URBAN PLANNING COURSE.docx

URBAN PLANNING COURSE [Dr. Mor FAYE] **[Rural environment:]** The village is a spatial concentration of population and businesses defined by the strong predominance of a single type of work; agricultural; juxtaposed mining industry with no real interdependence and providing only a few public goods...

URBAN PLANNING COURSE [Dr. Mor FAYE] **[Rural environment:]** The village is a spatial concentration of population and businesses defined by the strong predominance of a single type of work; agricultural; juxtaposed mining industry with no real interdependence and providing only a few public goods. [❑ Characteristics of the rural environment] - Less anthropogenic environment (predominance of vegetation over buildings) - Dispersed housing - Less motorized transport - Economic activities: dominance of agriculture - Mobility **[Urban environment]** ❑ [Characteristics of the urban environment] - Anthropogenic environment (little nature, predominance of buildings over nature) - Dense housing (agglomeration) - Motorized and varied transport - Economic activity (dominated by the secondary and tertiary sectors) - Anarchic occupation - Infrastructure and equipment needs - Demand for housing - Extension **[City concept ]** Roncayolo (1926-2018) considers the city as an agglomeration that concentrates population, housing and activities other than the primary sector. Definition of the city in Senegal ANSD: the agency considers as a city agglomeration with a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants. This definition is reductive because it only takes into account the demographic criterion. DAT: considers as a city all human settlements of at least 2500 inhabitants, whether or not grouped into districts. This definition has been revised to take into account the distribution of the labour force. 50% of the working population employed in activities other than primary The threshold at 5000 inhabitants. The city covers 4 criteria that give it its attractiveness: **❖ Demographic:** Linking the city to population density Concentration of people and therefore to the increase in density **❖ Morphological** To complete the demographic criterion, it is assigned a topographical limit based on a morphology criterion. Here we find the demographic criterion in relation to the threshold set and the morphological criterion in relation to the grouped housing. **❖ Socio-cultural:** ▪ The presence of cultural institutions and facilities is an indicator of cultural function ▪ The presence and dynamism of fairs, exhibitions, congresses and festivals also contribute to the cultural functions of cities **❖ Functional:** It refers to urban functions: 4 essential functions Residential Economic: industrial centre, tertiary services Political: centre of the judiciary; Cultural **[Definition Criteria]** Each country has its own statistical definition of the urban population: 2,000 inhabitants (France), 10,000 (Spain and Switzerland), 250 inhabitants (Denmark), 2,500 (United States), 300 (Iceland), 1,000 (Canada), 30,000 and 50,000 (Japan). On the African continent, definitions vary just as much: 5,000 in Nigeria and Ghana, 2,500 in Sierra Leone and Liberia. They are rarely unanimous. In the end, it is easier to define the city by what it is not, i.e. the countryside. The Prague Conference (1966) proposed that a group, meeting at least one of the following criteria, should constitute a city: Compact housing group (in which no dwelling is more than 200 m apart); Group with at least 10,000 inhabitants; A group of between 2,000 and 10,000 on the condition that the workforce living from agriculture does not exceed 25%. **[THE CITY ]** The grouping of people and activities, the specialization of tasks, and the supremacy of the built environment over the natural environment are the foundations of the city. [What is the city for the architect? ] The city cannot be defined or conceived as a large building. However, one is tempted to compare the city to a house. Residential areas corresponding to bedrooms, industrial areas to household areas and kitchens, educational areas to offices, public spaces to living rooms and living rooms, roads to circulation areas, etc. Léon Battista Alberti and Louis Kahn The difference between the city and the building is not only a difference in scale. The two objects are fundamentally different. For the architect, the city can be considered as the place where architecture is inscribed. The first imposes constraints on the second as varied as: ❑ The shape of the plot, its location and orientation, its value, the neighbourhood, the history of the place, the architectural and urban styles, the lifestyles, the social structure, the economic framework, the noise, the atmospheric pollution, the climate, the nature of the soil and the subsoil. ❑ On the other hand, architecture provides the city with its framework, in other words its third dimension, and shapes the public space that determines the image of a city. ❑ The architect and the urban planner orient their designs according to the