APUSH Midterm Review PDF

George Washington and John Adams APUSH Midterm Review George Washington and John Adams Presidencies George Washington (1789–1797) ○ 1st President of the United States ○ Set critical precedents: Established examples for future presidents, such as forming a...

George Washington and John Adams APUSH Midterm Review George Washington and John Adams Presidencies George Washington (1789–1797) ○ 1st President of the United States ○ Set critical precedents: Established examples for future presidents, such as forming a cabinet and serving only two terms. ○ Washington’s Cabinet: Vice President: John Adams Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War: Henry Knox Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Emergence of Political Parties Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton ○ Advocated for a strong national government. ○ Supported a pro-business economy, appealing to Northeast merchants. ○ Believed power should rest with the wealthy and educated elite. Democratic-Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson ○ Favored states’ rights and limited federal government power. ○ Advocated for an agrarian economy, appealing to Southern farmers. ○ Supported empowering the common man. Problems Facing the Washington Administration 1. Debt Crisis ○ Both the national government and the states owed money to European banks and American merchants. 2. Hamilton’s Economic Plan ○ Proposed to: 1. Assume state debts to unify national finances. 2. Create a National Bank to stabilize the economy. 3. Introduce new taxes, including: Tariffs on imports. Excise tax on distilled spirits (leading to the Whiskey Rebellion). ○ Elastic Clause: Justified the creation of the National Bank as "necessary and proper." ○ Compromise: Agreed to locate the national capital in the South (Washington, D.C.). 3. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) ○ Pennsylvania farmers protested the excise tax on whiskey. ○ Washington sent federal troops, demonstrating the power of the federal government. 4. French Revolution (1789–1799)  ○ Divided U.S. political opinion: 1. Federalists opposed it, fearing mob rule. 2. Democratic-Republicans supported it as an extension of revolutionary ideals. 5. Foreign Policy Challenges ○ British Conflicts: 1. Britain seized U.S. trade ships and supported Native American attacks in the Ohio River Valley. 2. Led to Jay’s Treaty (1794): Negotiated by John Jay; it was unpopular but maintained U.S. neutrality. ○ Spanish Conflicts: 1. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Gave Americans access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade. 6. Washington’s Farewell Address (1796): ○ Key Warnings: 1. Avoid political parties to prevent sectional divisions. 2. Avoid permanent foreign alliances. 3. Maintain checks and balances among the branches of government. John Adams Presidency (1797–1801) Election of 1796 ○ John Adams (Federalist) became the 2nd President. ○ Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) became Vice President due to being the runner-up in the electoral vote (before the 12th Amendment). Relations with France 1. France’s Retaliation Against Jay’s Treaty ○ France viewed the treaty as pro-British and began seizing U.S. ships. ○ Adams sent diplomats, including John Marshall, to negotiate peace. 2. XYZ Affair (1797) ○ French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z) demanded a bribe to meet with the French Foreign Minister. ○ Outraged Americans, leading to anti-French sentiment and calls for war. 3. Quasi-War with France (1798–1800) ○ An undeclared naval conflict; U.S. ships fought French vessels. ○ Resolved with the Convention of 1800, ending hostilities. 4. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) ○ Alien Act: Allowed the deportation of foreigners deemed dangerous. ○ Sedition Act: Made it illegal to criticize the government; targeted Democratic- Republican newspapers. ○ Seen as a violation of the First Amendment and sparked significant backlash. 5. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798–1799)  ○ Written by Jefferson and Madison. ○ Argued states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional. ○ Set the foundation for the states’ rights debate leading up to the Civil War. Key Themes to Remember The precedents set by Washington laid the groundwork for future presidencies. The emergence of political parties demonstrated ideological divisions regarding government power, economic policy, and foreign relations. Foreign policy under Washington and Adams focused on neutrality and avoiding entangling alliances, despite tensions with Britain and France. The Alien and Sedition Acts reflected Federalist overreach, while the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions highlighted tensions between federal and state power. Thomas Jefferson  Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) 3rd President of the United States Renowned polymath: inventor, writer, philosopher, and statesman. Principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Created