Macau Past Paper PDF

How did Macau become the “only gateway between China and Europe” (Stuart Braga, Five Hundred Years of Macau) and a bridge between East and West? How was Macau a beneficiary, a participant, and facilitator of Sino-European interactions since the 15th century? Why and how did a barren village with...

How did Macau become the “only gateway between China and Europe” (Stuart Braga, Five Hundred Years of Macau) and a bridge between East and West? How was Macau a beneficiary, a participant, and facilitator of Sino-European interactions since the 15th century? Why and how did a barren village with no natural resources become a vibrant port-city vital to both Europe and China? How did these processes shape Macau society and culture Question 1 How did Macau become the “only gateway between China and Europe” (Stuart Braga) and a bridge between East and West? It was not the only gateway after 1685, when Qing China opened up other ports for trade, there were other gateways — Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou etc there was the overland Silk Road, the routes through Central Asia But until then, it was the only maritime gateway for Europeans to sail into South China for trade, to spread religion, for intellectual and cultural exchange And the only place European and Chinese culture interacted and mixed to such an extent Macau as a bridge for China, Portugal, Europe and more Religious interactions, cultural exchange, knowledge production and intellectual exchange Peripheral space to manage foreigners in south China Trade and circulation of goods and products (legal or illegal, human or non-human) Movement of people (from mainland China into Macau, or from China into the world) Culinary interactions and conversations Diplomacy - China’s links to the outside world - Europe, the Spanish Empire, Africa, Asia Centre for Chinese nationalism and reform/revolutionary movements Question 2 How was Macau a beneficiary, a participant, and facilitator of Sino-European interactions since the 15th century? See Q1: Macau as a bridge for the interactions between Europe and China Macau central to China-Portuguese relationship from 16th century to today continues to be the facilitator of relations between the PRC and the *Portuguese-speaking world today Macau’s economic growth and prosperity — and therefore the lives of its residents — was shaped by Europe’s desires to trade with China When there was conflict and competition between European countries or between China and other countries, Macau was caught in the middle Between the Dutch, the British, and Portugal, e.g. the 1622 Dutch attack on Macau Between the British and Qing China before, during, and after the Opium War Between Portugal and Qing China between 1850s and 1974 Between Japan and China from the 1930s-1940s Question 3 Why and how did a barren village with no natural resources become a vibrant port-city vital to both Europe and China? 1557-1640s — Trade, trade, trade — Japan, China, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Manila, Indian Ocean world 1685 — 1840s — “the Outpost of All Europe” - Base of the Europeans who need to stay at Macau during the period of the Canton Trade System — rent, services, opium 1840s — 20th-century— Coolie trade (until 1875), opium (until 1946), Chinese traditional businesses and handicraft industries (firecrackers, matches, incense), legalised gambling 1945 — gold transhipment (until 1970s), modern light industries, gambling (different kinds, but mainly casinos), non-gambling related entertainment and cultural tourism, bridge to the Portuguese-Speaking Countries, economic integration with the Greater Bay Area Question 4 How did these processes shape local Macau society and culture? Emergence and growth of a full-fledged Portuguese Catholic City in China — culture, architecture, local municipal government, cuisine Not just a Portuguese city but a multicultural one — Africans, Indians, Southeast Asians, Spanish, Mexicans — reflecting Macau’s multiple connections Evolving into a highly-Sincized city after the Opium War Returning to PRC control— “A Chinese city, based on the fusion of Chinese and Portuguese culture” “以中为主 中葡结合” The creation of the Macanese ⼟⽣葡⼈ originally inter-marriages between Portuguese and non-Chinese Asians and even Africans,eventually mostly Chinese and Portuguese From 1550s, small numbers of Chinese girls and women joining Portuguese families through adoption, inter-marriages, birth Throughout the centuries, Macau-born Portuguese and Macanese left Macau to other places, creating more kinds of Macanese From the mid-19th century, the gradual-then-rapid Sinicization of Macau through migration of Chinese to Macau, making the Portuguese-Chinese Macanese the most common type Macau during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)/ World War 2 (1942-1945) “Macau’s Finest Hour” (Austin Coates and Stuart Braga) Because of Portugal’s official position of neutrality, Japan did not attack or occupy Macau — Macau safe but isolated Macau’s government and residents welcomed many refugees into Macau (population rose from 234,194 in 1937 to about 600,000 in 1945), even though Macau’s medical services, social services, food supplies cannot cope  Used numerous methods and intermediaries to find food and other essential supplies to reduce panic and suffering More Complex Narratives Since the 1930s, many Chinese residents organized anti-Japanese activities in Macau; some even returned to the mainland to help During the war, different peoples suffered differently based on who they were and the amount of support available to them many Chinese refugees still died of hunger, starvation, disease, cold Some individuals like Stanley Ho participated in the efforts to save Macau and were rewarded greatly during and after the war Macau