constraints of the plot. The organization of the city: the urban and architectural forms they help to produce depend on the division of the land. Indeed, among all the constraints of the city, the most important for the architectural project is the land tenure of the location of the plot because it conditions its very existence. ❑ Soil, a scarce and non-renewable commodity, is the ***[sine quoi non]*** condition for any urbanization. It is divided in the city between public and private domains, between properties and plots. Each of these plots has its own characteristics and is coveted by individuals, speculators, and public authorities (in the name of the general interest). For all these reasons, the architect must be aware that his work must be adapted to a land situation, i.e. respond to urban constraints and be in line with the value of the plot. **[FORMS OF THE CITY ]** **The Pedestrian City:** It has a small territorial extension and extends over a maximum radius of 5 km. This limit derives from the time allowed to go on foot from one end to the other. It is therefore a very dense city and the morphological urbanization is of a very compact type. **Public Transport Cities (TC Cities):** these cities have developed with the advent of public transport, which has allowed it to extend over 30 km. This urbanization is taking place along the Mass Transmission Lines. Urbanization is mainly developing around the nodes that correspond to public transport stations. **Passenger Car Cities**: the gain in speed is linked to the use of cars allowing the city to expand. The flexibility and flexibility of the automobile mode allows for urban development with the development of traffic lanes. [ ] **[URBAN PLANNING]** **DEFINITION OF URBAN PLANNING** **Larousse defines urban planning as:** \"The art of developing and organizing human agglomerations\" and \"the art of arranging urban space (\...) to achieve its better functioning and improve social relations\". Le Petit Robert confirms the appearance of the word in 1910 and defines urban planning as: \"Study of methods for adapting urban housing to the needs of men; all the techniques for applying these methods. In such a way that the functions and relations of men are exercised in the most convenient, economical, and harmonious manner. **\" F Choay:** \"towards the end of the nineteenth century, the expansion of industrial society gave rise to a new one that differed from previous urban arts, by its reflexive and critical character and by its scientific pretensions\". [Urban planning] is a disciplinary and professional field covering the study of the urban phenomenon, urbanization action, and the organization and planning of the city and its territories. Its purpose is to regulate and organize the various functions of the city in order to ensure a better living environment. It seeks to develop and optimize land use in order to improve the functioning of the urban organism. **[ Regulatory urban planning]** Regulatory urban planning defines the legal rules for the implementation of urban development. There are two documents: the territorial coherence schemes and the local or detailed plan. These are the norms or easements for the use of land adopted, in an identified territory (municipalities, public establishments of municipal cooperation, or of the State) enforceable against individual applications for development or construction. **[Operational urban planning]** Operational urban planning concerns the setting up of programmes. Operational urban planning includes all the actions carried out with the aim of providing building land, constructing buildings or treating existing neighbourhoods and buildings (urban recompositing, rehabilitation, absorption of substandard housing). Through tools, it implements development policies in a concrete way. **In practice, operational urban planning is divided into two phases:** [ **❑ A land control phase** ] The main land management tools are the following: Urban pre-emption right Right of abandonment, Expropriation for reasons of public utility, Deferred development zone (ZAD). **[❑ A phase of development procedures, mainly Subdivision,]** Housing estate Concerted development zone (ZAC) Construction of a building, a house **These different phases are governed by the Urban Planning Code and therefore regulatory urban planning.