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Commonly used terms in Anatomy & Physiology Levels of Organization The body is composed of several levels of structure and function. Each of these levels incorporates the previous level, and contributes to the structure and function of the entire organism. The levels of organization from simplest t...

Commonly used terms in Anatomy & Physiology Levels of Organization The body is composed of several levels of structure and function. Each of these levels incorporates the previous level, and contributes to the structure and function of the entire organism. The levels of organization from simplest to most complex are: – Cell – Tissue – Organ – System – Organism  Cell – The study of the body at the cellular level is called cytology. – The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Cells are composed of: – Cell membrane – Cytoplasm – Nucleus Do you know how many cells are there in your body? 10,000,000,000,00 0 10 trillion cells Types of cells GIVE THE TERMS: RED BLOOD CELLS- Erythrocyte 5 LIVER CELLS - Hepatocyte STUDY OF CELLS - Ex Cytology FLUID INSIDE THE CELL – Cytoplasm Tissue – The study of tissues is called histology. – Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity are called tissues. Organ – Organs are body structures composed of at least two or more tissue types that perform specialized functions. – For example, the stomach is composed of muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and nervous tissue.  System – A body system is composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or interrelated functions. – For example, some of the organs of the gastrointestinal system include the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.  Examples of systems: – Ur/o- (urinary system) – Cardi/o- (cardiovascular system) – Gastr- and intestion- (Gastrointestinal system) – Respiratory system – Reproductive system.  Organism – An organism is a complete living entity capable of independent existence. – All complex organisms, including humans, are composed of several body systems that work together to sustain life.  Activity Arrange the following items in the correct order: □ Organismi □ Organ3 □ Cell& □ System 4 □ Tissue 2  Body Cavities The body has two major cavities: □ The dorsal cavity (posterior) □ The ventral cavity (anterior) Abdominopelvic Divisions The abdominopelvic area of the body is divided to: Quadrants Regions The divisions of quadrants are used in clinical examinations and medical reports. Pain, lesions, abrasions, punctures, and burns. Activity Spine- spinal column The spine is divided into sections corresponding to the vertebrae located in the spinal column. – Cervical (neck) – Thoracic (chest) – Lumbar (loin) – Sacral (lower back) – Coccyx (tailbone). Body Directions Assignment Specialities and Specialists Specialities Specialities are named for the sciences or courses that identified by adding the following suffixes: -logy -iatry and –iatrics -therapy logy (study of, science of) to the appropriate root Definition Term Combining Form Meaning The study of… Biology Bio Life Life Cardiology Cardio Heart heart Cytology Cyto Cell Cells Dermatology Dermato Skin skin Gastro Stomach The stomach and Gastroenterology Entero Intestines intestines Gynecology Gyneco Women Women’s disease Hematology Hemato Blood Blood Term Combining Form Meaning Definition Nephrology Nephro Kidney The kidney Ophthalmology Ophthalmo Eye The eye Pathology Patho Disease Disease The functions of Physiology Physio Nature/ function living organs Psychology Psycho Mind The mind Urine/ the urinary Urology Uro The urinary system system Microbiology Bio Life Microorganisms  OPTHMALOGY Urology nephrology neurology  -iatry and –iatrics (study of, science of) to the appropriate root Term Root Meaning Definition The study of Pediatrics Pedi Child children The study of Psychiatry Psych Mind mental disorder If the subject of the study ends in -iatry or –iatrics, the adjective form is obtained by dropping the letter S from the suffix- -itrics and replacing the letter y with ic. Subject of the study Adjective