the Jefferson Bible by editing out sections of the Bible he found inconsistent with his deist beliefs. Election of 1800 Known as the “Revolution of 1800”: Marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history. Candidates: ○ Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. John Adams (Federalist). ○ Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, tied in the Electoral College, forcing the decision into the House of Representatives. Hamilton’s Role: Despite being a Federalist, Alexander Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson because he believed Burr was unprincipled. Outcome: Jefferson wins after 36 ballots in the House (10:4 vote). Established a precedent for peaceful transitions of power in a democracy. Supreme Court Under Chief Justice John Marshall John Marshall’s Legacy: Expanded the power of the federal government and the judiciary. Asserted federal supremacy over state laws. Judiciary Act of 1801 Passed by Federalists under John Adams. Created new judicial positions, allowing Adams to appoint “midnight judges” to maintain Federalist influence. These last-minute appointments were contested during Jefferson’s presidency. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established Judicial Review: Supreme Court’s authority to declare laws unconstitutional. Background: William Marbury, one of the midnight judges, sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission.  Decision: Chief Justice John Marshall ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby denying Marbury his appointment but asserting the Court’s authority. Slavery and Technology Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793): Intended to reduce labor, it instead entrenched slavery. ○ Increased efficiency in cotton processing → heightened demand for enslaved labor. ○ Solidified the South's agrarian economy, reliant on slave labor. ○ Promoted industrial growth in the North, fostering sectionalism. Nationalism and Education Democratic-Republicans’ Vision: An educated electorate was essential for a functioning republic. Jefferson’s Education Proposal: Free public education for white males (potential voters), though most schools remained private. Noah Webster: Published “The American Dictionary of the English Language” in 1828, standardizing American English and fostering a unique national identity. Jefferson and the Federal Government Louisiana Purchase (1803) Goal: Secure New Orleans for trade and control of the Mississippi River. Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million to fund his European campaigns. Constitutional Debate: Jefferson justified the purchase by loosely interpreting the Constitution’s treaty-making powers. ○ Contradicted his usual strict constructionist philosophy. Significance: ○ Doubled the size of the U.S. ○ Promoted westward expansion. ○ Strengthened federal authority. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) Commissioned to explore the newly acquired territory and find a route to the Pacific. Provided valuable maps and scientific knowledge about the West.  Strict vs. Loose Constructionism Strict Constructionists (Democratic-Republicans): Federal government can only do what is explicitly stated in the Constitution. Loose Constructionists (Federalists): Federal government has implied powers through the Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”). The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) British ship Leopard attacked the American ship Chesapeake off the Virginia coast. Escalated tensions between the U.S. and Britain. Sparked outrage and calls for retaliation but also Jefferson’s attempt to avoid war. Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson’s response to British and French interference with American trade during the Napoleonic Wars. Banned all U.S. exports to foreign countries. Goals: ○ Avoid conflict and pressure Britain/France to respect U.S. neutrality. Consequences: ○ Devastated the U.S. economy, particularly in New England (shipping and trade). ○ Stimulated smuggling and domestic dissent. Eventually replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), which limited the embargo to Britain and France. 12th Amendment (1804) Required separate ballots for the president and vice president in the Electoral College to prevent future electoral ties like in 1800. War of 1812 (Brief Context) Not heavily emphasized during Jefferson’s presidency. Tensions over British impressment of American sailors and interference with trade escalated into open conflict under Madison’s presidency. I. James Madison  James Madison (1809-1817) 4th President of the United States Known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. Presidency dominated by foreign policy challenges and the War of 1812. The Road to the War of 1812 Key Causes 1. British Impressment of U.S. Sailors: ○ British Navy forcibly conscripted American sailors to serve on British ships. ○ Seen as a violation of U.S. sovereignty and individual rights. 