CIE043 Construction Materials and Testing - Mortar - Student Activity Sheet

CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________...

CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: Mortar Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Define mortar. https://engineeringbasic.com/different- 2) Identify properties of mortars and its common use. types-of-mortar-and-tests-on-mortar/ “ Create a routine. After classes, make sure to do a study period and stick to it. Reviewing will help your retain information better. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) Where is Mortar commonly used? b) What are the types of Mortar? c) What are the properties of a Cement Mortar? B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) MORTAR ❖ Mortar is an intimate mixture of binding material, fine aggregate and water. When water is added to the dry mixture of binding material and the inert material, binding material develops the property that binds not only the inert material but also the surrounding stones and bricks. If the cement is the binding material, then the mortar is known as cement mortar. Other mortars commonly used are lime mortar and mud mortar. The inert material used is sand. ❖ Sand may be obtained artificially by crushing hard stones. Usually, artificial sand is obtained as a by- product while crushing stones to get jelly (coarse aggregate). o Sand is used in mortar and concrete for the following purpose: 1. It sub-divides the paste of binding material into thin films and allows it to adhere and spread. 2. It fills up the gap between the building blocks and spreads the binding material. 3. It adds to the density of the mortar. 4. It prevents the shrinkage of the cementing material. 5. It allows carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reach some depth and thereby improve setting power. 6. The cost of cementing material per unit volume is reduced as this low-cost material increases the volume of mortar. 7. Silica of sand contributes to formation of silicates resulting into the hardened mass. o The properties of good sand are: 1. It should be chemically inert. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ 2. It should be free from organic or vegetable matter. 3. It should be free from salt. 4. It should contain sharp, angular and coarse grains. 5. It should be well graded. 6. It should be hard. ❖ Cement Mortar: o For preparing mortar, first a mixture of cement and sand is made thoroughly mixing them in dry condition. Water is gradually added and mixed with shovels. The cement to sand proportion recommended for various works is as shown is Table 1 Table 1 : Cement to sand proportion for various works; S. No Works Cement:Sand 1 Masonry Works 1:6 to 1:8 2 Plastering Masonry 1: 3 to 1: 4 3 Plastering Concrete 1:3 ❖ Curing: Cement gains the strength gradually with hydration. Hence it is necessary to see that mortar is wet till hydration has taken place. The process to ensure sufficient moisture for hydration after laying mortar/concrete is called curing. Curing is ensured by spraying water. Curing normally starts 6–24 hours after mortar is used. It may be noted that in the initial period water requirement is more for hydration and gradually it reduces. Curing is recommended for 28 days. ❖ Properties of Cement Mortar: The following are the important properties of cement mortar: 1. When water is added to the dry mixture of cement and sand, hydration of cement starts and it binds sand particles and also the surrounding surfaces of masonry and concrete. 2. A mix richer than 1:3 is prone to shrinkage. 3. Well- proportioned mortar provides impervious surface. 4. Leaner mix is not capable of closing the voids in sand and hence the plastered surface is porous. 5. The strength of mortar depends upon the proportion of cement and sand. Strengths obtained with various proportion of cement and sand is shown in Table 2. S No Cement : Sand Compressive Strength 1 1:3 10 N/mm2 2 1:4 7.5 N/mm2 3 1:5 5.0 N/mm2 4 1:6 3.0 N/mm2 5 1:8 0.7 N/mm2 ❖ Uses of Cement Mortar 1. to bind masonry units like stone, bricks, cement blocks. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ 2. to plaster slab and walls make them impervious. 3. to give neat finishing to walls and concrete works. 4. for preparing building blocks. 5. as a filler material in ferro-cement works. 6. as a filler material in stone masonry ❖ Fat lime and hydraulic lime are used for making lime mortar. If fat lime is used, sand mixed is normally 2 to 3 times its volume. If hydraulic lime is used sand mixed is only 2 times the volume of lime. Lime is prepared by pounding, if quantity required is small or by grinding, if the required quantity is more. ❖ Lime mortar is also having good grinding property. Fat lime mortar is used for plastering while hydraulic lime mortar is used for masonry construction. This mortar was considered cheap in olden days and was commonly used in small towns. However, the comber some process of preparation and ease in availability of cement in market has almost replaced the use of lime mortar. ❖ Mud Mortar - Clay lumps are collected and are wetted with water and allowed to mature for 1 or 2 days. It is kneaded well until it attains required consistency. Sometimes fibrous materials like gobber are added in the mix. It prevents cracks in the plaster. If plaster is to be used for outer walls, it is sprayed or painted with bitumen. Its durability is less. It is normally used for the construction of temporary sheds and cheap houses in rural areas. ❖ Special Mortar o The following are some of the special mortars: 1. Cement Clay Mortar: Quality of clay mortar can be improved by adding cement to the mix. Normal proportion of clay to cement is 1:1. It maintains the economy to some extent and there are sufficient improvements in the durability of mud-mortar. 