities did well - but not always cause they had more money - poorer cities less interested with devolping policy - needs not met 2021 - environmental added Health systems affected Green infra and natural resource - sustainability and climate adaptation Points Joint planning by stakeholders - both private and public New infra paradigm - city’s natural assets as tools to enhance its ability to absorb shocks Critical to promote social connectedness How to measure saftey Smart cities - tech - safe - use tech to make safe Crime rate Vehicle accidents Severer weather Natural disasters Healthcare access Cyber sec Healthcare capacity to mass casualty Infra safe, up to date, maintenance, capacity to withstand Demographics Feeling of safety Use of tech - in smart cities Vulnerable people need to be considered Privacy Interaction across stakeholders Need access Can access - means as well Knowledge requirements No assumptions - of capacities to understand and use Lowest common denominator Metrics No clear definition of urban resilience - more difficult to quantify - challenge to measure success Monitor success justify funding Identify best practices places to improve Well-informed decision-makers Must have integrity Many elements - connected Gov and enterprise Citizens of different socioeconomic status High and low density Environment, eco, infra, public safety, social issues City resilience framework Understand Drivers of resilience Share knowledge/experience, collabs Four elements Infra and environment Leadership and strategy Economy and society Health and well-being Identify indicators for the above elements that show achievement Measure using quantitative (measure and test) and qualitative (observe and interpret) measures City Resilience Index Toolkit Questions, quantitative measures, comms info ISO 37120 Indicators, no value judgment - what and how to measure Assist cities with assessing their performance Choose own thresholds Comparative analysis with other sectors and cities Guide policy and planning Certification only means gathered and verified 17 themes (city services and quality of life), 100 indicators, 46 required, 54 recommended Why standardise Effective governance and delivery of services International benchmarks and targets Local benchmarking and planning Informed decision-making - policy and city managers Learning across cities Leverage for funding Recognition in international entities Senior levels of gov Making decisions based on things you have measured - justify funding Sustainability planning Transparency and open data - more attractive to investment Foundation for globally standardised data Digital pillar Protective measures Fast response and mitigations Tech advance - protection created - bypass quickly follows Linked to others Security Health and infra Operational tech of other pillars Stakeholders need to know Opportunities for innovation in AI and robotics Attract investment Tech is everywhere - from gov to indivs Evolving quickly Users need to be educated about dangers/access Stakeholder engagement needs to be broad Digital innovations AI and robots to improve efficiency Security - more investment Social issues - integrity, transparency, safe Cohesive Efforts of all stakeholders to protect Smart cities - better services, up quality of life Services designed with security, resilience and reliability Challenge Developing faster - tech better Security - response, mitigation, protection User education Health resilience Prevention and mitigation - for public health emergencies and consider capacity to respond to mass casualty events response - will need planning and investment Improve daily operations - daily health as well Combat disease Clean air and water Lifestyle elements - poor food choices, lack of public education, lack of space for activities Waste and stagnant water - diseses, vectors Good cities Healthcare access, safe food water and air, good efficiency and response speed Air, water quality High life expectancy, low infant mortality Environmental policies Environment and health Environment will impact health - diseases, use of solid fuels, air pollution, inadequate water/sanitation/hygiene Healthy citizens Productive workforce, protection of vulnerable populations, social interaction Indicator and measure of urban resilience Issues can affect Air pollution, personal safety, social isolation Improve - health/transportation systems, climate control, suitable land use, sustainability and sanitation Climate change and disasters Extreme weather events Impact - diseases (vector, waterborne), insecurity (food and water), deaths (from disaster, diseases, knock-on effects), health costs, natural disasters (floods/droughts), man-made disasters (climate change, chemicals, radiation, contamination) Healthcare needs to be resilient cause disasters can cause more disasters, and expand further Infrastructure Framework/Foundation for a system Resources and equipment for an activity Engineered systems, public institutions Can help to protect against disasters and recover faster if strong and well thought out But what is good today may not be sufficient tomorrow Ageing infrastructure Historical levels of extreme weather Climate change impacting faster than predicted Faster than upgrade or devolpments Design tolerances exceeded (during disasters) - stressing the system - gradual damage unnoticed - Greater and greater stress Lagging maintenance, budget cuts complacency Systems used at capacity - difficult to add or maintain Legal/physical restrictions Impacts productivity, growth, investment, health, and environment will be impacted Resilience and security Must be forward-looking and cross-sectorial planning, agility and flexibility Environmental