** **[GENESIS AND PURPOSE OF URBAN PLANNING]** The term urban planning appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. G, Bardet dates its creation back to 1910. (Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Neuchâtel). The term \"urbanism\" is fraught with ambiguity: it refers to civil engineering works, city plans, and the urban forms characteristic of each era. However, since antiquity, man has considered the city as a privileged field of expression for the organization of society as well as the implementation of artistic abilities and technical skills. **Context of the birth of urban planning** Urban planning as a science was born from the combination of several factors such as: [Industrial Revolution ] Rural exodus Strong urban growth (increase in the city\'s population) Densification and degradation of cities Need for a science of urban planning: urban planning (late 19th century) **Objective of urban planning:** To solve the problem of the development of the machinist city **The precursor of urban planning**: Ildefonse Cerdà (civil engineer). Works in (1867) \"General Theory of Urbanization\" ** Cerdà\'s Objectives:** - Hygienists (traditional congested city) - Support for increased mobility (networks) - Principle of parcellation (restructuring), legally innovative at the time - Egalitarian inspiration: facilities for all (general interest) **[FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF URBAN PLANNING]** Housing is the primary need of man. Habitat is closely correlated with population or demographics. This link can be observed through the formula **one family = one household = one dwelling**. The housing programming will be done by analysing the prospects for the evolution of the population. Urban planning must therefore rely on demography to know housing needs. The number of people per household which will determine the size of the dwelling Adult children leave the family dwelling and look for their own accommodation. Or they seek to modify it. The mortality rate among the elderly The divorce and separation rate that is at the origin of incomplete single-parent households. ENSURE compliance with building standards Example of the BUILDING PERMIT Title deed (TF, lease, occupancy permit, building right or municipal deliberation); Extract from the cadastral plan of the plot of land; Authorized architectural plans; National identity card; Reinforced concrete plans (for high-rise buildings); ***Building permit signed by the mayor and approved by the Prefect or Sub-Prefect***. ***[DEMOLITION PROCEDURES FOR BUILDINGS ERECTED ON LAND OCCUPIED WITHOUT RIGHT OR TITLE]*** Verify the titles and documents relating to land use and construction Hear any person who may participate in the manifestation of the truth and use any information provided by the administrative, technical and local services; Issuing summonses to stop work and summoning the persons concerned; Seize the construction equipment of the incriminated persons Serve demolition summonses Make an inventory or inventory of the plot of land in question Proceed with the eviction of occupants without right or title and the demolition of irregular constructions in accordance with the laws and regulations in force, after informing the competent administrative authority; ** SUMMONS TO STOP** ** SEIZURE OF EQUIPMENT** ** ARREST** ** DEMOLITION** **Transport** The use and possession of the car is not widespread, it is now commonplace. 400 inhabitants/1000 in France 600 inhabitants/1000 in the United States Not all households are motorised and of the few that are, the car is not accessible to all. Thus, to ensure the function of travel for all citizens, urban planning must promote **mass transport**. **Public transport** allows the majority of people living in cities to get around. It has many advantages over individual transport: ✓ The capacity offered during rush hour is two to eight times higher ✓ Energy consumption is three times lower for public transport ✓ The space consumed (parking) is ten times less ✓ Nuisances (noise and air pollution especially) are less important. Despite the advantages of public transport, the private car also has its advantages. It is faster, more comfortable, especially during off-peak hours. It is essential and complements public transport. **Activities and facilities** ** Activities** Urban planning focuses on activities and areas of exchange and work in order to: To provide the population with the locations that best meet their needs To prevent these activities from generating direct nuisances The public authorities will intervene by implementing policies to guide the location of activities: The creation of SEZs with tax relief The establishment of infrastructure Equipment (University, vocational training centre). There is an increasing decline in secondary and tertiary activities. Creation of technopoles, which are selective activity zones whose principle is based on the supposed link between research and industrial innovation and which should not only include research centres, laboratories and higher education institutions. Creation of urban centres **New industrial activity zone:** an organised and structured geographical area, adapted to industrial use, intended to accommodate factories and warehouses belonging to one or more public landlords renting out or selling their real estate assets to companies or entrepreneurs. The city offers a social, cultural and recreational life. This life needs equipment, most often collective. ❑ Plan the location of these collective facilities both in terms of their size and location. To do this, he must design the facilities according to the population or the size of the area. To do this, grids of equipment standards will be proposed or even applied as rules. ❑ Proceed by quantifying needs in order to establish equipment programs. There are usually two main types of equipment ** Infrastructure equipment** **They are commonly called VRD. These are the elements necessary for the functioning of the city.