Kings of France PDF

Kings of France -Roman Numerals Know them* Louis XIV Short king King at 4; started to rule at 23; Before he ruled Cardinal Mazarin controlled France. Absolute Monarch ○ L’etat c’est moi ○ I am the state Desired power, fame & more land Built palace o...

Kings of France -Roman Numerals Know them* Louis XIV Short king King at 4; started to rule at 23; Before he ruled Cardinal Mazarin controlled France. Absolute Monarch ○ L’etat c’est moi ○ I am the state Desired power, fame & more land Built palace of Versailles (a lot of gold) Led 3 unsuccessful wars→ debt Outlived his grandson & son Ruled 72 years (yowzers) Louis XV Great-grandson of Louis XIV; king at age 5 France was involved in 3 wars (French & indian war) Lost colonies in India & America Indifferent to the problems on France - “After me the deluge” Louis XVI Married to Marie Antoinette Indecisive & easily persuaded Called of Estates-General (hadn’t been done since 1614) Found guilty of conspiring w/other countries to invade France & beheaded Marie Antoinette Austrian princess who married Louis XVI Beheaded Oct. 16 1793 Louis XVII Never became king but was given the title Imprisoned with his parents at age 7 & died at age 10 of tuberculosis Louis XVIII 1814-1824 Younger brother of Louis XVI Lived in exile in England during the revolution  Lazy & didn’t want revenge against the people who killed his brother Became king after Napoleon was defeated —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- French Class Structure First Estate Catholic church owned 10 percent of land Collected tithes & paid no taxes Some wealthy some poor Provided some social services (schools, hospitals, & orphanages) ENlightenment thinkers condemned them Payed no taxes Second estate: Owned land but had very little money Many hated the absolute monarch that the middle class was taking their jobs. Feared losing traditional privileges (ex. Not paying taxes Third Estate Majority of pop. 98% Bourgeoisie ○ Middle class banker ○ Manufacturers ○ Lawyers ○ Journalists  ○ Merchants ○ Officials ○ Doctors Rural Peasants ○ 9/10 people ○ Landworkers ○ Day laborers City Workers ○ Construction Workers ○ Industrial workers ○ Apprentices ○ Street Merchants By 1788 France spent half its budget on paying the interest on their national debt The king spent 25% of the budget on the military 6% of the budget payed for the kings lifestyle and his court at Versailles A sharp rise in taxes was inevitable (the third estate pays these taxes Discontent Best jobs were reserved for nobles You can not transfer estates (if your born in an estate your stuck there) Urban workers earned low wages & were heavily taxed Enlightenment ideas led people to question the ancient regime —--------------------------------------------------------------------------9/30.24 A Financial Crisis Louis XIV left france with a huge debt cause of his deficit spending Causes of Debt ○ Wars ○ Lavish court life ○ Gov borrowed money Gov wanted to solve the crisis by raising taxes & reducing expenses but the ideas were rejected by 1st and 2nd estates A crumbling economy Late 1780s: Bad Harvest → Higher food prices People affected by the higher food prices and heavy taxes were peasants decided to riot Failure or Reform Louis XIV tried to solve the problems by hiring Jacques Necker. His solutions angered 1st and second estate and was fired Finally the wealthy and powerful classes demanded that the king call for a meeting of the Estates General The estates General had not been called in 175 years. Estates General Each estate lists their grievances ○ Fairer Taxes ○ Freedom of press ○ Regular meetings of the Estates General 3rd estate was represented by men who owned prop. The representatives from each estate didn’t get anything solved because they were arguing abt how they should vote ○ 1st & 2nd estate wanted each estate to have 1 vote in order to out vote the 3rd ○ 3rd estate wanted it to be based on how many of each estate 3rd estate left in protest & formed the National Assembly National Court Oath National Assembly wanted to write a constitution but they were locked out of their meeting place by the king They were in the rain & had nowhere to meet so they went to a nearby tennis court where they took their oath.  Some Clergy & nobles joined the national assembly King Louis didn’t like the National Assembly and sent troops to surround Versailles and Paris and people thought the National Assembly would be dissolved by the king. Storming of Bastille Since they had no weapons 800 stormed Bastille (prison & armory) in order to get weapons and gunpowder. Commander of Bastille refused to open the gates and fired on the crowd —--------------------------------------------------------------------------10/1/24 Creating a new france 4 Phases National assembly (1789) Reign of terror (1792-1794) Directory (1795-1799) Age of Napoleon (1799-1815) -People were spending 80% of their money on bread (shows how expensive it had gotten) -Great Fear_ essentially a rumor of marauders attacking villages taking their properties