security ecological/natural issues - Sources of conflict, create other insecurities - can mitigate threats if addressed appropriately Global Environment Facility Vital to human well-being and security are the goods and services that emanate from the environment. Conflict, no matter its source, will affect efforts at environmental protection and their outcomes. Competition for resources, the imbalanced distribution of environmental benefits, and the degradation of the ecosystem decrease the resilience of the system and increase the potential for conflict. Good governance and environmental cooperation can help improve conflict prevention, management and recovery efforts. Energy and water and their issues International water - survival, livelihoods, multiple countries at one source, can countries cooperate Weathers - river flows changing, flood and drought Flooding leading to chemical, diseases and mental and physical health issues Heatwaves and cold snaps - texas 2021 Pollution and overfishing - worsen ecosystem, less resources Spread of diseases - seen in places that were not in the past Land degradation - deforestation and desertification, bioDiversity Geographic boundaries - boundary issues Social Equity and usage Environmental changes from human behaviour - affecting indivs, groups and nations Rapid urbanisation, Overgrazing Overuse of groundwater Deforestation - reduce greenhouse gas and are carbon sinks Agriculture Fossil fuels Changing rainfall - caused by and exacerbate Conflict - can be caused, can exacerbate current problems - People need resources from the environment - competition, imbalance distribution, worsening ecosystem - less resilient system - ‘mo conflict Bad things Threats to food security People cannot withstand shocks Poor climate stability Extinction of beneficial plants and animals - loss of biodiversity, loss of natural habitats and resources Loss of biodiversity - environment cannot balance itself, cannot sustain human life, ecosystem, food security, and general well being all impacted Greenhouse gas - linked climate change, deforestation Climate change Desertification - caused, and can be exacerbated Livelihoods lost - economy hit, countries' development hit International waters - conflict over resources, no fresh water, and destroyed aquatic ecosystems affect people whose jobs rely on them More migration - more competition, overcrowding, more pressure on the environment, more climate change Indigenous People evicted from their land Threats to peace Marginalised communities most affected Exploited, human rights abuses and conflicts as a result Green City best practices Ambitious, well-defined goals, and regular reporting of progress Electricity generation using renewable resources Strict building codes favouring green technology Investment in public transportation Efforts and policies to cut waste, reduce water consumption Increased density Encourage knowledge-based, creative economies Access to affordable, healthy food City government that leads by example Encourage grassroots efforts to engage citizens (emerging) Existing urban hazards - changing and emerging - never seen before, not seen in area surveyed, newly affect population or area existing focus on natural events, temps, epidemics - emerging focus on climate change, antibiotic resistance, declining ecosystems Risk management Risk review - identify, research, knowledgeable stakeholders, build portfolio Integrate into strategic planning - multidicipline Assumption testing - avoid overlooking risks Challenge conventional thought process - likely to happen, possible impacts, and the unlikely Apply new and current methodologies to understand and predict - what if, and so what Risk prevention and mitigation - risk management stuff, likelihood x impact, accepting, transferring, mitigating or avoiding Threat - intentional terrorism - Low-level physical attacks, chemical and biological agents Conflict - disputes like the South China Sea disputes, civil war Overlaps with terrorism illegal/unregulated fighting Unsustainable logging and hunting Trees - habitat loss and soil stability, CO2 emissions, deforestation, livelihoods, illegal activities Wildlife trafficking - Biodiversity, governance, crime impacts economic and stability Overexploitation of habitats Oceans - overfishing, pollution, tourism, waste, costal development Overfishing - livelihoods, food sec, marine habitat, biodiversity Disinformation Cybersec - cyber attacks Geopolitical tensions Hazard - unintentional epidemics, - worse effects, remote villigaes to majour cities, travel, urban density, global warming misinformation Locust infestations extreme weather events Climate change - impacting infrastructure Transport - roads freeze/damaged, more maintenance, less access Aircraft - used in economic and disaster responses Water - higher sea levels, decreased precipitation, soil runoff, pollution, corrosion, saltwater intrusion into aquifers Bridges - safety, lifespan and performance failing, flooding, temps Food - floods and droughts, growth cycles of plants, supply chains, destroying crops and killing livestock, less access more expensive Volcanic activity - affected, air travel grounded, air quality, health issues, agriculture destroyed, ashfall reaching far, populations displaced Technological disruptions Economic instability Antimicrobial resistance - antibiotics don't work no mo cause medicine and agriculture use too much of em Mutual support Informal interaction and formal agreement Informal - community kitchens, shelters, locals trained in disaster response, special requirement groups, families Locals, communities, international, biz For assistance/ aid - usually in emergencies - incidents beyond local emergency