Genetic Recombination and Mutations PDF

## Genetic recombination and mutations ### 1. Genetic Recombination - **Genomic recombination:** Result of sexual reproduction. It involves the random assortment of the genome from the two parents, resulting in offspring with a unique genetic makeup. - **Chromosomal recombination (in gametogenesis...

## Genetic recombination and mutations ### 1. Genetic Recombination - **Genomic recombination:** Result of sexual reproduction. It involves the random assortment of the genome from the two parents, resulting in offspring with a unique genetic makeup. - **Chromosomal recombination (in gametogenesis):** - **Interchromosomal recombination:** Each gamete has 223 possibilities of combinations. - **Intrachromosomal recombination:** Crossing-over - **Genetic recombination:** Recombination within the gene itself, at the nucleotide level. ### 2. Mutations - Sudden changes in the hereditary material (genes) or chromosomes. ### 3. Cell Division - **Ensures:** - Multiplication of cells. - Transmission of hereditary information from one cell to another (somatic cells). - Transmission of hereditary information from one generation to another (germinal cells). - **Types of cell division:** - **Mitosis:** Division of somatic cells - Occurs in: Spermatogenesis - **Meiosis:** Division of germinal cells - Occurs in: Oogenesis - **Cell cycle:** - Two main phases: - **Interphase:** (G1, S, G2) - **Mitosis (M):** Somatic cell divides into two identical cells. - **Meiosis (M):** Germinal cell divides into two identical cells. ### Definitions - **Homozygote:** Having two identical alleles for a specific gene. - **Heterozygote:** Having two different alleles for a specific gene. - **Genotype:** The genetic constitution of an individual, represented by the alleles present at a specific locus. - **Phenotype:** The observable characteristics of an individual, the result of the interaction between genotype and environment. - **Dominant gene:** A gene that expresses its phenotypic trait in both homozygotes and heterozygotes. - **Recessive gene:** A gene that expresses its phenotypic trait only in homozygotes. - **Congenital:** A trait or condition that is present at birth. It may be genetic or caused by environmental factors. - **Genetics:** The science that studies heredity and variation. - **Genetic medical care:** Focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of genetic disorders. - **Genetic disorders can be classified into three categories:** - Chromosomal disorders - Monogenic disorders - Polygenic, multifactorial disorders.