Untitled Notebook (5).pdf

Blood Extracellular fluid interstitial fluid Lymph Plasma Functions of blood Transports blood, glucose, hormones, and co2 Regulated body temp and blood ph levels Protection (helps limit blood loss by producing clots) Components of blood 1. platelets (formed elements). Plasma A) proteins albumin: reg...

Blood Extracellular fluid interstitial fluid Lymph Plasma Functions of blood Transports blood, glucose, hormones, and co2 Regulated body temp and blood ph levels Protection (helps limit blood loss by producing clots) Components of blood 1. platelets (formed elements). Plasma A) proteins albumin: regulate blood volume/pressure by contributing to osmotic balance; also transports drugs, fatty acids and hormones Fibrinogen: converts to fibrin which forms a mesh that helps stop bleeding to stop wounds globulins A) alpha globulin: involved in transporting bilirubin and certain hormones B) beta globulin: functions in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins C) gamma globulin (immunoglobulin/antibodies): critical role in immune system helping to recognize and neutralize pathogens prothrombin: synthesized by the liver that, when activated to thrombin, plays a key role in the blood clotting cascade by converting fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot. Blood cells and its type with functions 1. White blood cells A) neutrophils: involved in phagocytosis; most abundant wbcs; responsible for fighting bacterial infections B) Lymphocytes: 2 types T cells: made in thymus; some attack infected/abnormal cells while others regulate immune systems B cells: made in bone marrow; produce antibodies and proteins that help identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria or viruses C) Basophil: release histamines and other chemicals involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions D) Eosinophil: involved in combatting parasitic infections and are associated with allergic reactions E) Monocyte: large cells that help remove dead/damaged cells and present antigens to T cells 2.Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 3. Platelets (thrombocytes) Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation that occurs primarily in the bone marrow. Here's a simplified overview: 1. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs): These are undifferentiated cells with the potential to become various blood cell types. They reside in the bone marrow. 2. Multi-potent Progenitor Cells: HSCs give rise to multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells. 3. Myeloid Progenitor Cells: Differentiate into various myeloid cells, including red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. 4. Lymphoid Progenitor Cells: Give rise to lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. 5. Maturation and Circulation: The differentiated cells undergo further maturation, and functional blood cells are released into the bloodstream to perform their specific roles in the immune system (lymphocytes) or in oxygen transport and clotting (myeloid cells). This continuous and regulated process ensures the production of a balanced and functional array of blood cells to maintain homeostasis and respond to the body's needs. Cytokines, growth factors, and other signaling molecules play crucial roles in regulating hematopoiesis at various stages.