response capacity Across jurisdictions - people and disasters Sharing personnel, data, supplies, equipment, facilities, training, education, outreach Why need More extreme disasters - happening in unexpected places, worse than planned for - communities cannot handle entire response on their own Benefits Less pressure on authorities and resources - focus response Services and infrastructure that allow officials and responders to tend to their own families Provision of vital equipment and tech from neighbouring communities Pre-planning fast-tracks responses - sidestepping bureaucratic processes, actual ops benefits Cross-jurisdictional licensing and training are done Force multiplier - to accomplish more than if one does not have it - trained people in disaster response Decrease impact of an incident - morale, resources, vulnerable populations Better urban resilience 1 overview Urban resilience - the ability of an urban system—including individuals—to survive, adapt and learn from the shocks and stressors they may experience Maintain continuity Sustainability was not enough Address rapid changes New paradigms of resilience Adaptive and transformative Preparedness and mitigation Creation of emergency plans for natural hazards, security threats and technological failures Response, recovery and adaptation Inclusive - from individuals to institutions Diversity of culture - some groups may not be as resilient (economic, physical, others) - greater impacts Adapt for the better Transcends disciplines More people are moving into cities - rapid urbanisation Disaster management Sustainability To address threats and hazards More natural and man made disasters Decaying or inadequate infrastructure Lack of coordination among stakeholders Decline of ecosystems Climate change Weak governance Lack of or non-implementation of building codes Lack of or non-implementation of land use planning For SG - A Resilient Singapore Urban system - can refer to more than just one entity, one mega-city, or even intra-urban and inter-urban relationships - how everything affects everything in a urban environment infrastructure, governance, socio-economic dynamics, and networked materials/supply chain Stakeholders - like everyone individuals, communities, vulnerable populations, institutions, businesses and, government institutions Elements buildings, physical security measures, urban green spaces, communications networks, transportation systems and utilities - cpted Governance levels of government, labour, consumers, and industry Socio-economic dynamics demographics, education, mobility, public health, equity and justice, and capital networked materials energy, waste, consumer goods, water, food and materials. Urban security - establishment of order government working collaboratively and with the support of the people tough laws and a willingness and ability to implement population had to have confidence in the government’s ability to be effective and impartial dedication to well-thought-out urban planning and development Organic process Learn from previous and anticipate Aesthetics functionality liveability - the old mechanisms are not effective anymore Address what is coming - anticipation from learning As a result opportunities to be ready not just in withstanding also to grow more frequently seeing aesthetics, functionality and security of the population become key considerations how various defensive strategies might impact social, political and economic life Planning for a Secure City SG maintaining a competitive economy, building a sustainable environment, and ensuring a high quality of life for the population Integrated master planning balance the different priorities responding to dynamic changes Dynamic governance bring together stakeholders from the public, private and individual cooperate and collaborate, ensuring effective plans and strategies Fighting productively using elements of the city for multiple purposes Innovating systematically not just the use of new technologies adaptation of processes to address other needs and to include stakeholders who may not have been previously considered Leading with vision and pragmatism recognising opportunities to transform negative elements into positive Involving the community as stakeholders encourages ownership and pride greater willingness to be involved and protect one’s community Security as a key element of liveability Terrorism New modes in less expected locations Cities developed pre-emptive and pro-active measures - many for built infrastructure - but need to be more multifaceted - supplies cities need Post 9/11 - Resilience thinking concerning security - move away from the traditional defence of the state - broader human security concept focused more on the needs of the people - drove a trend of decentralisation of the responsibility for resilience to a more local level Groups of all kinds - drones too Targets places with the aim of inflicting mass casualties - cyber Causes destruction of property, mass casualties and precipitates a completely different way of living - living with fear Security in this case needs to make people feel safe - seeing the measures can also be a driver of fear Two-pronged necessarily obtrusive to be a deterrent against the threat inconspicuous security measures making these more acceptable to the public Urban resilience planning now needs different experts, and cities need to do it Needs to consider other components economic, environmental, social and cultural aspects Public awareness and education coordinated and collaborative process that enables individuals to address their own personal plans. Integrate different aspects into the plan Other considerations Threat and risk analyses better