2. Arming of Native Americans: ○ British supplied Native American tribes with weapons to resist U.S. westward expansion. ○ Increased conflicts on the western frontier. 3. War Hawks: ○ Southern and Western Congressmen advocating for war against Britain. ○ Leaders: Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC). ○ Goals: Defend U.S. honor. Stop British interference in U.S. affairs. Expand U.S. territory, especially into Canada. 4. Orders in Council and Berlin Decree: ○ British and French policies restricted neutral trade during the Napoleonic Wars. ○ Orders in Council (British): Required neutral ships to stop at British ports for inspection. ○ Berlin Decree (French): Allowed French forces to seize ships trading with Britain. ○ Result: U.S. merchant ships were frequently seized or harassed. The War of 1812 Declaration of War: President Madison formally requested Congress to declare war on Britain in June 1812. ○ Federalist Opposition: Nicknamed “Mr. Madison’s War” due to fears of economic ruin from losing trade with Britain.  Key Events 1. Washington, D.C., Burned (1814): ○ British forces invaded the capital and set fire to the White House and other government buildings. 2. Battle of Baltimore (1814): ○ British failed to capture Baltimore’s Fort McHenry, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner”. 3. New England Trade and Disloyalty: ○ New England merchants continued trading with British Canada, undermining the war effort. The Hartford Convention (1814-1815) Federalist delegates from New England met to discuss grievances over the war. Proposed constitutional amendments to limit federal power (e.g., 2/3 vote for war declarations). Discussed secession but did not act on it. Effect: Perceived as unpatriotic and contributed to the Federalist Party’s decline after the war. End of the War Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) Terms: ○ Status quo ante bellum (no territorial changes; things returned to how they were before the war). ○ No clear victor, but U.S. gained international respect as a sovereign nation. ○ British harassment of American ships ceased. Both sides were exhausted and eager to end hostilities. The Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) Context: ○ Fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, but news had not yet reached the combatants. Outcome: ○ Major U.S. victory under General Andrew Jackson. ○ Boosted American morale and created the false impression that the U.S. decisively won the war.  Significance of the War of 1812 1. Nationalism: ○ Renewed pride in the United States as an independent nation. ○ Celebrations of victories like the Battle of New Orleans fostered a strong national identity. 2. End of the Federalist Party: ○ The Hartford Convention’s perceived disloyalty damaged the Federalists' reputation beyond repair. 3. Economic Changes: ○ Embargoes and war disruptions encouraged the growth of U.S. manufacturing and reduced dependence on foreign goods. 4. Military Legacy: ○ Highlighted the need for a stronger U.S. military and infrastructure. ○ Elevated Andrew Jackson to national prominence (future president). James Monroe James Monroe 5th President of the United States 1817-1825 The Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) Nickname for Monroe’s presidency—optimism and unity post-War of 1812. Nationalism: Pride in the nation, increased identification with America (shift from European influence). ○ Federalists disappear; one-party rule under Democratic-Republicans. ○ Cotton economy boosts national pride. Sectionalism: Economic and social differences between regions: ○ North: Industrial growth, prosperity. ○ South: Agricultural focus, resentment over tariffs benefiting the North. Growth of the Nation 1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain. The American System (Henry Clay): ○ Renewed Hamilton’s bank, tariffs for protection, internal improvements like the Erie Canal. Industrial Growth: Textile mills, cotton gin, Lowell Mill system (female workforce). The Missouri Compromise (1820-1821) Authored by Henry Clay ("The Great Compromiser"). Addressed the balance between slave and free states: ○ Missouri: Slave state. ○ Maine: Free state (maintaining balance). ○ 36°30' Line: Slavery prohibited north of this line in future territories. Highlighted sectional tensions over slavery. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) Bold foreign policy asserting American dominance in the Western Hemisphere: ○ No European colonization or intervention in the Americas.  ○ "Fake it till we make it": US backs claim with British naval support. ○ Long-lasting influence on US foreign policy. The Seminole Wars & Florida Acquisition Seminoles in Florida resist US authority. Andrew Jackson: ○ Led attacks during 1818, pressured Spain to cede Florida. Adams-Onís Treaty: Negotiated by John Quincy Adams, securing Florida for the US. Key Supreme Court Cases (John Marshall’s Court) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): ○ Established federal supremacy; states can’t tax federal institutions. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): ○ Clarified federal control over interstate commerce. Legacy of James Monroe Oversaw an era of optimism but underlying tensions (nationalism vs sectionalism). Expanded US territory and influence through diplomacy and military action. Strengthened federal authority through judicial decisions. 1. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson 7th President of the United States 1829-1837 Election of 1824 "Corrupt Bargain": ○ Jackson won the popular and electoral vote but not the majority needed. ○ Congress chose John Quincy Adams as president. ○ Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) became Secretary of State → Jackson accused them of conspiring. Election of 1828 Voting Expansion: Property ownership no longer required → more poor white men could vote. Jackson won by a landslide: ○ Military hero, seen as a "common man" vs elite politicians. ○ Controversial past (duels, scandals) only boosted his popularity. Inauguration Day: Chaos at the White House—supporters partied, got drunk, and trashed the place. Presidency Veto Power Used the veto more than previous presidents → "King Andrew" criticism. Opposed federal funding for internal improvements (e.g., Henry Clay’s American System). The Market Revolution Economic transformation: ○ Specialization on farms. ○ Growth of cities and transportation improvements. ○ Shift toward a more interconnected marketplace.  Spoils System Gave government jobs to political allies: ○ Criticized as corrupt ("King Andrew"). ○ Supporters viewed it as empowering the common man. The National Bank Jackson killed the National Bank, viewing it as a tool of the wealthy elite. ○ Removed federal funds, placing them in state banks ("pet banks"). ○ Economic instability followed, leading to a financial crisis. ○ Jackson’s portrayal as a champion of the common man remained strong. The Nullification Crisis "Tariff of Abominations": South Carolina refused to enforce federal tariffs. Jackson responded with the Force Bill, threatening military action. ○ Preserved the Union but contradicted his image as a man of the people. Trail of Tears Forced removal of the Cherokee from Georgia after gold was discovered. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee staying, but Jackson ignored the decision. ○ Thousands of Native Americans died during the forced relocation. Legacy of Andrew Jackson Loved by the common man, hated by elites. Strengthened the presidency while undermining other branches of government. Economic policies and authoritarian actions left a controversial but impactful legacy. REFORM!!!  Presidents Overview Martin Van Buren (8th President, 1837–1841) Panic of 1837: ○ An economic depression caused by Jackson’s destruction of the National Bank and the Specie Circular, which required land payments in gold and silver. ○ Led to widespread bank failures and unemployment. ○ Van Buren’s response (the Independent Treasury Act) separated federal funds from state banks but failed to alleviate the crisis. William Henry Harrison (9th President, March 4–April 4, 1841) Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe (War of 1812). Whig Party candidate; campaigned as a “common man” in the Log Cabin Campaign. Died just 32 days into his term, the shortest presidency in U.S. history. John Tyler (10th President, 1841–1845) Former Democrat turned Whig but clashed with the Whig Party. “His Accidency”: First vice president to assume the presidency after Harrison’s death. Vetoed Whig policies, including the re-establishment of a National Bank, alienating both parties. Reforms: Definition and Global Comparisons Reform: Aimed to address societal issues and improve conditions. Global examples for comparison: ○ Abolition of Slavery: Global movement, culminating in Britain’s Slavery Abolition Act (1833) and influencing U.S. abolitionists. ○ Protestant Reformation: Religious reform in Europe addressing corruption in the Catholic Church. ○ Meiji Reformation: Japan’s modernization to compete in a global industrial society. ○ Young Turks: Advocated for modernization and secularization in the Ottoman Empire. 19th-Century Cultural Change and Reform Movements Rise of American Culture Following the War of 1812, a sense of nationalism inspired distinct American cultural expressions in: ○ Art: Celebrated American landscapes.  ○ Literature: Focused on uniquely American themes and values. ○ Religion: Sparked new ways of thinking about salvation and society. Hudson River School First American art movement, flourishing in the 1820s. Founded by Thomas Cole. Paintings emphasized: ○ Sublime beauty of the American wilderness. ○ Relationship between humanity and nature. ○ Key figures: Asher Durand, Frederic Church. ○ Example: The Oxbow by Thomas Cole. American Literature Emerged after the War of 1812 when Americans sought cultural independence from European influences. Key writers: ○ Washington Irving (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle): Blended American folklore and themes. ○ James Fenimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans): Romanticized frontier life and Native Americans. ○ Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter): Critiqued Puritan society. ○ Herman Melville (Moby-Dick): Explored themes of obsession, human struggle, and nature. Transcendentalism Intellectual and philosophical movement in New England. Emphasized: ○ Individualism: Trusting oneself and rejecting societal norms. ○ Nature: A source of spiritual and moral guidance. Key Figures: ○ Ralph Waldo Emerson: Writings: Self-Reliance, Nature. Advocated for self-improvement and rejection of conformity. ○ Henry David Thoreau: Writings: Walden (1854). Practiced civil disobedience, refusing to pay taxes to protest slavery and the Mexican-American War.  