after 1945 — the Rise of the Casino Economy Macau’s Post-war Economy — from quiet, forgotten city to Casino Capital of Asia — How? What were the major developments? Brief increase in domestic production and consumption due to WW2 Economic decline after 1945 + negative impact from ban on opium trade in 1946 and embargo on China during Korean War (1950-1953) Slow Revival in the 1950s 1946-1970s — centre for gold transhipment and smuggling Rise of modern light industries (especially textiles and garments manufacturing) to add to traditional industries (fishing, tea, silk, firecrackers, matches, incense) — golden age of manufacturing in Macau in 1980s dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises mainly producing for export (mainland China, Hong Kong, Portugal, Europe, USA) Legalised Gambling continued to be Macau’s biggest source of revenue 1930s the Portuguese government changed the licensing system — gave one gambling monopoly license to one casino operator to build more exclusive, high-class casinos only one built, the Hotel Centro by Tai Heng Company Between the 1950s and 1980s, sports involving humans or animals became another significant source of gambling and tourism revenue e.g. the Macau Grand Prix 格兰披⼤赛⻋, pelota basca/“jai alai” 回⼒球 After 1960s, Macau became “fabulously wealthy” from dramatic increase in visitor arrivals to gamble and consume leisure and entertainment Stanley Ho and the the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM) won and held the gambling monopoly license between 1962 and 2002 — greatly modernised the gambling sector and to developed Macau’s hard and soft infrastructure to facilitate and attract more visitor arrivals Profits from the casinos helped pay for Macau’s public expenditure and developments in other areas like social welfare, education etc Casinos, tourism and services sectors provided many jobs and boosted Macau’s international reputation (as the Casino Capital of Asia)  Portugal, China, and the Macau Question — Between 1887 & 1945 Macau became a sore point in Portuguese-Chinese relations after 1849, when the Portuguese seized military and administrative control of Macau In 1887, Qing China signed the Peking Treaty that recognized Portuguese control over Macau (while Portugal agreed to not give, cede, sell, exchange Macau without Chinese permission) The question of Chinese control over Macau was not resolved between 1887 and 1946 — China going through long period of political disunity, economic turmoil, social dislocations After 1945, Chinese nationalists and the Chinese government were determined to regain control of the Chinese territories that were ceded va the “unequal treaties” Anti-Portuguese feelings rose in Macau but the Chinese governments decided not to resolve the Macau question yet other priorities and challenges to deal with China already had control and influence over Macau through the Chinese population and influential Chinese community leaders and business elites The 12-3 Riots 澳⻔⼀⼆。三事件 In November 1966, Portuguese mishandling of a Chinese neighbourhood association’s efforts to build a school in Taipa led to a violent and chaotic December of 1966 3-5 December, Chinese anti-Portuguese protestors and demonstrators gathered in the Macau city areas, attacked Europeans and Macanese, and occupied symbols of Portuguese authority like the Leal Senado, the Government House, and the Santa Casa di Misercordia. Portuguese troops and police attacked and harassed Chinese protestors, resulting in deaths, arrests, injuries Thereafter, the Chinese leaders organized a “Three-No Boycott” by the Chinese in Macau, proving that Macau could not function without the cooperation of the Chinese Braga (p. 104): “the unrest concluded with the total humiliation of the Portuguese colonial authorities” — gave in to all the conditions and demands The Governor’s statement of apology and agreements represented turning points in Chinese-Portuguese relations Showed that the Portuguese government was no longer able to exercise and maintain political and military control of Macau in the face of powerful Chinese nationalism — the political impact of Macau’s Sinicization since the end of the Opium War Portugal, China, and the Macau Question — 1966 – 1999 Between 1949 and 1979, there was no official diplomatic relationship between the PRC and Macau — until 1974, Portugal was ruled by right-wing, anti communist dictators who did not recognise the PRC Rise of local Macanese and Chinese business elites and community leaders like Ho Yin who became influential political actors as intermediaries between the PRC and Macau governments  The Carnation Revolution 1974 in Portugal paved the way for the resolution of the Macau Question the new Portuguese government wanted to foster better ties with the PRC At different times, proposed to return control of Macau to China; the PRC government postponed the issue Preferred to wait till the best time for China’s strategic interests; no rush to retrieve Macau since the pro-PRC Chinese elites had great influence in Macau Preferred to resolve the question of Hong Kong’s retrocession first Negotiations with British would be trickier whereas the Portuguese themselves proactively wanted to return Macau’s control 1979, Portugal and the PRC formally established diplomatic relations — privately, they also agreed to recognise Macau as “Chinese territory under Portuguese administration” and to resolve the Macau Question at a later date through peaceful negotiations 26 March 1987 both countries issued a Joint Declaration announcing the planned reunification of Macau with China, as a Special Administrative Region, on 20 December 1999 April 1987 - 19 December 1999 — the “Transitional Period” 过渡时期 Macau to re-unify with the PRC as a Special Administrative Region Local residents and inhabitants to