etc. Peasants started attacking the homes of nobles, stealing their grains and burning their records. Paris in Arms Marquis de lafayette & the national guard ○ Fought w/George Washington in American Revolution ○ Headed the National Guard National Guard - middle class- militia organized in response to the arrival of royal troops in Paris; first group to use the tricolor (flag) Paris Commune Replaced royalist Gov in Paris Could mobilize neighborhoods for protests or violent action Newspapers & political clubs- Demanded an end to monarchy and spread of stories of the royal family & member of the court Liberty Equality Fraternity -Slogan of the revolution Starting to make the revolutionary changes Specifically in the government Declaration of the rights of man  Late August 1789- National Assembly wrote the declaration of rights of man & the citizens Modeled after the declaration of independence Gov exists to protect the natural rights of the people If the government does not uphold this the people can overthrow Reorganizing the Church France sold church land to pay off debt Put Catholic Church under state control w/ civil constitution of the clergy ○ Bishops & priests became salaried officials Constitution of 1791 Established a limited monarchy New legislative Assembly had power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace Lawmakers were elected by tax paying male citizens Replaced the old provinces with 83 departments Abolished old provincial courts and reformed laws Private property rights protected; free trade supports Gave nobles money for land seized during revolution Forbade city workers to organize labor unions Many thought the Constitution was a success - King and queen try to flee to austria ie treason Widespread Fear European rulers and nobles denounced the French Rev Border Patrols were increased in other countries– feared the French Plague (revolution) Emigres spread rumors of attacks on their privileges, property religion Still after all this; plenty of problems in france (economy etc) From Right to Left Left: Right: Jacobins & other republicans who wanted Reform had gone to far, time to clock it back To abolish the monarchy and pushed to 1788. For other radical changes —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Radical changes r smthn  French army was failing against the Prussians; many officers were abandoning the army & joining emigres Outbreaks of Violence Parisians invaded the Tuileries and killed the kings guards Royal Family fled to the legislative assembly The French Republic Radicals (Jacobins) took control of the legislative assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body, the National Convention National Assembly —> Legislative Assembly → National Convention (KNOW THIS) Radicals wanted suffrage for all male citizens ( not just property owners) National Convention Changes Made ○ Abolished Monarch & Declared France a republic ○ Created a new constitution ○ Jacobins seized land from Nobles ○ All French men and women were called “Citizen” ○ Put Louis XVI on trial as a traitor to France Death of a king and queen King Louis XVI was killed in Jan 1793 for treason Marie Antoinette was killed Oct 1793 for treason The Committee of Public Safety 12 member committee was set up to deal with threats to internal and external security ○ Britain, Netherlands, Spain, & Prussia were attacking France ○ Royalists and Priests were leading rebellions against the Republic Maximilien Robespierre Gained power in the committee of public safety Promoted religious tolerance and sought to abolish slavery Popular with the sans-culottes Hated Monarchy and wanted France to achieve a “republic of virtue” Guillotine 40,000 killed 15% Nobles 15% middle class 70% Peasants & sans-culottes involved in the acts against the republic Terror Consumes Its Own Later, special courts were set up to try “enemies of the nation” and many more leaders went to the guillotine, including Robespierre The Directory 3rd Constitution was written in 1795 creating a 5-man Directory and a two house legislature elected by male property owners Weak Leaders were corrupt Couldn’t solve the problems in France so the people turned to Napoleon Bonaparte Women in the Rev Women demanded equal rights Gov made divorce easier Allowed to inherit property Changes Daily life by 1799 New Symbols Clothing Children’s names Nationalism National Anthem- “La Marseillaise” Secularization of France Public Schools created Arts —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10-8-24 Napoleon Bonaparte The man from COrsica ○ Born on island of Corsica on August 15,1769 to a noble family ○ Attended Military school at age nine ○ Fast rise in the military (20 years old at the time) ○ Favored of the Jacobins & republicans rule but was confused by the hypocrisy ○ December 1793 drove British forces out of Toulon and defeated the Austrians in Italy ○ Won several victories against the Austrains Egypt Expedition ○ Tried to stop british trade with India  ○ Unsuccessful ○ Found Rosetta Stone By 1799 General →political leader ○ Overthrew