identify what is needed and what makes sense for that particular scenario - appropriateness Diff levels all need Priorities reduce the likelihood of something occurring and to mitigate the impact policies around how they will be implemented not only about how, is actually needed at all SG After cov facilitated globalisation at a rate faster than pre-COVID times Travel became less accessible Geopolitical rivalries intensified Supply chains were disrupted Social divisions intensified associated short-sightedness from self-preservation future challenges that require collective global action Health experts on building resilience after cov More attention to physical health by population segments. Greater attention to psychological health. Mental health response was limited because some services, such as private counselling and social work, were not categorised as essential. Effective communications strategies to combat fake news Educating the public teaching critical thinking and analytical skills Responsible sharing practices Crisis response financial resources capable and experienced people, organisational capacity and operational agility having a plan and being flexible joint command and control control the resources logistics and organised deployment of the same Economic resilience investment in education and infrastructure promotion of Singaporean industries alternatives available in times of economic impact due to crises Social resilience Solidarity and unity opportunities to education high-quality affordable public housing offers ethnically integrated public housing communities recognising and addressing issues that may affect some groups differently than others Global security priorities lack of a common understanding and definition of urban resilience different sectors relate resilience differently geographic issues (laws, regulations and standards) Cybersecurity Incapacitation of computer systems linked to infrastructure - any system that uses computers really Privacy Confidentiality and privacy Access to user data Safety for users - people will be wiling to use Emergent tech use and regulation evolution of technologies is often faster than the regulations can be developed Critical infrastructure national defence - transportation hubs, defence against kinetic/non-kinetic attacks, terrorism, cybersec no longer wholly controlled by the government Built environment Crime Prevention through Environmental Design - in tandem with terrorism prevention, livability needs to be considered use of smart technologies, education, inclusiveness and community. Coordination of crisis management commercial entities, to organisations, to all levels of government and even transnationally communications in all directions, planning and coordination, stakeholder engagement, development of directives, assistance with incident response preplanning, practice, ensuring sufficient resources, and ensuring resilience of the crisis management itself Environmental security protection of environmental resources and ecosystems as a means to maintain stability, peace, and human wellbeing spectre of competition for resources, emergence of new infectious diseases, and mass migrations. coordinated international efforts to address the challenges Maritime security international trade, supply chain, environmental impact, and the potential for illegal activities carried out at sea Individual security SG total defence framework urban resilience and security as a product of ensuring all of the population feels safe in what is a liveable and viable environment - community engagement Best use of resources for defence Rallies all sgporeans Military Armed forces and the support of families, employers, and the community Civil alert to signs of incidents, and helping within their communities being able to take care of themselves, thereby freeing up the efforts of government agencies to respond to the threat or event. Economic private and public sectors working together continually attractive and relevant for investment Social Singaporeans trust one another and strengthen the communities across racial, religious and cultural boundaries more cohesive and able to respond better Digital Vulnerabilities in tech when it permeates all levels of daily life understand these threats and act as the first line of defence against them Psychological national interests are challenged esprit de corps 2 Personal Security people will be free from both violent and non-violent threats, free form fear and want - think inclusively Physical, social and economic impact personal security also may impact how we do business, and how liveable our city is. Vulnerable groups in a population Potentially Elderly Women Migrants Immigrants Minorities Disabilities Lgbt Safety in public spaces Car parks play grounds Open areas Washrooms Sidewalks, walkways Underpass, flyover Public transportation Gathering areas Safety in residential areas collaborative and balanced planning Talk with the vulnerable populations, they need to involved cause the live here too Overt security features - deterrence Stealthy - dual purpose and aesthetic Invisible - unknown/unseen Health security Freedom from disease and infection Crossing with environmental - sanitary water supply, clean air, uncorrupted land systems, healthy hosuing, health and education facilities health status has not been included as an expression of social or economic development - resource competition Feeling secure would mean high-quality health services will be available and accessible for all Urban usually higher disease/sickness than rural - closer, alot of people Inadequate housing, transport, poor sanitation and waste management, poor air quality, lack of space Healthy lifestyles