Inspired future activists like Gandhi and MLK Jr. The Second Great Awakening (1830s) Religious revival spreading Protestant ideas across the U.S. Core beliefs: ○ Free Will: Rejected Calvinist predestination, emphasizing individuals’ ability to shape their destiny. ○ Moral Reform: Encouraged societal improvements as a path to salvation. Effects: ○ Growth of new denominations (Methodists, Baptists). ○ Increased participation of women in religious activities. ○ Inspired social reform movements: Abolition, temperance, education. Leaders: ○ Charles Grandison Finney: Evangelical preacher, promoted abolition and temperance. Communal Experiments Utopian societies sought to create perfect communities: ○ Mormons (1830): Founded by Joseph Smith, moved to Utah under Brigham Young. ○ Shakers (1840s): Practiced celibacy, communal living; eventually declined. ○ Brook Farm (1841): Transcendentalist experiment promoting shared resources; failed due to financial struggles. Lessons: Reinforced the idea that reforming existing society was more sustainable than creating isolated utopias. Reform Movements Abolitionist Movement Goal: End slavery across the U.S. Leaders: ○ Frederick Douglass: Former slave, powerful speaker, and author (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass). ○ William Lloyd Garrison: Published The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation. ○ Harriet Tubman: Leader of the Underground Railroad, helped slaves escape to freedom. Events: ○ American Anti-Slavery Society: Founded in 1833. ○ Divisions between radical abolitionists and moderates.  Women’s Rights Movement Inspired by the Seneca Falls Convention (1848): ○ Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. ○ Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding equality in education, voting, and property rights. Temperance Movement Aimed to reduce alcohol consumption, seen as a root of social problems. Organizations: ○ American Temperance Society (founded in 1826). Success: Some states enacted prohibition laws. Mental Health Reform Led by Dorothea Dix: Advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill. Established mental asylums across the U.S. Education Reform Led by Horace Mann: ○ Advocated for free, universal public education. ○ Pushed for standardized curricula, trained teachers, and longer school terms. Key Takeaways for APUSH Exam Understand how cultural nationalism developed through art, literature, and religion. Connect reform movements to the Second Great Awakening and changing societal values. Analyze the successes and failures of various reform efforts. Be prepared to compare 19th-century reforms with later movements (e.g., 1960s Civil Rights). MANIFEST DESTINY  Presidents Overview 3rd President: Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) Louisiana Purchase (1803): Doubled the size of the U.S., acquired from France. Advocated for agrarian democracy and westward expansion. Contradicted his strict constructionist beliefs to expand federal power for the purchase. 7th President: Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Indian Removal Act (1830): ○ Authorized removal of Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi. ○ Led to the Trail of Tears (1838–1839), where thousands of Cherokee and other tribes were forcibly relocated. Texas Independence: Jackson sympathized with Texas but did not annex it due to the slavery debate and fear of conflict with Mexico. 8th President: Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) Opposed Texas Annexation: Feared it would exacerbate sectional tensions over slavery. Dealt with the Panic of 1837, an economic depression caused by Jacksonian banking policies. 9th President: William Henry Harrison (1841) Died just 32 days into office, making his the shortest presidency in history. 10th President: John Tyler (1841–1845) Texas Annexation: ○ Pushed through the annexation of Texas in 1845 via a joint resolution in Congress, sidestepping the need for a treaty. ○ His actions laid the groundwork for Manifest Destiny and westward expansion. 