** **These are the transport networks, roads, and sanitation. Water supply, electrification and telecommunication networks.** ** Structural equipment** These are the constructions and developments that make it possible to fulfil the functions of education, sports, leisure, culture, etc. In addition, certain public facilities have an effect on the organization of the territory of space. They are called structuring facilities. **Example: Bambey University** Other facilities only meet the needs induced by the housing: these are the accompanying equipment **URBAN DEVELOPMENT Operations** These are renovation, restructuring, urban consolidation, concerted development zones and subdivision. **Subdivision** Subdivision operations are carried out in order to develop, equip and subdivide one or more plots into lots to ensure their sale or transfer free of charge or rental. Indeed, subdivision is a voluntary division of one or more land properties into lots specifically defined by their use. This is why we can have housing estates and others intended for industrial or commercial or even agricultural purposes. In Article 42 of the Urban Planning Code, it is defined that subdivisions may be undertaken for: \- the construction of housing, with or without commercial and administrative facilities; \- the establishment of industrial, artisanal, commercial or tourist establishments; \- the creation of gardens, market gardening areas and nurseries - the creation of facilities with the particularity of an authorisation that can only be used for the construction of premises necessary for the operation. **The subdivision** **Subdivision**: operation having the effect of developing, equipping and dividing into five (05) minimum lots one or more contiguous land bases belonging to a single person for sale or transfer free of charge or simultaneous or successive rentals; **Housing estate with an evolutionary development**: housing estate with motorable roads, water supply and electrification; **Housing estate with permanent development:** a housing estate with paved roads, water supply networks, electrification, drainage and wastewater treatment and rainwater drainage. **Plan of subdivision:** plan indicating the parcel division of a plot of land and the method of development and equipment for sale or rental; **Urban restructuring**: a development operation consisting of reorganising and redeveloping unsubdivided, dilapidated or unhealthy occupied areas with a view to improving their infrastructure and providing them with social facilities. **Land regularization:** transformation of the legal status of land use so that the beneficiaries have title deeds or real rights. **Urban land consolidation**: urban land consolidation operation aimed at standardizing property boundaries and modifications to property bases, easements and the charges attached to them. **Urban renewal:** urban development operation whose objective is to improve the quality of an urban complex that is subdivided or not subdivided and built but degraded, dilapidated, or unsuitable involving the restoration of buildings and roads, without calling into question the organization of the city. **Concerted development zone:** urban planning operation aimed at the construction of public or private infrastructure and public facilities, buildings for residential, commercial, industrial and service use with a view to subsequently selling or conceding them to public or private users. **Property restoration**: operation to develop, restore and modernise dilapidated buildings to ensure their preservation and enhancement **Urban renewal**: action to rebuild the city on itself and recycle its urban spaces. It includes urban renewal and urban rehabilitation operations. **Urban requalification:** a development operation consisting of modifying the physical qualities of an environment in order to give it a new vocation. **THE TOOLS OF URBAN PLANNING** **The SDAU (Master Plan for Development and Urban Planning)** ❑ Strategic planning document that gives the specific indications related to the development of one or more agglomerations. ❑ Planning tool that determines the objectives of development and urban planning in the medium and long term ❑ Identifies the development prospects of the territory ❑ Establishes the urban development provisions taking into account the interactions between these same territories. State programmes as well as those of local authorities and public or private establishments and services are taken into account. ❑ The SDAUs determine the general use of the land, the nature and layout of the major infrastructure facilities, in particular transport, the location of the most important activities as well as the preferential areas for extension or renovation and restructuring. ❑ The SDAUs are approved by decree after a favourable