and disease prevention needed as well Health and education centres need to be protected - continue providing services during the response to and after an incident -hospitals for medical, shelters for mental - and provide response during and after an incident - these people are vulnerable populations - first line defence in mental health Issues like healthy lifestyle issues, not just the provision of healthcare services, towards disease prevention safe water good waste and sanitation systems clean air the provision of healthy housing given that poor housing conditions impact health risks. Capabilities for International Health Regulators Service delivery Effective, safe and timely delivery of health interventions to those who need them Health workforce A health workforce that is responsive, fair and efficient to achieve the best possible health outcomes given circumstances and resources Information A health information system ensures production, analysis and dissemination of timely and reliable information Medical products, vaccines and technologies Ensuring equitable and cost-effective access to essential medical products and technologies Financing Ensures adequate funds for health issues so that users can access needed services without risking financial impoverishment Leadership and governance Leadership that ensures effective oversight, regulation, and accountability of strategic frameworks and ensures that those frameworks exist. Fear of crime Personal quality of life fear of being a victim, not likelihood of happening risk coupled with their emotions around crime. not directly linked to the crime rate Affected by demographic, culture, and experience neighbourhood conditions Incivility general upkeep Affects greater levels of fear in some environments negatively influence active lifestyles and ultimately extend to physical and psychological health and wellbeing - mental health if living like this Improved if Community spaces, community ownership of the space, pride of ownership able to consider their homes as safe spaces include areas for safe activities Then people will be willing to cooperate with each other - not fall into siege mentality Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Improve quality of life manipulating the environment around a place Discourage crime, reduce fear reduce victimisation, deter offender decisions that precede criminal acts Foster safe activites to build a sense of community among inhabitants so they can gain territorial control of areas and reduce opportunities for crime and fear of crime natural surveillance Lighting Elimination of hiding spots Visibility natural access control Directed thorough interior design Circulation flow Noticeable veering territorial reinforcement Encoourgae community activity Built territoriality Maintenance Activities for community collaboration Likely to help each other in crisis More resources to use in community response Landscaping through low-profile measures mark territory or provide meeting spaces avoid introducing spaces where intruders can conceal themselves. Inviting, so people will use it First gen Natural surveillance - visibility, surveillance keep them under observationv - crims dont want to be seen Windows, lighting and the flow of activity can provide natural surveillance Look to maintain clear lines of sight, ensure trees and shrubs are trimmed and not too high, eliminate hiding spots, and ensure suitable nighttime lighting. See and be seen - reduce formal surveillance Natural access control: - limt access elements that are part of the landscape—such as shrubs, hedges, water features, doors and fences - discourage trespassing without looking like a fortress identify people who do not have a legitimate reason to be in a space. Non-physical or psychological barriers - lighting, signs, paving textures, or anything that marks the territory as unique access is controlled as needed at all entrances and exits to the building, and internal restricted areas Review the environmental elements that are used to gain access such as avenues of approach, trees, and ledges. appropriate use of security screening devices such as identification checks, turnstiles or card readers Ensure windows and doors are appropriately secured. Features guide visitors away from private ares Walkway easy to identify, direct traffic. Visible from other places Territorial reinforcement - ownership, community promote community ownership of an area, people will naturally want to protect the area. Clear boundaries can segregate public from private spaces. This can be done using some of the same elements of natural access control such as fences, pavement treatment, and signs. But art, good maintenance and landscaping can also suggest ownership. Users (owners) are familiar with each other - make it easier to identify intruders. suitably defined with barriers or symbolic markers, clear signage available, “shortcuts” or routes that strangers routinely use through the property? Identification of people - badges, passes Maintenance (aka image and milieu) - the place seems owned An unkempt area has a tendency to attract unwanted activities. Intruders feel like they can act with impunity relates to fear of crime in the community and perception of safety in nearby areas. extend territorial concerns, and then the sense of security can be reinforced. physical condition and maintenance of the area can suggest that it is either well-cared for or neglected, which equates to safe or not safe. help develop the identity or image of the community reduce opportunities for crimes such as vandalism Second-gen social concepts but with focus on small-scale environments, also known as proximal orientation. Social cohesion - work