run the government with high degree of autonomy considered a local, regional government — cannot represent the Chinese state; does not posses power over national defence, or foreign policy Macau allowed to engage in economic relations and cultural relations with other countries using the designation “Macao SAR, China” 中国澳⻔ social, economic, cultural policies to remain largely unchanged — Status quo to be preserved for 50 years after 20 December 1999, including gambling Continue to use its own currency (the pataca), own passports, own border controls Macau as a Bridge to the Portuguese-Speaking Countries The Carnation Revolution also paved the way for Macau to resume its historic role as China’s interface with the world beyond Europe, but in a new way as China’s bridge with the Portuguese-Speaking Countries (PSC) The new Portuguese government also withdrew from Portugal’s former colonies like Timor and the African colonies After retrocession, Macau’s Portuguese heritage allows it to remain the bridge for China to cultivate economic and cultural relationships with Portugal, Brazil (independent since 1822), and the former colonies of Portugal Change With Continuity How Big a Turning Point was the Handover of 20 December 1999? Because of the cooperative, consultative approach of the return of Macau to the PRC, i.e. through peaceful, friendly, negotiations, the transformations in Macau was gradual and not disruptive. The “Special Administrative Region” approach allowed Macau to preserve its culture, its  economic strategies, its way of life, and its unique history, and to pro-actively and consciously embraces and promotes Macau’s Portuguese past e.g. Chinese and Portuguese as Macau’s official language; use of Portuguese in Macau’s government documents and everyday life Principles Portugal and China agreed to, which ensured high degree of continuity amidst change “no change for fifty years (after 1999)” 五⼗年不变 “Macau people ruling Macau” 澳⼈治澳 “high degree of autonomy” ⾼度⾃治 Macau’s post-1999 identity — “A Chinese city, based on the fusion of Chinese and Portuguese culture” “以中为主 中葡结合” thus preserving Macau’s Portuguese heritage Even before 1999, key developments and changes that shaped today’s Macau were already taking place Example: the localisation of Macau’s administration (from the creation of the Macau Organic Statue in 1976 onwards) Example: the modernisation of Macau’s economy and the development of the gambling sector The 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration did not initiate these developments but accelerated them E.g. establishment of University of Macau in 1991 to produce Macau’s own professional and administrative manpower For the Macanese and Portuguese, they encountered the greatest sense of change during the Transitional period and after the Handover — “the end of the Portuguese era” of Macau’s history More migration of Macanese during transitional period, further contributing to the phenomenon where there were more Macanese overseas than in Macau Integrating the Macanese ⼟⽣葡⼈ But there were many concessions and efforts to ensure that the Macanese felt included and accepted in Macau SAR e.g. allowing the Macanese to choose whether to become Chinese or Portuguese citizens before the Handover e.g. allowing the Macanese to keep their Portuguese passports as “travel documents” even if they became Chinese citizens During the Transitional period and after the Handover, the Macau government and remaining Macanese in Macau began promoting Macanese culture and identity more than ever before — for a variety of political, cultural, social, and economic reasons Change Because of Continuity The guarantee of Macau’s economic policies and strategies gave the Portuguese and Macau SAR governments the stability and certainty to: to carry out infrastructural developments  to diversify Macau’s economy through the diversification of gambling operators the diversification of non-gambling related activities and services the development of cultural tourism Increased connectivity with the Greater Bay Area Why “Colony” is not a Useful Term / A More Complicated History 1557-1849 — “Dual Jurisdiction” — Portuguese and Chinese shared control of Macau; Senado and Governor respected Guangzhou’s final authority 1849-1887 — Portuguese seized political and military control of Macau; Qing China recognized Portuguese right to “perpetual occupation and administration” in 1887 but Portugal also agreed to never sell, cede, give, exchange Macau away without Chinese permission 1887 — 1976 — Portuguese sole official authority in Macau Chinese Nationalist and Communist governments rejected 1887 Sino-Portuguese Treaty in 1928 and 1949 respectively; Increasingly influential Chinese communities in Macau demanded for return of Macau 1976 — 1987 new Portuguese government approved new Macau Organic Statue and gave Macau a high degree of autonomy from Portugal recognized Macau as “Chinese territory under Portuguese administration”; began discussions with the PRC on Macau’s retrocession agreed in principle by 1979 (but not announced until 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration) 1987-1999 — The Transitional Period — Formal Portuguese administration but Joint Sino-Portuguese planning and preparation for Macau’s scheduled retrocession in 1999 Macau: More than just a City of Casinos Connections — Europe’s maritime entrance into China and China’s interface and bridge with the rest of the world Circulations of People, Goods, Ideas, Money, Food Cultural exchange, contact, and fusion - To be a global citizen means learning to cooperate with others, to connect with others, and to become able to be both multi-cultural and inter-cultural To what extent can we, or should we, describe the history of Macau as the product of the interactions between China and Portugal?