2. Gauged Mortar: It is the mortar obtained by adding cement to lime mortar. The usual proportion of cement, lime and sand are 1:1:6, 1:2:9 and 1:3:12. This mortar is to be used within half an hour after mixing cement. Obviously, it is cheaper than cement mortar and its quality is between that of cement mortar and lime mortar. 3. Decorative Mortar: These mortars are obtained by using colored cement. They are used to give pleasant appearance. Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) Identify which material is being referred to in the following statements. Write Ce for Cement, Co for Concrete, and Me for Mortar 1. __________ It is a binding agent. __________ It is a building material. __________ It acts like glue. 2. __________ It comprises fine sand and cement. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 4 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #12 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ __________ It is made of limestone, sand, iron ore, bauxite and chalk among other materials __________ It is a compound of sand and gravel aggregate along with cement 3. __________ It solidifies when mixed with water and sets into the shape of the container __________ It looks like a thick paste that is laid between bricks and stones. __________ It is a relatively more flexible and can be molded into different forms before it hardens Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) Where is Mortar commonly used? b) What are the types of Mortar? c) What are the properties of a Cement Mortar? Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: Why do Engineers use Masonry Materials specifically CHB or Concrete Hollow Blocks in constructing interior walls or partitions here in the Philippines? What is its major advantage versus a solid concrete wall? C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key 1. 2. 3. a) Ce a) Me a) Ce b) Co b) Ce b) Me c) Me c) Co c) Co This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 5 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #13 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: PARTS AND FUNCTION OF UTM Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Determine the parts of UTM. https://osoblanco.org/what-is-a- 2) Determine the functions of UTM. universal-testing-machine-what-are-its- uses/ “ Set boundaries for yourself. Multitasking is a good skill but we do have our limits. Know when to stop so that you would not overwork yourself. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #13 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) What is UTM? b) What are the major parts of a UTM? c) What are the various tests that can be performed using a UTM? B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE  It is an instrument so designed that it is capable of exerting a tensile, compressive, or transverse stress on a specimen under test. Further, it can be adapted for the determination of Brinell hardness, ductility, cold bend, and other properties. The machine consists essentially of three systems: loading, weighing, and indicating, the loading being applied either mechanically or hydraulically.  The Universal Testing Machine consists of two main parts, viz. the loading unit and the control panel. o The Loading Unit  The loading unit consists of a robust base at the center of which is fitted the main cylinder and piston. A rigid frame consisting of the lower table, the upper cross head and the two straight columns is connected to this piston through a ball and socket joint. A pair of screwed columns mounted on the base pass through the main nuts to support the lower cross-head. This cross head is moved up or down when the screwed columns are rotated by a geared motor fitted to the base. Each cross-head has a tapering slot at the center into which are inserted a pair of racked jaws. These jaws are moved up or down by the operating handle on the cross-head face and is intended to carry the plate (grip) jaws for the tensile test specimen. An elongation scale, which measures the relative movement between the lower table and the lower cross-head, is also provided with the loading unit. o The Control Panel: The control panel contains the hydraulic power unit, the load measuring unit and the control devices. 1. The Hydraulic Power Unit. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #13 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________  The Hydraulic Power Unit consists of an oil pump driven by an electric motor and a sump for the hydraulic oil. The pump is of the reciprocating type, having a set of plungers which assures a continuous non-pulsating oil flow into the main cylinder for a smooth application of the test load on the specimen. Hydraulic lines of the unit are of a special design to enable them to perform various functions. 2. The Load Measuring Unit.  