together solving local problems group efforts to address difficult issues. strategies are targeted within the local community linked to first generation principles to help reinforce the social aspect. Community culture - live together intended to bring people together for a common purpose differs from social cohesion that works to solve problems reinforce the first generation principles by encouraging a sense of community. cultural events such as music, sports, or other activities that bring people together in an inclusive manner. Connectivity - connect to other communities connect with nearby communities as well create external support mechanisms which can effectively broaden the ability to develop solutions to local problems communities working together have more power to influence municipal planning and development decisions. decisions on issues that link the neighbouring communities such as bike paths, green spaces and community spaces Threshold capacity - use land well, for multiple purpose development of genuine diversity within a community multiple land use in which residents of the community have access to things like groceries, restaurants, services, areas to socialise, and entertainment. Too little or too much of one element can affect threshold capacity. ensure that land use elements that may contribute to fear, such as bars and nightclubs, are kept to a minimum. Planning and design strategies Allow for clear sight lines natural surveillance, Landscaping Provide adequate lighting well-designed lighting that blends well, or more subtle lighting along walkways that defines the route It can include both safety and security lighting. Lighting experts Minimise concealed and isolated routes: no areas where criminal activity can take place without being observed. architects Avoid entrapment small, confined areas near well-travelled routes such as lifts, tunnels, bridges, isolated stairwells, recessed entrances, etc. eliminated, closed off after hours, or introduced as natural surveillance. Reduce isolation People are uncomfortable and feel less safe Natural surveillance from nearby buildings and more activities in the area can reduce isolation. Mixed land use: Balancing the mix of usage can build the sense of community. Including a mix of residential, a square or common area with shops, activities, parks, civic buildings, etc., helps promote a sense of safety and security. Use of activity generators elements that attract people and promote life in the area, while discouraging crime. These could be recreational activities, games, restaurants and cafes, entertainment, cultural activities and others. Create a sense of ownership through maintenance and management: Make the residents feel the community area is theirs. Design could include using vandal-resistant materials. Properties should be well-maintained. Knowing how to report maintenance that is required in community areas is also important. Provide signs and information: This can be maps, directions, information that help people feel safer. These, too, need to be well-maintained. CPTED Paper - Effect of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Measures on Active Living and Fear of Crime https://padlet.com/thedieseldiva007/pss-221-su1-jul-24-ihzk9hyy91tg31ln 3 resiliency management frameworks Key elements 4 pillars Resisting Recovering Adapting Transforming 5 dimensions Natural Economic Social Physical Institutional 5 most relevant characteristics Redundancy Robustness Adaptation Resources Innovation Sendai Adapt to community United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Organize for disaster resilience. - comprehensive understanding of the needs for disaster risk reduction (and resilience). - include civil society and citizen groups - broad range of knowledge while incorporating the needs of the various stakeholders. - requires local alliances to be built. Identify, understand, and use current and future risk scenarios. - data on hazards and vulnerabilities is always current. - Risk assessments should always be up to date and should be considered in any city planning. - conducted using a participatory process. - Transparency and two-way communication with the public. Strengthen financial capacity for resilience. - budget assigned to meet the goals - include incentives for the various stakeholders to invest in resilience. - include assessment of the economic impact of disasters. Pursue resilient development and design. Urban planning and development - conducted in a risk-informed manner - based on current risk assessments - focus on vulnerable populations. - enforcement of realistic, risk-compliant building and land planning regulation. Safeguard ecosystems and natural buffers to enhance the protective functions offered by natural ecosystems. - prevent or mitigate hazards to which the community is vulnerable. Strengthen institutional capacity for resilience. - identify gaps and strengthen resilience by understanding the institutional capacity for risk reduction. - look at government, private sector, academia, professional and civil society organizations. Understand and strengthen societal capacity for resilience. Use community, government initiatives and multimedia channels to identify and capitalize on opportunities for strengthening social connectedness and mutual aid. Increase infrastructure resilience. - continued protection, maintenance and upgrade critical infrastructure - institute infrastructure that helps to mitigate the risks. Ensure effective preparedness and disaster response. - alert systems, Regularly updated preparedness plans, early warning systems, and increased emergency and emergency management capacities Expedite recovery and build back better. Strategies - ensuring post-disaster recovery, and rehabilitation and recovery strategies - with long-term planning and ultimately improving the urban environment and resilience. Support schools and health facilities - they are used as shelter, vulnerable populations in them need to be considered during a disaster Building regulations and land use principles - realistic and risk compliant - corruption of builders, policymakers Strategic Plan , preparedness exacerbations: Lack of expertise, high density, weak local governance, decaying infrastructure, natural events Disaster resilience - planned, adaptability, mitigation, people who know how Cross-sectorial benefits - design for multiple benefits Approach principles Holistic approach Diversification of economy - Multiple economic activities in a community - to mitigate losses Govs might have budget, but they put into response rather than prevention https://padlet.com/thedieseldiva007/pss-221-su2-jul-2024-a77gecvlfo7rsxop Making Cities Resilient 2030 Info repository and collaboration between cities for resilience building Stage A—Cities know better. This stage looks to increase understanding and enhance awareness around disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience. This includes collaboration with appropriate stakeholders to enhance understanding of the DRR plans Stage B—Cities plan better. This stage aims at improving risk analysis and diagnostic skills. It also helps to develop improved cohesiveness between local strategies with national and regional strategies Stage C—Cities implement better. This stage focuses on helping the participating cities implement their DRR and resilience action plans. They may already have fairly robust plans and work towards improved mainstreaming and their cross-sector governance plans A Resilience Framework for Smart Cities - nine box By companies - is willing to trade resilience for efficiency Robustness and need for continuous learning, ability of communities to learn and self organise Structural - infrastructure Redundancy - surplus or back-up resources or capacity. Modularity - various components to work separately or together in different combinations according to the needs of the environment. Requisite diversity - diversity that is suitable for the circumstances. Eg. earthquake resistant buildings, newater Integrative - system interconnections Multi-scalar interactions - systemic relationships based on a variety of scales such as geographical (e.g., various neighbourhoods) or temporal (e.g., short-, medium-, or long-term). Thresholds - levels at which systems might change in a significant and possibly unexpected manner. - difficult or even impossible to predict, plans should also take into consideration unexpected elements. Social cohesion - neighbourhoods or communities to self-organise and take some responsibility for itself. - need to look at how to inculcate that into all communities Eg. public housing, HDB integrating green spaces Transformative - broader scope/longer timeframe strategies Distributed governance - democratic processes in governance which may sometimes seem less efficient than a centralised system - seeks stakeholder engagement and inclusiveness. Foresight capacity - identifying potential future scenarios - ensuring that planners take these into consideration and to building resilience around them. Innovation and experimentation - creative thinking into the process - comfortable with considering radical change and all that goes with it. Eg. sg green plan, new gov Singapore’s livability and sustainability framework - what sg wanted to achieve Sustainable environment - use limited natural resources wisely Competitive economy - for investment and jobs Quality of life - for citizen social and psychological well being Integrated master planning - planning and dev that kept objectives in mind Dynamic urban governance - to adapt public, private Intertwined outcomes Principles of integrated master planning Think long-term: - not just 10 years - thinking in the 50- to 100-year timeframe. - balance between the outcomes in both the planning and implementation phases. - longer-term impact of elements that might seem “right” for the current situation but could result in negative outcomes in the long-term. - identify and potentially pre-empt challenges that might arise in the future. Fight productively: - inter-agency approach would allow stakeholders to interact and even defend their cases in a productive manner. - generate collective decisions that made sense and to address concerns from all directions. - rotated to various portfolios, which allowed them to develop a deeper understanding of the nuances at other ministries and agencies Build in flexibility: - foresight and analytical prediction - seldom go exactly as set out. - regular reviews of the concept plan to address elements that had changed or had the potential to change. - flexibility to accommodate changes in circumstances that may require shifts in the timing or rationale of a particular project Execute efficiently: - wasted if implementation is not good. - Careful preparation and exceptional inter-agency understanding - Coordination and communication between agencies - ensure not only completion of the plan, but ongoing maintenance and consideration of its lifecycle Innovate systematically: - different ways to deal with limited resources such as water and land. Principles of Dynamic Urban Governance Leading with vision and pragmatism: - Not every decision will be popular. - leaders may have their own agendas. - the will and vision to forge ahead with politically difficult or controversial issues. - cohesive leadership that demonstrates a collective political will show the population that