Berlin Conference & African History PDF

Berlin Conference (summarize) - It was a meeting with major European countries to discuss the borders of their African colonies in 1844. Attending countries of Berlin Conference - United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, USA, Portugal reason for the Berlin Conference - It was a conference where the...

Berlin Conference (summarize) - It was a meeting with major European countries to discuss the borders of their African colonies in 1844. Attending countries of Berlin Conference - United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, USA, Portugal reason for the Berlin Conference - It was a conference where they discussed the boundaries of their country in Africa. Methods of European Conquest- Military conquest, economic expansion Major Resources Found in Africa - Gold, timber, rubber, Oil, Copper, Iron, Rare Earth metals Reason for "civilizing" Africa- It was for their imperialist goals (wanted as much of Africa as possible) Define "civilizing" - "To bring a civilization to a higher stage of cultural and social advancement." Suez Canal - It\'s a man-made canal through Egypt that allowed travel through the Mediterranean Sea instead of going around the entirety of Africa. "Effective Occupation" - Its principle is that if a country colonized a region, it was theirs. Who would benefit from the European occupation of Africa? - It only benefited Europe, but they believed it benefited Africa as well because they were "civilizing" them. Eastern African Empires - Examples - Egypt, Kush, Aksum, and Ethiopian The Kush - They were an Empire that was established in the part of northern Egypt that collapsed but was later reabsorbed by Egypt. Aksum Empire (Religion, Reason for Collapse) - It was a Christian Empire that already sucked at trade and constant invasion only made it worse and eventually led to their collapse. Abyssinia (Region/Modern day region) - It was located in Modern day Ethopia. Western African Empires Examples -Mali, Songhai, and Ghana Ghana (Creation of, Type of rule) - It was the creation of mass migration during a wet period in West Africa, ruled by a collection of smaller confederate style states that payed tribute to an overall ruling party. Mali (Religion, Calpital) - It was an Islamic Empire with many capitals (Jenne, Gao, Timbuktu, Koumbi Saleh) Southern African Empires Examples- Zimbabawe, Mutapa Zimbabwe (Capital City, Fall) - Its capital city was "Great Zimbabwe" and the Empire fell due to split amongst the leaders. Mutapa (Start, Trade Partners) - It was created from the split of the Zimbabwe Empire, and it primarily traded with Portugal and India. Original Slaves in Americas - Natives were the original slaves in the Americas. Reason for slavery - Natives were used because europeans needed a labor force. Reasons to Abandon Native Americans as slaves - Most Natives had already died of disease and the remaining often fought each other, and the enslaved revolted often. First Passage - It was the passage that forced march of Africans from inland homes to the slave ports/ships. Middle Passage - It was the passage that traveled across the Atlantic Ocean which took as long as 80 Days with around 23-25% dying along route. Final Passage - It was the passage that arrived from the ship to the Americas to the eventual auction and sale into slavery. The White Lion - It came to Jamestown in 1619, with 20 slaves seized from Portuguese slave ships, its referred to as the start of slavery. August, 1619 - It was when the White Lion arrived and brought the first slaves to America. Plantation/cash Crops - Tobacco, Rice, Indigo, Cotton Summarize Triangular Trade System- Europe brought manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves, Africa brought slaves to America in exchange for raw goods, and America brought raw goods to Europe in exchange for manufactured goods. Major Ports in Thirteen Colonies - Boston, New York, Philadelpha, Charleston, Newport, and Savannah Be able to summarize the chart below - It is a physical representation of the Triangular Trade System where Europe brought manufactured goods to Africa, Africa brought slaves to America, and America brought raw goods to Europe. Amistad- In the 19th century, a Spanish slave ship kidnapped Africans during a peace treaty. The African captives revolted and killed the crew before arrived in the US where they were ruled in court to be free. "A Peculiar Institution" -It was how John C Calhoun described slavery as it related to the South and even justified slavery because it was a unique and important part of slavery. Arguments for Slavery=Genocide - Northerns argued that slavery was genocide because they believed black people were people and slavery was deliberately trying to kill black culture and their sense of being humans entirely. Arguments against Slavery=Genocide - Southerners argued that slavery wasn\'t genocide because they believed black people weren\'t people so it couldn\'t be a genocide, and that slavery was NECESSARY for society to function. Slave Codes - Slave Codes were written penalties given to slaves for unacceptable behavior. Reasons for "slave codes" - They were created by slaves because of paranoia that slaves were more likely to revolt or escape as their population increased. Common examples of slave codes - "Negro Act of 1740", "Act for Better Ordering of Slaves", and Generational Slavery What made DC progressive with their slave codes? - In the District of Columbia, slaves could get a job and even earn a living apart from their masters, and even learn. (In private schools) Slave Patrols - After curfew, plantation owners were allowed to patrol for slaves who weren\'t indoors. John C Calhoun - He was a Confederate who adamantly defended the state's rights to slavery and pushed for civil war if slavery was abolished. Frederick Douglass - He was a freedman who became an abolitionist, writer, and public speaker who pushed for civil rights and the end of slavery.