The load measuring unit, in essence is a pendulum dynamometer unit. It has a small cylinder in which a piston moves in phase with the main piston under the same oil pressure. A simple pendulum connected with this small piston by a pivot lever thus deflects in accordance with the load on the specimen and the pivot ratio. This deflection is transmitted to the load pointer which indicates the test load on the dial. The pivot lever has four fulcrum-knife-edges, giving ranges of test load, (viz. 0-100 kN ; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and 0-1000 kN). The required range can be selected by just turning a knob provided for the purpose. The overall accuracy of the machine depends mainly on the accuracy of the measuring unit. 3. Control Devices: These include the electric control devices, the hydraulic control devices and the load indicating devices. a. The Electric Control Devices are in the form of four switches set on the left side of the panel face. The upper and lower push switches are for moving the lower cross- head up and down respectively. The remaining two are the ON and OFF switches for the hydraulic pump. b. The Hydraulic Control Devices are a pair of control valves set on the table or the control panel. The right control valve is the inlet valve. It is a pressure compensated flow control valve and has a built-in overload relief valve. If this valve is in the closed position, while the hydraulic system is on, oil flows back into the sump. Opening of the valve now, cause the oil to flow into the main cylinder in a continuous non-pulsating manner. The left control valve is the return valve. If this valve is in the closed position, the oil pumped into the main cylinder causes the main piston to move up. The specimen resists this, movement, as soon as it gets loaded up. Oil pressure inside the main cylinder (and elsewhere in the line) then starts growing up until either the specimen breaks or the load reaches the maximum value of the range selected. A slow opening of this valve now causes the oil to drain back into the sump and the main piston to descent. c. The Load indicating Devices consist of a range inflating dial placed behind a load indicating dial. The former move and sets itself to the range selected when the range adjusting knob is turned. The load on the specimen at any stage is indicated by the load pointer which moves over the load indicating dial and harries forward with it a dummy. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #13 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________  There are various designs in which Universal Testing Machines are available for usage. The most common components of that are provided by all Universal testing machine manufacturers include: o Load Frame: It usually consists of two strong supports for the frame of the machine. o Load cell: It is composed of any means that would measure the amount of load required in the machine. o Crosshead: The crosshead is used to move the machine in an upward or downward direction. o Output device: This records the output of the tests that are performed on various elements. o Means to measure extension or change on the form: It is used to measure the change in the shape, form, and structure of the metal when force is exerted upon it. o Conditioning: It involves devices that could be used to create favorable atmospheric conditions to carry out the test like maintaining proper pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. o Other components, like text fixtures, product holding jaws, sample making equipment, etc.  Universal testing machines are used to carry out various tests on the elements to check their quality and suitability for industrial usage. These tests are as follows: o Tensile test: This test helps in understanding the tensile strength of the product. it helps in determining the amount of force or pressure that the material could undertake without breaking into pieces. o Compression test: Compression tests help the manufactures in understanding the extension power of the material. It helps in determining to what extent a material or element could be compressed so that it does not break. o Adhesion test: Adhesion test helps in determining the ionic strength of the elements that are being tested. It helps in determining what type of bonds the element could form with other materials to which it is exposed. This helps in pairing the most compatible elements with each other. o Bending test: A bending test helps in determining the level to which an element could be bent for use in industrial purposes. This helps in selecting the more flexible elements for the required jobs. Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) Using at least 500 words, summarize how a compressive strength test is performed on a UTM including the preparation of a concrete cylinder sample. Watch the following videos as a reference for the activity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShIPt36TEQo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nam1dYLNSd4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFWkJpj43yI This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 4 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #13 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) What is UTM? b) What are the major parts of a UTM? c) What are the various tests that can be performed using a UTM? Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: What is the importance of having certain standards such as DPWH or ASTM standard specification in the construction industry? What would happen if these standards are not met? C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key Answers may vary. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 5 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #14 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PART 1 Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Determine different tests conducted to construction materials. Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering 2) Identify the steps to be followed in conducting various tests. by G. Shanmugam, M. S. Palanichamy “Take notes. During classes, have a pen and notebook near where you can write important information discussed by your instructor. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) ❖ Construction Material Testing is of utmost importance because it is critical for the viability and safety of a construction project. CMT can reveal any number of issues related to construction quality. It can highlight future risks, help classify a building site, and assist with engineering decisions. Without CMT, engineers and builders may not know if the quality of the construction meets the requirements. Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of stone? b) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of cement? c) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of mortar? This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #14 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) MATERIAL TESTING FOR STONE ❖ To ascertain the required properties of stones, the following tests can be conducted: (i) Crushing strength test (ii) Water absorption test (iii) Acid test. (i) Crushing Strength Test: o For conducting this test, specimen of size 40 × 40 × 40 mm is prepared from parent stone. Then the sides are finely dressed and placed in water for 3 days. The saturated specimen is provided with a layer of plaster on its top and bottom surfaces to get even surface so that load applied is distributed uniformly. Uniform load distribution can be obtained satisfactorily by providing a pair of 5 mm thick plywood. The specimen so placed in the compression testing machine is loaded at the rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute. The crushing load is noted. Then crushing strength is equal to the crushing load divided by the area over which the load is applied. At least three specimens should be tested and the average should be taken as crushing strength. (ii) Water Absorption Test: o For this test cube specimen weighing about 50 grams are prepared and the test is carried out in the steps given below: (a) Note the weight of dry specimen as W1. (b) Place the specimen in water for 24 hours. (c) Take out the specimen, wipe out the surface with a piece of cloth and weigh the specimen. Let its weight be W2. (d) Suspend the specimen freely in water and weight it. Let its weight be W3. (e) Place the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. Then take it out, wipe the surface with cloth and weigh it. Let this weight be W4. Then, 1) Percentage absorption by weight = (W2 – W1) / W1 × 100 % 2) Percentage absorption by volume = (W2 – W1) / (W2 – W3) × 100 % 3) Percentage porosity by volume = (W4 – W1) / (W2 – W3) × 100 % 4) Saturation coefficient= (W2 – W1) / (W4 – W1) (iii) Acid Test: o This test is normally carried out on sand stones to check the presence of calcium carbonate, which weakens the weather resisting quality. In this test, a sample of stone weighing about 50 to 100 gm is taken and kept in a solution of one per cent hydrochloric acid for seven days. The solution is agitated at intervals. A good building stone maintains its sharp edges and keeps its surface intact. If edges are broken and powder is formed on the surface, it indicates the presence of calcium carbonate. Such stones will have poor weather resistance. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #14 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ MATERIAL TESTING FOR CEMENT ❖ Fineness Test o It is conducted by sieve analysis. 100 gms of cement is taken and sieved through IS sieve No. 9 for fifteen minutes. Residue on the sieve is weighed. This should not exceed 10 percent by weight of sample taken. ❖ Setting Time o Initial setting time and final setting time are the two important physical properties of cement. Initial setting time is the time taken by the cement from adding of water to the starting of losing its plasticity. Final setting time is the time lapsed from adding of the water to complete loss of plasticity. o Before finding initial and final setting time it is necessary to determine water to be added to get standard consistency. For this 300 gms of cement is mixed with about 30% water and cement paste prepared is filled in the mold which rests on non-porous plate. The plunger is attached to the movable rod of vicat apparatus and gently lowered to touch the paste in the mold. Then the plunger is allowed to move freely. If the penetration is 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the mold, then cement is having standard consistency. If not, experiment is repeated with different proportion of water fill water required for standard consistency is found. Then the tests for initial and final setting times can be carried out as explained below: Initial Setting Time: 300 gms of cement is thoroughly mixed with 0.85 times the water for standard consistency and vicat mold is completely filled and top surface is levelled. 