Directory and set up a 3-man Consul rule France ○ Napoleon took title of First Consul and later in 1802 Consul for Life France under Napoleon Self made emperor Crowned himself emperor in Notre Dame Cathedral in 1804 Held several plebiscites (ballots) to give people a voice\ Married Josephine 1796 Unable to produce heir France under Napoleon Reforms old revolutionary things Modernized the economy ○ Controlled Prices ○ Encouraged new industry ○ Built road and canals ○ Promoted public schools Social Reforms ○ Made peace with Catholic Church and kept the Church under control and recognized religious freedom for Catholics ○ Catholics were happy but people who opposed the catholic church were not ○ Encouraged emigres to return- if the take a loyalty oath ○ Peasants were allowed to keep lands they bought during the revolution ○ Middle class approved of the reforms ○ All careers were open to anyone based on ability ○ Most oppositions came from royalists & republicans ○ Napoleonic Code Enlightenment principles included Equality of all citizens before the laws Religious tolerance Advancement based Merit Undid some reforms: Women considered minors and couldn’t exercise the rights of citizen Men had complete authority over wives & children Valued order & authority over individual rights  The Grand Empire Fought against most European countries and used unique battle plans against each new opponent. Napoleon was a great inspiration for his troops Annexed Netherlands and Belgium & parts of Italy & Germany Abolished the Holy Roman Empire; Cut Prussian territories in half Forced alliances/treaties on European powers Put friends and family members on the thrones of Europe Divorced Josephine to marry the niece of Marie Antoinette to be united by marriage to other monarchs in Europe -France vs Britain Britain still had some power - mostly naval Battle of Trafalgar ○ British were led by Admiral Nelson ○ British won -Continental System Napolean’s attempt to destroy the British by restricting the sale of their products in Europe British responded by blocking Europe’s ports so they couldn’t get anything -Failures Blockade never worked because British continued trading in the American and Indian markets European merchants ignored Napolean’s ban on goods and smuggled merchandise Restrictions on trade hurt Europe created scarcity of goods & prices went up -Successes French Nationalism boosted ○ Victory parades filled the streets of Paris with cheering crowds ○ Glory and grandeur of Napoleon is still a source of pride —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-10-24 The End of an Era Challenges to Napoleon 1808 Napoleon put his brother Joseph on the throne.  Tried to undermine the Spanish Catholic Church but Spaniards remained loyal to former king at the church Spain French military cracked down on the people, they retaliated with guerilla warfare which divided the French military when they needed elsewhere Eventually the British sent troops to help the Spanish and the French were defeated in Spain Russia Alexander 1 of Russia refused to continue with the Continental System so in 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia Russians retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went– scorched earth policy October 1812 Napoleon realized he couldn’t feed or supply his army so he retreated– 100 mile retreat was disastrous– only 100,000 soldiers survived He went in with 500,000 left with 100,000 When he gets back to Europe other European countries attack him in his new weakened state (Russia, British, Austrians, and Prussians attacked France and defeated Napoleon at the battle of leipzig/Battle of Nations) Napoleon abdicated and exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Louis XVIII took power in France Louis XVIII promised to uphold the Napoleonic Code but emigres caused problems and there was an economic depression Napoleon escaped from Elba, returned to France and took power in March 1815 Louis XVII fled upon hearing of Napoleon's return Waterloo Russia Britain Austria and Prussia rejoined and attacked Napoleon and defeated him for good. Put Louis XVIII back into power Exiled again to St. Helena island in South America Died in 1821 at 52 on the island Know the 2 islands he was exiled to on the test Legacy of Napoleon in France Napoleonic Code Centralized state with a Constitution Elections were held (limited voting) More citizens had rights to property and access to education Legacy of Napoleon in the world Sold Louisiana territory to American Government Help spread the ideas of the Revolution  Sparked nationalist feelings across Europe Congress of Vienna Goals: Create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of Monarchy Vienna Settlement Balance of power Redrew the map of France with strong boundaries Stability ○ Restored hereditary monarchies ○ Created the Concert of Europe (peacekeeping organizations) Problems with Congress of Vienna Achieved immediate goals but failed to foresee how nationalism and pride in cultures would be affected by the redrawing of borders