they believe in what they were doing Build a culture of integrity: - credible and have legitimacy, integrity is vital. - the public must have confidence that the public officials are making decisions for the good of the people and are doing so without external influences. - Good governance requires transparency, accountability, and must be incorruptible. Cultivate sound institutions: - work efficiently and effectively, they need to be led by a strong professional leadership - wealth of bureaucratic experience, - technical experts in their own right. - characteristics mentioned earlier apply here too: - system of meritocracy which reinforces the value of professional competence. - Respect between politicians and the institutions is also a key element Involve the community as stakeholders: - policy-makers and urban planners cannot assume that their needs or vision are the same for everyone in the community. - Engaging the community - their needs are identified, that they understand the goals for the liveable community, and the role they play in decision making. - pre-empt objections and develop the support of the community, but also create a sense of ownership. - legitimacy to the government’s decision-making. - a process that is closer to consensus rather than a consent-based programme is more likely to engender support Work with markets: - services that the government is unable to provide or that they prefer to outsource. - matter of efficiency, usually fiscal efficiency. - could not be outsourced or privatised. - government felt they needed to maintain control over. Commonalities 4 Safe cities Good for national economies - need to prove its safe to attract investments - but since its focused in one place easier to cause greater impacts Safe cities index four pillars: digital, infrastructure, health and personal security After cov added environmental Pillars are intertwined - improving one can improve another Less wealthy cities less likely to want to develop policies for improvement Transparency helps 2021 Weakness in health systems highlighted by environmental change What makes cities safe Cime, health, cyber, disasters natural and man-made, quality of public services, citizen perceptions Tech can be used, but are the citizens able to use them well Measures to tackle safety challenges need stakeholders’ input and address concerns Measured by Crime rate Accident rates Severe weather events Accessibility to healthcare and capacity to respond to incidents Ability to deal with events How safe does the public feel, all demographics? Tech Can all citizens use it/have the ability to use it/know how to use it Do all citizens need access Cannot assume people have the ability to use and access the tools - lowest common denominator Stakeholder engagement Surveillance Transport security management - disabilities, women-only cabins Safe city programmes - Health systems Privacy Leading cities High-quality healthcare Ability to provide all types of security Assessment Joint planning through gov and no gov New infrastructure paradigm Social connectedness is critical 3rd su Class notes Response Nine box Resilience - bounceback better/ from the stressor Loss of something else Frameworks - not all are the same Metrics Measurable results Justify investment time resource Monitor success Best practices and areas of improvement Integrity Overpopulation - its perceived, due to insufficiencies in other aspects Assessment - need cause the city might develop faster than you can control Need metrics to show progress, informed choices What would you measure urban resilience? Government ability CIIs - adapting Resourcefulness - other options Redundancy - Risk assessment for key vuln, assets Country’s resilience Self-sufficiency - resources Quality of life - what it means to you is different from what others technology Go beyond financials Unified metrics More money is needed, urban resilience peeps addressing problems in silo, inefficiencies in interactions and data sharing challenges, everyone using their own indicators, definitions, and methodologies, so need credible evaluation tools and metrics to guide decision making to keep up with investment City resilience Demographics - vulnerable ones Iso 37120 Dollar amount Credible metrics Decision-making of how to apply money Standard indicators Cities chose own thresholds Comparative analysis City resilience index Compendium of information Iso 22370 Context-specific and flexible plans/actions broad, holistic approach, since it involves so many interconnected systems. Inclusiveness - vuln populations, ownership public sector, private sector, civil society, academia and inhabitants fforts to reduce risk in one area does not increase the issues in another area PSS 221 TG01 SU 3 Jul 2024 (padlet.com) Digital Developing quicker Digital sec Challenges in using it for urban resilience Privacy issues Personal info exposed - facebook, ads - critical info given to companies, elderly and possible tech illiteracy Hacking and ransomware, cyberattacks Fake news, info - by foreign countries Ai usage for nefarious purposes Overreliance on technology - cyberattacks can cause more harm - transport, infrastructure E-waste - where do the material come from, what are they doing to them Resilience in the digital Stakeholders need to have confidence in what they are doing Trust data is safe Trusted cyber environments Cyber resilience - if attack, if down Cooperations across sectors - intel, collabs, multiple sec levels, coss-sectorial training Knowledge, people need to be aware of what this entails Vulnerabilities Cyberattacks identity theft, hacking More usage, more vuln - more peeps that don’t know

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