1 mm square needle is fixed to the rod and gently placed over the paste. Then it is freely allowed to penetrate. In the beginning the needle penetrates the paste completely. As time lapses the paste start losing its plasticity and offers resistance to penetration. When needle can penetrate up to 5 to 7 mm above bottom of the paste experiment is stopped and time elapsed between the addition of water and end if the experiment is noted as initial setting time. Final Setting Time. The square needle is replaced with annular collar. Experiment is continued by allowing this needle to freely move after gently touching the surface of the paste. Time elapsed between the addition of water and the mark of needle but not of annular ring is found on the paste. This time is noted as final setting time. ❖ Soundness Test o This test is conducted to find free lime in cement, which is not desirable. Le Chatelier apparatus is used for conducting this test. It consists of a split brass mold of diameter 30 mm and height 30 mm. On either side of the split, there are two indicators, with pointed ends. The ends of indicators are 165 mm from the center of the mold. o Properly oiled Le Chatelier mold is placed on a glass plate and is filled completely with a cement paste having 0.78 times the water required for standard consistency. It is then covered with another glass plate and a small weight is placed over it. Then the whole assembly is kept under This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #14 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ water for 24 hours. The temperature of water should be between 24°C and 50°C. Note the distance between the indicator. Then place the mold again in the water and heat the assembly such that water reaches the boiling point in 30 minutes. Boil the water for one hour. The mold is removed from water and allowed to cool. The distance between the two pointers is measured. The difference between the two readings indicates the expansion of the cement due to the presence of unburnt lime. This value should not exceed 10 mm. ❖ Crushing Strength Test o For this 200 gm of cement is mixed with 600 gm of standard sand confirming to IS 650–1966. After mixing thoroughly in dry condition for a minute distilled potable water P 4 + 3 percentage is added where P is the water required for the standard consistency. They are mixed with trowel for 3 to 4 minutes to get uniform mixture. The mix is placed in a cube mold of 70.6 mm size (Area 5000 mm2) kept on a steel plate and prodded with 25 mm standard steel rod 20 times within 8 seconds. Then the mold is placed on a standard vibrating table that vibrates at a speed of 12000 ± 400 vibration per minute. A hopper is secured at the top and the remaining mortar is filled. The mold is vibrated for two minutes and hopper removed. The top is finished with a knife or with a trowel and levelled. After 24 ± 1 hour mold is removed and cube is placed under clean water for curing. After specified period cubes are tested in compression testing machine, keeping the specimen on its level edges. Average of three cubes is reported as crushing strength. The compressive strength at the end of 3 days should not be less than 11.5 N/mm2 and that at the end of 7 days not less than 17.5 N/mm2. MATERIAL TESTING FOR MORTAR ❖ The following tests are conducted on the prepared mortars to ensure their quality: ❖ 1. Crushing Test: This test is carried out on a brick work with the mortar. This brick work is crushed in a compression testing machine and the load is noted down. Then the crushing strength is obtained as load divided by cross-sectional area. ❖ 2. Tensile Strength Test: The mortar prepared is placed in a mold of bricks which has central cross- sectional area as 38 mm × 38 mm. After curing, it is pulled under the grips of tensile testing machine. The ultimate load noted. Then the tensile strength of mortar is load divided by the central cross-sectional area. ❖ 3. Adhesive Test: Two bricks are joined together with mortar to be tested. The upper brick is suspended from an overhead support. A board is hung from the lower brick. Then weights are added to the board till the bricks separate. The adhesive strength is the load divided by area of contact. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 4 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #14 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) In groups of 3, make a research about at least 1 material testing done for each material above (excluding those test that are already mentioned previously in the module). Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of stone? b) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of cement? c) What are the tests conducted in order to ensure the viability of mortar? Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: Select 1 test for each material (total of 3 tests) and explain why it is important to conduct this test for the said material. What would be the effect if the material fails in the said test. C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key Answers may vary. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 5 of 5  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #15 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PART 2 Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Define Fineness Test https://theconstructor.org/question/ 2) Identify its importance and effect what-is-the-significance-of- 3) Define procedure for fineness of cement test fineness-of-cement https://binged.it/3w7Ke9z https://binged.it/3h7h4Sm “ Ask help when needed. Knowing the limitations of the new normal, it would benefit you and your classmates to help one another. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) ❖ Control of particle size of cement is important in practice because it has an influence on the behavior of the cement. Cement which is more finely ground hardens more rapidly and has a higher rate of heat evolution at early ages. Fineness of grinding is of more importance in relation to the workability of concrete mixes. Greater fineness improves the cohesiveness of the concrete mix and the quantity of water rising to the surface of the concrete known as bleeding is reduced. Shrinkage cracking is related to the rate of development of strength of concrete. In general cements which gain more strength rapidly are more apt to cracking. Increasing the fineness of any particular cement, raises its rate of development of strength and so indirectly increases the risk of shrinkage crack formation. Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) What is the objective of conducting a Fineness Test for Cement? b) What will happen if the fineness of the cement is increased? c) What is the fineness limit for cement? This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 3  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #15 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) LAB ACTIVITY 1: FINENESS TEST FOR CEMENT ❖ The fineness of cement is property of cement which indicate the particle size of cement and specific surface area and thus indirectly effect heat of hydration. ❖ Importance/effect of fineness of cement; 1) Fineness of cement affects hydration rate hence the rate of strength gain. 2) Bleeding can be reduced by increasing fineness. However, increased fineness can also lead to the requirement of more water for the workability, resulting in a higher possibility of dry shrinkage. 3) Fineness test is used to change the proper grinding of cement and measures the surface area of the cement particles per unit mass. 4) Therefore, finer cement react faster with water and the rate of development of strength and corresponding heat of hydration is high. ❖ Fineness limit - It should not exceed following percentage by weight for different types of cement; 1) Ordinary Portland cement = 10% 2) Rapid hardening cement = 5% 3) Low heat cement = 5% ❖ Procedure: Step 1: 100 grams of cement is weighed W1. Step 2: The weighed cement is sieved in a 90µ sieve thoroughly for five minutes. Step 3: The residue is weighed W2 and expressed as a percentage of total weight cement and the value is reported as the fineness of cement Step 4: Observation: o Weight of cement taken W1 o Weight of residue after sieving W2 ▪ Calculation: Fineness of cement = 𝑊2 / 𝑊1 × 100 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP8_yrP8xc0 ❖ NOTE: Watch the videos listed below the references for a more in-depth procedure regarding the test for fineness of cement. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 3  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #15 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) Write a short summary of your observations regarding the laboratory activity. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) What is the objective of conducting a Fineness Test for Cement? b) What will happen if the fineness of the cement is increased? c) What is the fineness limit for cement? Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: What would happen if based on the results of the fineness test, the cement exceeds the fineness limit? C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key Answers may vary. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 3  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #16 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PART 3 Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Define Slump Test https://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete 2) Define procedure for slump test -slump-test.html https://binged.it/3dlIzqi “ Remember your goals. There is a time where you will be tired and stressed about school. Remembering your plans will motivate you to do great in all of your subjects. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) ❖ The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures concrete consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. ❖ The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete which then gives an idea about the workability condition of concrete mix. Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) What are the materials needed in conducting a slump test? b) What is the objective of performing a slump test? c) How can you say if the slump is a true slump? Differentiate it from a collapse slump and shear slump. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #16 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) LAB ACTIVITY 2: SLUMP TEST FOR CONCRETE ❖ Slump Test Apparatus o Slump cone, o Scale for measurement, o Temping rod (steel) ❖ Procedure: Step 1: Firstly, the internal surface of the mold is cleaned carefully. Oil can be applied on the surface. Step 2: The mold is then placed on a base plate. The base plate should be clean, smooth, horizontal and non-porous. Step 3: The mold is filled with fresh concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times with a steel rod. The diameter of this steel rod is 5⁄8 inch. The rod is rounded at the ends. The tamping should be done uniformly. Step 4: After filling the mold, excess concrete should be removed and the surface should be leveled. When the mold is filled with fresh concrete, the base of the mold is held firmly by handles. Step 5: Then the mold is lifted gently in the vertical direction and then unsupported concrete will slump. The decrease in height at the center point is measured to nearest 5mm or 0.25 inch and it is known as ‘slump’ ❖ Cautions Required During Concrete Slump Test o To get the proper result, some cautions must be taken during the test. Following is the list of major caution that can be maintained. ▪ Inside of the mold and base should be moistened before every test. It is necessary to reduce surface friction. ▪ Prior to lifting mold, the area around the base of the cone should be cleaned from concrete which may be dropped accidentally. ▪ The mold and base-plate should be non-porous. ▪ This test should be performed in a place free of vibration or shocks. ▪ The concrete sample should be very fresh, the delay must be avoided and the test should be done just after mixing. ❖ Measurement of workability from the Slump Test This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #16 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ o If shear slump or collapse slump occurs, the test should be repeated. We can get the result from the only true slump. We can classify the result within some ranges according to the slump value. a) Very low workability: slump value 0-25mm or 0-1 inch b) Low workability: slump value 25-50mm or 1-2 inch c) Medium workability: slump value 50-100mm or 2-4 inch d) High workability: slump value 100-175mm or 4-7 inch ❖ The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as; o Collapse Slump o Shear Slump o True Slump ❖ In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate. It means the water- cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not appropriate. ❖ In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways or if one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump. The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete needs to be retested for valid results. ❖ In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape. This is the only slump which is used in various tests. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no variation can be detected between mixes of different workability. However, in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes. ❖ Applications of Slump Test o The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction. o This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour- to-hour variation in the materials being fed into the mixer. An increase in slump may mean, for instance, that the moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases. o Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency of sand. o Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer operator to remedy the situation. o This application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible for its widespread use. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kgir9mMsqY ❖ NOTE: Watch the videos listed below the references for a more in-depth procedure regarding the test for fineness of cement. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #16 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) Write a short summary of your observations regarding the laboratory activity. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) What are the materials needed in conducting a slump test? b) What is the objective of performing a slump test? c) How can you say if the slump is a true slump? Differentiate it from a collapse slump and shear slump. Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: Why is it important to consider the workability of concrete? C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key Answers may vary. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 4 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #17 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PART 4 Materials: Lesson Objectives: Black Ballpen At the end of the module, you should be able to References: 1) Define the Setting Time for Cement https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ce 2) Define procedure for the Setting Time of Cement ment-setting-time-stages-processes/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tK uexK4zto “ Celebrate your success. After doing so many activities, you deserve to treat yourself. Eat your favorite snack, take a long nap or even watch an episode of an ongoing series is a good self-reward. “ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction (5 mins) ❖ The action of changing mixed cement from a fluid state to a solid state is called setting of cement and time required for it to set is called setting time of cement. Setting time of cement is same as setting time of concrete. Stages of setting of cement, setting times of cement and factors affecting and initial and final setting time of different cements and various processes involved are discussed. When water is mixed with cement to form a paste, reaction starts. In its pure form, the finely ground cement is extremely sensitive to water. ❖ The initial setting time is the exact moment when the concrete starts to harden. In theory, this time starts as soon as the water is added to the cement. The final setting time is the moment the concrete has hardened enough so that a five-millimeter square needle no longer penetrates the surface. Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (2 mins) Review What I Know Questions: a) What is the objective of conducting a test regarding the setting time of concrete? b) What are the materials needed in performing this test? c) What are the factors that may affect the setting time of cement? This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 1 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #17 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ B.MAIN LESSON Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins) LAB ACTIVITY 3: SETTING TIME OF CEMENT ❖ Slump Test Apparatus o Vicat apparatus o Tray o Trowel o Measuring cylinder o Weighing machine ❖ Theory: It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case there might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes too rigid. In the second case too long a setting period tends to slow up the work unduly, also it might postpone the actual use of the structure because of inadequate strength at the desired age. Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special attachment pressed into it. Two periods of times are used to assess the setting behavior. These are called the “initial setting time”. ❖ Procedure: o Initial Setting Time Step 1: 300 gm of cement is taken and it is mixed with percentage of water as determined in consistency test i.e., 30% (90 ml water). Step 2: The cement paste is filled in the Vicat mold. Step 3: The square needle of cross section 1mm× 1mm is attached to the moving rod of the Vicat apparatus. Step 4: The needle is quickly released and it is allowed to penetrate the cement paste. In the beginning the needle penetrates completely. Step 5: Then it is taken out and dropped at afresh place. Step 6: The procedure is repeated at regular intervals till the needle is failed to penetrate t 5mm measured from the bottom. Step 7: The time interval between the addition of water to cement and the stage when needle ceases to penetrate 5mm from the bottom of the mold. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 2 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #17 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ o Final Setting Time Step 1: The cement paste is prepared as described for initial setting time. Step 2: The needle with annular collar is attached to the moving rod of the vicat apparatus. This needle has a sharp point projecting in the center with annular collar. Step 3: The needle is gently released. The time at which the needle makes an impression on test block and the collar fails to do so is noted. Step 4: The final setting time is the difference between the time at which water was added to cement and time as recorded in ❖ This time should be about 10 hours for ordinary cement. ❖ Note: According to ASTM C150: Initial time of setting, not less than 45 min. Final time of setting, not more than 375 min. ❖ Setting time of cement decreases by adding Calcium Chloride. by adding calcium chloride decrease setting time of cement or shortens the time wasted at the well site as operators wait for cement properties to take hold ❖ Many factors affect the setting time of cement after mixed with water, they are o Composition of cement. o Amount of gypsum in cement o Fineness of cement o Curing o Water cement ratio o Type of admixture used o Storage of cement ❖ NOTE: Watch the videos listed below the references for a more in-depth procedure regarding the test for fineness of cement. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 3 of 4  CIE043: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING Student Activity Sheet #17 Name: ______________________________________________________________ Class number: ______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (5 mins + 5 mins checking) Write a short summary of your observations regarding the laboratory activity. Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins) Questions: What I Learned a) What is the objective of conducting a test regarding the setting time of concrete? b) What are the materials needed in performing this test? c) What are the factors that may affect the setting time of cement? Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Question: What would happen if the setting time of the cement tested exceeds the limit for either the initial time of setting, or the final time of setting? What would be its effect in actual construction? C. LESSON WRAP-UP Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) 1) What is the most important thing that you have learned today? 2) Which part of today’s lesson do want to learn more about? 3) What topic was difficult for you to understand? You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! You are done with your session! Let’s track your progress! Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 0 1 2 3 Q1 4 5 6 P1 7 8 Q2 9 10 11 P2 12 13 14 15 Q3 16 17 P3 Answer Key Answers may vary. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 4 of 4