Introduction To Arthology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ARTROLOGY3 Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower extremities Types: - Solid: no cavity, components held together by connective tissue (bone, fibrous tissue, cartilage) - Synovial: elements separated by a cavity SO...

INTRODUCTION TO ARTROLOGY3 Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower extremities Types: - Solid: no cavity, components held together by connective tissue (bone, fibrous tissue, cartilage) - Synovial: elements separated by a cavity SOLID JOINTS (synarthrosis) Bone ( synostosis ) e.g. sacrum Fibrous ( synfibrosis ): - Skull sutures: - Gomphosis : - Syndesmosis : periosteum and fibrous tissue (flat, serrated, squamous-beveled, squindylesis ) tooth distal tibio-fibular, dense fibrous suture Cartilaginous: - Synchondrosis : - Amphiarthrosis: epiphyseal cartilage, sternocostal pubis, intervertebral disc; lamina of hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage = symphysis SYNOVIAL JOINTS (diarthrosis) CLASSIFICATION: Articular surface shape: - Plane (plane, arthrodia ) - Hinge (ginglymus , trochlea): - Pivot ( trochoidal ): - Condylar (condylar): - bicondylar - Saddle (sellar): - spheroid (enarthrosis) Movement: - Uniaxial - biaxial - multiaxial 1 flat plane, glide 1 transverse axis, extension-flexion 1 vertical axis, rotation 2 axes, no rotation in the vertical axis, 2 axes (transversal and longitudinal) EF, 2 axes multiaxial ; with many axes (ball and socket), carpo-metacarpal interphalangeal radioulnar and atlanto-odontoid metacarpophalangeal knee and occipital-atlas rotation trapezio-metacarpal shoulder and hip a single axis two axes multiple axes COMPONENTS - Articular cartilage, hyaline - Synovial membrane (highly vascularized , produces synovial fluid) - Fibrous capsule (fibrous membrane) - Ligaments: provide stability to the joint - Synovial bursa - Fat pads - Tendons - Articular discs: menisci (fibrocartilage), pubis, knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular 3 https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Fibrous,_cartilage,_and_synovial_joints 4 JOINT MOVEMENTS4 Sagittal plane Axial Plane Frontal plane (coronal plane) Special Flexion – extension (1) Neck Back Shoulder Elbow Wrist Fingers Hips Knee Ankle Flexion (plantar) - Extension (dorsiflexion) (2) Foot fingers Nutation - counternutation Sacroiliac Rotations (3) Neck Protraction - Retraction Shoulder Pronation - Supination Forearm Forefoot External - internal rotation Shoulder Hips Knee Abduction – Adduction (4) Shoulder Hips Metacarpophalangeal (5) Inclination Neck Back Elevation - Depression Shoulder Radial - ulnar deviation Wrist Inversion - Eversion subtalar Thumb (6) Flexion - Extension Abduction - Adduction (frontal plane) Opposition – Reposition (7) Circumduction: combination of movements in several axes. 1 Flexion: movement towards the fetal position. Extension: it is the opposite movement. This criterion does not apply to all joints, e.g. the shoulder. 2 By embryological origin, the back of the forefoot is...dorsal, that is, posterior. 3 External rotation: anterior surface rotates laterally. Internal rotation: anterior surface rotates medially. 4 Abduction: moves the limb away from the sagittal plane. Adduction: brings the limb closer to the sagittal plane. 5 In the hand it is said in relation to the 3rd finger. In the foot it is said in relation to the 2nd toe. 6 It is said in relation to the thumb plane (sagittal): it is perpendicular to the coronal anatomical plane. 7 From the 1st finger to the 5th. 4 https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Anatomical_terminology Desde 8´15” 5 INTRODUCTION TO NEUROMUSCULAR ANATOMY5 Fascia and connective tissue A fascia is the fibrous tissue that covers deep organs. - The superficial fascia is immediately under the skin. - The deep fascia surrounds the muscles, forming closed compartments. The internal connective tissue of the muscle can be grouped at its ends forming - tendons - aponeurosis, e.g. bicipital aponeurosis Types of muscles according to the orientation of their fibers - Sartorius Convergent - Peniform Fusiform Spiral circular Types of inserts parallels Pectoralis muscle fibers at an angle to the tendon: soleus , deltoid tendons at both ends: semitendinosus, biceps insertion points twist, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major sphincters, orbicular - Origin: the junction point that does not move - Insertion: the attachment point that moves The origin of a muscle can be a tendon (indirect insertion) or by direct insertion into the periosteum. Denomination of the muscles, it may be due to their... - Location Function Shape Direction of the fibers - Heads - Fixation points - Size, length brachialis, gluteus abductor longus deltoid, teres rectus abdominis bicep Coracobrachialis gluteus medius, teres major, abductor brevis Peculiarities of some muscles Some muscles join one tendon to another: lumbricals Some muscles are attached to the skin (superficial fascia): muscles of the face, palmar cutaneous. The vector of each muscle is direct, from its origin to its insertion, but its function depends on whether or not the origin and insertion are in the same plane. Some muscles change planes with respect to the axis of rotation of the joint they move. Thus, for example, the latissimus dorsi and teres major pass from posterior to anterior, the sartorius from lateral to medial, the interossei from palmar to dorsal. This concept is very important to understand their function. Spinal roots – peripheral nerves – motor innervation and sensation Each spinal root corresponds to a defined cutaneous territory (dermatome ) Each peripheral nerve corresponds to a defined cutaneous territory. Most peripheral nerves have motor and sensory fibers. Some nerves are purely sensory (e.g. medial antebrachial cutaneous ) The muscular nerve branches normally enter the muscles with the vessels. A muscle is normally innervated by a single peripheral nerve via one or more branches. Some muscles are innervated by more than one peripheral nerve (e.g. flexor digitorum profundus ) To each spinal root corresponds a type of main global muscle action (myotome ) Several spinal roots are involved in one movement, but one of them is more clinically relevant.