11th President: James K. Polk (1845–1849) Manifest Destiny Advocate:  ○ Strongly supported westward expansion, making it the hallmark of his presidency. ○ Served a single term, achieving his major goals. Oregon Territory: ○ Campaigned on the slogan “54°40’ or Fight!”, demanding the entire Oregon Territory from Britain. ○ Settled diplomatically with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, dividing the territory along the 49th parallel. Mexican-American War (1846–1848): ○ Provoked war with Mexico to gain the Southwest. ○ Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, giving the U.S. Texas, California, and the Mexican Cession. 12th President: Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Mexican-American War hero and member of the Whig Party. Died unexpectedly in 1850 during debates over the Compromise of 1850. Manifest Destiny Definition: The belief that the United States had a divine right and duty to expand its territory across the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean. Motivations: ○ Economic opportunities (fertile land, gold rush). ○ Political goals (spreading democracy). ○ Racial and cultural superiority (belief in Anglo-American civilization). Southern Agenda: Expansion was tied to the goal of increasing slave-holding territory. Mexico and Texas Background Mexican Independence (1821): Mexico gained independence from Spain and invited American settlers into Texas. Settlement: ○ American farmers, often with slaves, settled in Texas to take advantage of fertile land. ○ Tensions grew as Americans ignored Mexican laws banning slavery. Republic of Texas (1835–1836)  Texas revolted against Mexican President Santa Anna, winning independence after the Battle of San Jacinto (1836). Annexation Delayed: Texas immediately sought annexation by the U.S., but Presidents Jackson and Van Buren delayed due to slavery debates and fear of conflict with Mexico. Westward Expansion Election of 1844 Issue: Westward expansion and annexation of Texas dominated the election. James K. Polk: Won on a pro-expansion platform, supporting both Texas annexation and acquisition of the Oregon Territory. Oregon Trail Description: ○ A 2,000-mile route from Missouri to Oregon, crossing plains, mountains, and rivers. ○ Based on Native American trails. Timeline: ○ 1836: First used by settlers. ○ 1843: The Great Migration of 1843, the first mass migration, brought hundreds of settlers westward. Challenges: Harsh weather, disease, and difficult terrain. The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) Causes: ○ Mexico refused to sell California and other territories (Slidell Mission). ○ Polk stationed U.S. troops in disputed territory, provoking a Mexican attack. Key Battles: ○ Battle of Buena Vista (1847): Zachary Taylor’s victory. ○ Capture of Mexico City (1847): Led by General Winfield Scott. Outcome: ○ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): U.S. gained Texas, California, and the Mexican Cession (present-day Southwest). Mexico was paid $15 million for the land. The Wilmot Proviso (1846)  Proposed banning slavery in any territory gained from Mexico. Failed to pass but highlighted the growing sectional divide over slavery. California Gold Rush (1848–1849) Discovery: Gold found at Sutter’s Mill in 1848. Migration: ○ 1849: Massive influx of “49ers” to California. ○ Led to California’s rapid population growth and statehood in 1850. Impact: Boosted the U.S. economy and intensified debates over slavery in new territories. Key APUSH Themes for Westward Expansion 1. Sectionalism: Expansion worsened North-South tensions over slavery. 2. Economic Impact: Created opportunities for settlers and boosted trade but led to displacement of Native Americans. 3. Diplomacy and War: Expansion was achieved through treaties (Oregon) and war (Mexico). THE CIVIL WAR Civil War Road to War & Key Events Millard Fillmore (13th President) 1850-1853 Franklin Pierce (14th President) 1853-1857 James Buchanan (15th President) 1857-1861 Main Causes of Civil War (9) 1. Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Act 2. Kansas-Nebraska Act 3. Bleeding Kansas/Pottawatomie Massacre 4. "Free Soil" Movement/Slave Power Conspiracy 5. "Uncle Tom’s Cabin" 6. Dred Scott Decision 7. Lecompton Constitution 8. Lincoln/Douglas Debates 9. John Brown’s Harper Ferry Raid Election of 1860 4 candidates: Abraham Lincoln, John Bell, Stephen Douglas, John Breckinridge Democratic Party splits over slavery, leading to formation of Republican Party Lincoln wins (40% of the vote, no Southern states) Abraham Lincoln (16th President) Goal: Restore the Union, not end slavery Southern states secede, forming the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis becomes Confederate president Secession & War Begins Crittenden Compromise (Lincoln rejects) Fort Sumter: First shots of the Civil War (April 12, 1861) Confederate vs Union Strengths  Confederate Strengths: Trained officers, cotton, high morale Union Strengths: Larger population, factories, food crops, railroads Key Events Manassas (Bull Run): 1st major battle, South victory Cotton Diplomacy: South hopes Britain will intervene, fails Anaconda Plan: Union blockade Southern ports War of Attrition: South strategy, but Union has more resources Notable Figures General Robert E. Lee (Confederate Army) General George McClellan (Union Army) General Ulysses S. Grant (Union Army) Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland States with slavery, but not siding with Confederacy Lincoln’s Actions Martial Law in Maryland Suspension of Habeas Corpus Military Draft Copperheads: Pro-South Democrats in Congress Battle of Antietam (Sept. 1862) Union victory leads to the Emancipation Proclamation (freed slaves in Confederate states) Allowed Black soldiers in the Union Army Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Bloodiest battle, Union victory  Gettysburg Address: "A New Birth of Freedom" Vicksburg (July 1863) Union gains control of Mississippi River, key turning point William Tecumseh Sherman’s March (Sept. 1864) Sherman burns Atlanta and marches through Georgia to weaken South End of War & Lincoln’s Leadership 13th Amendment (Feb. 1865): Abolished slavery Surrender at Appomattox (April 1865): General Lee surrenders to General Grant Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Speech: "With malice toward none, with charity for all" Post-Civil War: Reconstruction (1865-1877) Conflict between President Andrew Johnson and Congress Lincoln's 10% Plan (too lenient) vs Wade-Davis Bill (Congress’ harsher plan) Radical Republicans push for freed slaves’ equality and punishment for the South Key Figures: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner A. RECONSTRUCTION Key Topics & People: 1. Andrew Johnson (17th President) ○ Reconstruction plan was lenient, even more so than Lincoln's. ○ Vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau, but Congress overrode his veto. ○ Impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act but acquitted. 2. Freedmen & Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872) ○ The Bureau helped newly freed slaves integrate into society. ○ Provided medical supplies, food, clothing, and education. 3. 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments ○ 13th: Abolished slavery, except as punishment for crimes. ○ 14th: Equal protection for all citizens. ○ 15th: Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race. 4. Radical Reconstruction ○ Military control of the South with the 1866 Reconstruction Act. ○ Southern states were required to guarantee civil rights to Black Americans. ○ The Black Codes were created in response to the freedmen's rights. 5. Voting Restrictions ○ Poll taxes, literacy tests, and the Grandfather Clause were used to limit Black voting, despite the 15th Amendment. 6. The Lost Cause ○ A Southern narrative that justified the Civil War as a fight for "states' rights," not slavery, and portrayed slavery as benign. 7. Ulysses S. Grant (18th President) ○ Led during the peak of Reconstruction, but faced corruption issues within his administration. ○ Supported Black civil rights and continued Reconstruction policies. 8. KKK (Ku Klux Klan) ○ Originated in Tennessee and used violence to intimidate African Americans and Republicans. ○ The Enforcement Acts of 1870 aimed to suppress Klan violence. 9. "Redeemers" ○ Southern elites who aimed to restore white dominance and undo Reconstruction gains. 10. Compromise of 1877 ○ Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South. ○ Resulted in Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president. 11. Jim Crow Laws ○ Instituted racial segregation in the South, heavily influencing society for years to come. 12. The New South ○ Industrial growth, more railroads, but also entrenched racial segregation and discrimination. Study Strategies: 1. Timeline of Events: Create a timeline that connects the key events from Andrew Johnson's presidency to the end of Reconstruction, including the Compromise of 1877. This can help visualize the sequence of events and how they relate. 2. Key Terms & Concepts: Focus on understanding terms like the Black Codes, Lost Cause, Jim Crow, and Reconstruction Amendments. Be sure you can define each term and explain its significance. 3. Key Figures: Learn the major actions and impacts of key figures like Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and Nathan Bedford Forrest (first Grand Wizard of the Klan). 4. Cause and Effect: Think about how events like Johnson’s impeachment, the KKK’s rise, and the Compromise of 1877 affected the progress of Reconstruction. 5. Practice Essay Topics: ○ Evaluate the effectiveness of Reconstruction (Was it a success or failure?) ○ Analyze the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on the Southern states. ○ Discuss the rise of the KKK and how it challenged Reconstruction efforts. 6. Review Key Acts and Amendments: Understand the 14th and 15th Amendments, as well as laws like the Enforcement Acts, which were designed to protect Black Americans. Practice with Primary Sources: Freedmen's Bureau documents and Black Codes would be useful to understand how these laws were implemented and what they meant for African Americans. Look into speeches or documents from key figures like Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and even members of the KKK (though the latter will likely focus on their actions rather than speeches). Tab 10