Pediatrics Pediatric Orthopedics Orthopedic Psychiatry Psychiatric If the subject of the study ends in -logy, the adjective form is obtained by replacing the letter y with the suffix – ical. Subject of the study Adjective Dermatology Dermatological Cardiology Cardiological Pathology Pathological -therapy (treatment) Combining Term Meaning Definition Form Treatment of disease by Physiotherapy Physio Nature nature agencies Treatment of disease by Chemotherapy Chemo Chemicals chemicals Hydrotherapy Hydroy Water Treatment of disease by water Treatment of disease by Radiotherapy Radio Radiation radiation Drug or Treatment of disease by Pharmacotherapy Pharmaco medicine medicine. Radiotherapy Pharmacotherapy Hydratherapy  Activity Select the correct word analysis for the following medical terms: Hydrotherapy means treating diseases by: a. Water b. Nature c. Radiation d. Medicine  Physiology means the study of: a. Disease b. Urinary system c. Women’s disease d. The functions of living organs  The study of mind is known as: a. Pathology b. Psychology c. Microbiology d. Ophthalmology Specialists Specialists: Name of the people who study and practice medical or other career specialties that identified by adding the following suffixes: -logist -ist -iatrist -ician -er (-itioner) -logist (A specialist in …) Term Definition Dermatologist A specialist in skin diseases Cardiologist A specialist in heart diseases Pathologist A specialist in diseases urologist A specialist in the urinary system  -ist Term Meaning Definition A specialist in bone Orthopaedist Bone surgery surgery A specialist in internal Internist Internal medicine medicine -iatrist Term Meaning Definition A specialist in mental Psychiatrist Mental diseases diseases  -ician Term Definition A specialist in children’s Pediatrician diseases A specialist in Obstetrician - management of pregnancy and labour & -er (-itioner) Term Meaning Example A nurse practitioner Someone who practices A doctor Dentist WHAT IS MY SPECIALITY? Gynecologist/Obstetrician WHAT IS MY SPECIALITY? Peditrician WHAT IS MY SPECIALITY? Psychologist Respiratory System  Respiratory System Functions □ Gas exchange between the blood and external environment □ Exchange of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide takes place within the lungs in the alveoli □ Purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air in the nasal cavity □ Produce sound for communication  The Respiratory System Anatomy of the Respiratory System □ Upper respiratory tract □ Nasal Cavity (Nose) □ Pharynx □ Larynx ↑ □ Lower respiratory tract □ Trachea □ Bronchi □ Lungs  The Nose – Nas/o or Rhin/o The nostrils or anterior nares are the external entrances to the nose. Septum is a Partition in the nose. The functions of the nose are : □ Serves as a passageway for air □ Warms and humidifies inhaled air □Mucous membrane trap dust, pollen, bacteria, and other foreign matter  The Pharynx – Pharyng/o The functions of the pharynx are: □Passageway for air and food. □ Aids in sound production by changing shape □ It is divided into three portions: ✔ Nasopharynx ✔Oropharynx ✔Laryngopharynx  The Larynx– Laryng/o commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck The functions of the pharynx are: □Breathing □Producing sound □Protecting the trachea against food aspiration  The Trachea – Trache/o It extends from the pharynx and larynx to the main bronchi  The Bronchi – Bronchi/o □ The trachea divides into the right bronchus and the left bronchus □ Each bronchus then subdivide into the bronchial tree composed of smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts. □ Bronchi functions as a passageway for air to and from the lungs  The Lung – PNEMON\0 Two in number; cone-shaped, spongy organs of respiration lying on either side of the heart within the pleural cavity of the thorax. □Lobes of the lungs –Lob/o Right lung – has three lobes Left lung – has two lobe  Alveoli – Alveol/o □ Each bronchiole terminates in an alveolar sac, a group of alveoli. □ Alveoli is encased by network of capillaries, forming the respiratory membrane. □ Air comes in contact with blood so that