opinion from the departmental council ❑ They applied to a municipality, a group of municipalities or parts thereof. They are always accompanied by land use plans as a complement. ❑ **The PDU (Urban Master Plan)** This is a framework document for planning the urban development of a city. It plans and programs its development in the short and medium term. By taking into account the socio-economic and demographic prospects of an agglomeration, it also determines the means and strategies to be implemented. A PDU defines the general guidelines for urban management and provides the essential elements for urban development, in relation to the National Spatial Development Plan. The application of PDUs extends to municipalities, parts of municipalities, agglomerations, or parts of agglomerations whose interests manage to unite within the framework of intermunicipal. ❑ In the PDUs, we find: ❑ The route of all the roads, i.e. the national, regional, departmental roads and other primary roads; ❑ The definition of the routes and rights-of-way of transport infrastructures; ❑ Spaces reserved for the most important activities, classified facilities of general interest or public interest with mention of their destination, tourist areas, open or wooded areas as well as preferential extension areas; ❑ Possibly the elements of programming and cost of public facilities and infrastructure; ❑ The master plans of the various networks. In addition, the urban master plans also contain ❑ The indication of the areas for the establishment of detailed urban plans ❑ Special land development zones ❑ The special protection zones referred to in the Environmental Code. **THE PUD (DETAILED URBAN PLAN)** ❑ These documents that take up on a larger scale the development provisions of an area or parts of the master plans and master plans for development and urban planning. ❑ They make it possible to provide clarifications and additions to the provisions of the PDUs and SDAU's ❑ By specifying the particularities of each sector concerned, ❑ The delimitation of the areas of use by taking into account the nature and value of the soil, the rules of land use and the ecological balance. **ACTORS IN URBAN PLANNING** Due to the policy of decentralisation, urban planning is a transferred competence. Its management is therefore the result of collaboration between the State and the local authorities as well as the populations. State bodies The Ministry: It will be responsible for the implementation and application of the government\'s policy in the field of urban planning with one particularity: the existence of the Inspectorate of Urban Planning and Housing placed under the direct authority of the Minister and responsible for the administrative, financial and technical control of all services (public establishments, National companies and companies with public participation under the ministry). **The General Directorate of Urban Planning and Architecture** is responsible for the study, design and implementation of urban planning plans and schemes and the development of urban planning regulations. It implements building permit files, monitors eviction and rehousing operations. **The Directorate of Urban Green Spaces** is responsible for the implementation of the government\'s policy in the field of improving the living environment, particularly in the urban development of leisure, play and relaxation areas. It is this department that draws up the urbanization plans for the nursery. **The Bureau of Architecture and Historic Monuments** is responsible for the implementation of the Government\'s policy on the maintenance and restoration of listed buildings, and the implementation of plans for the safeguarding and enhancement of historic centres. **The regional divisions of urban planning** and housing are divisions of the Ministry. These regional divisions are responsible for carrying out activities related to urban planning and housing in their territorial jurisdiction. These divisions include departmental offices and services that issue opinions on issues relating to urban planning. Local actors The local actors in urban planning management are the mayor and the president of the departmental council. The mayor and his team, i.e. the municipal council, are responsible for: ✓ The development of the urban master plan (PDU), the master plan for development and urban planning (SDAU), the detailed urban plans for the concerted development, urban renewal and land consolidation zones; ✓ Subdivisions, their extension or restructuring; ✓ The issuance of prior agreements for urban planning certificates; ✓ The issuance of building permits, the issuance of demolition and fencing permits; ✓ Authorisation for installation and various works. ** The President of the Departmental Council is responsible for urban planning**: ✓ The approval of the master plans for development and urban planning (SDAU); ✓ Support for the action of municipalities in terms of urban planning and housing. Public and private agencies ✓ SAFRU ✓ SICAP ✓ SN HLM ✓ IAGU ✓ CAUSS ✓ SEN SOUF ✓ CAAS ✓ HAUSSMANN