O2 and CO2 can be exchanged in the alveoli  Pleura and Diaphragm □ Pleura – pleur/o : Each lung is covered by double-folded serous membrane, □ Diaphragm – Phren/o The musculo-membranous wall that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm has a major part in Inhalation and exhalation. The flow chart to show the path of air in the respiratory tract  Respiratory System Root/Combining Forms Name of parts Word roots Root/combining form Nose Rhin Rhin/o Septum Sept Sept/o Pharynx Pharyng Pharyng/o Larynx Laryng Laryng/o Trachea Trache Trache/o Bronchi Bronch Bronch/o Lungs Pneumon Pneumon/o Lobe Lob Lob/o Alveoli Alveo Alveo  Respiratory System Suffixes Suffixes Meanings Examples –capnia carbon dioxide Hyper/capnia □ – –ectasis dilated, expansion Bronchi/ectasis –osmia smell A/somia –phonia voice Dys/phonia –pnea breathing Brady/pnea –ptysis spitting Hemo/ptysis - thorax chest Hemo/thorax  Pneumon/o = Lung Terms Suffix Definition Pneumon/ectomy Ectomy- removal Excision of part or all of a lung Pneumon/o/tomy Tomy - opening Incision of a lung Pneumon/o/pathy Pathy - disease Any disease of the lungs Pneumon/o/rrhagia Rrhagia – excessive Hemorrhage of a lung discharge/ bleeding Pneumon/ia Ia Acute inflammation of the lungs Pneumon/itis Itis -infection Inflammation of the lungs Pneumon/o/centesis Centesis – surgical Surgical puncture of a punturing lung to remove fluid  Pneum/o = Air Terms Word root Definition Pneum/o/meter Meter- (suffix) An An instrument that instrument to measures air volume measure Pneum/o/hem/o/thorax Pneum/o =Air Collection of air and Hem/o = Blood blood in the chest cavity Pneum/o/py/o/thorax Pneum/o = Air Collection of air and pus Py/o = Pus in the chest cavity Pneum/o/ser/o/thorax Pneum/o = Air Collection of air and Ser/o = Serum serum in the chest cavity  Pnea = Breathing Terms Prefix Meaning A/pnea A - Absence Absence of breathing Dys/pnea Dys - Difficulty Difficult breathing Hyper/pnea Hyper - Increase Increased rate and depth of breathing Tachy/pnea Rapid breathing Respiratory rate more than 20/mt Brady/pnea Slow breathing Respiratory rate less than 12/mt Ortho/pnea Straight /standing Difficulty to breath in lying (supine)position Terms Prefix/root/ combining/suffix Meaning Hem/o/pty/sis Hem/o – blood coughing up blood from the Ptysis – cough and spittting respiratory system. Hyp/oxia Hypo – decrease Low oxygen in organs and tissues Oxia - oxygen Cyan/osis Cyno – blue Bluish color of skin and mucus Osis - condition membrane due to hypoxia Epi/staxis Epi - above Hemorrhage from the nose Staxis – dripping or flow Dys/phonia Dys - Difficulty Difficulty in producing sound Phonia - voice Dys/phasia Dys - Difficulty Difficulty in speaking Phasia - Speech Pharyng/o = Pharynx, Throat Terms Meanings Pharyng/o/tomy Incision of the pharynx Pharyng/o/plasty Surgical repair of the pharynx Pharyng/o/scope Instrument to examine the pharynx Pharyng/itis Inflammation of the pharynx.  Laryng/o = Larynx Terms Suffix Meaning Laryng/itis itis- Inflammation of the infection/inflammation larynx Laryng/algia Algia -Pain Pain in the larynx Laryng/o/stomy Stomy – An opening Creating a new opening in larynx Laryng/o/tomy Tomy – a surgical Incision into the larynx incision Laryng/o/scope Scope – An instrument to Instrument used to visualize examine the larynx  Trache/o = Trachea Terms Meanings Trache/o/scopy Examination of the trachea Trache/o/tomy Incision into the trachea Trache/ostomy Surgical creation of a new opening in the trachea Endo/trache/al Within the trachea  Bronch/o = Bronchi Terms suffix Meaning Bronch/itis Itis – Inflammation/infection Inflammation of the bronchi Bronch/o/scope Scope – An instrument to examine An instrument to vizualize the bronchi Bronch/o/scopy Scopy – visualization of an Examination of a bronchus internal organ with instrument Bronch/o/spasm Spasm - involuntary Contraction of a bronchus contraction of a muscle Bronch/o/rrhaphy rrhaphy Suturing of a bronchus surgical suturing  Pleur/o, (a) = Pleura Terms suffix Meaning Pleur/al -al- pertaining to membrane around the lungs Pleur/itis Inflammation of the pleura Pleur/o/centesis - Centesis – Surgical puncturing surgical puncturing of the pleura Pleur/ectomy Ectomy – removal of part of the Removal pleura cardiac SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES The students will □ Explain the anatomy and functions of the circulatory system □ List the common word roots ,prefixes and suffixes used in cardiovascular system. □ Demonstrate word building and word analysis skills. ORGANS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins  HEART Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day  HEART-HEART CHAMBERS Divided into four chambers Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum LAYERS OF THE HEART Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Outside layer Middle layer Inner layer This layer is the Mostly cardiac parietal muscle pericardium  HEART VALVES Four valves in heart Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aortic Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber BLOOD VESSELS Blood Arteries Arc vessel and s fall arteriole into s three Veins major classe and s: venules ARTERIES Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart. They carry oxygenated blood AAO VEINS Veins and venules carry blood from the body parts to the heart. They carry de-oxygenated blood. VTD CAPILLARIES Capillaries are microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system Body tissues contain a vast network of thin capillaries. Capillary walls are only one cell thick, allowing exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes. WORD ROOTS-HEART & STRUCTURES WORD ROOTS PARTS cardi/o heart ventricul/o ventricle atri/o atrium valvul/o valve valv/o Endocardi/o endocardium Pericardi/o Pericardium Myocardi/o myocardium  WORD ROOTS- BLOOD VESSELS WORD ROOTS PARTS phleb/o vein angi/o vessel aort/o aorta arteri/o artery vascul/o blood vessel WORD BUILDING WITH CARDI/O Meanings Suffixes/prefixes Terminologi es Pertaining to heart ac- Cardiac Decrease in the heart rate Brady- decrease Brady/cardi/a Increase in heart rate Tachy - increase Tachy/cardia Enlarged heart megaly - enlarged- Cardio/megal y Pertaining to muscles of the My/o - muscle My/o/cardi/al heart Heart specialist logist - specialist- Cardio/logist WORD BUILDING WITH VALV/O Meanings terminologie suffixes s Surgical repair of the Valvo/plasty Plasty- valves Inflammation of the Valvu/litis itis- valves Pertaining to valves valvular ar- CARDIOVASCULAR VOCABULARY Meanings Terms Death of tissue due to lack of blood Necrosis supply Necrosis of tissue infarct Decrease blood circulation Ischemia Narrowing of blood vessel or a valve Sten/osis Backflow of blood through a valve regurgitation Formation of a blood clot in the blood thrombus vessels but does not move WORD BUILDING WITH ANGI/O suffixes Terminologie Meaning s -itis Ang/itis Inflammation of the Inflammation vessels -plasty Angio/plasty Surgical repair of Surgical repair vessels -Spasm Angio/spasm Involuntary muscle Contraction contraction of the vessels -stenosis Angio/stenosi Narrowing of the vessel Narrowing s HEART PATHOLOGY Word Analysis Pathology Necrosis or death of the myocardial Myocardial tissues due to lack of blood supply infarction Inflammation of the muscle layer of the Myo/card/it is heart Inflammation of the outer layer of the Pericard/itis heart Inflammation of the inner layer of the Endo/card/itit heart s Narrowing of the aortic artery Aortic stenosis Word Analysis Pathology Narrowing of the mitral valve Mitral stenosis Stenosis: narrowing Backflow of blood through the mitral valve Mitral regurgitation regurgitation: backflow Inflammation of the veins Phleb/itis Phleb -veins Inflammation of the vein resulting in blood Thrombo/phleb/itis.clot or thrombus formation  DIAGNOSTIC Word Analysis terms angi/o/graphy Angi/o/graphy :(¯a˘n-je¯-O˘ G-ra˘-fe) process of recording (an image of ) a vessel angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph) X-ray of veins; used to identify a venography thromb process of recording electrical Electro/cardio/gra activity of heart phy (ECG, EKG) electr/o: electricity  Any question? 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