Scientific Method PDF
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Niger Delta University
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Summary
The document presents an overview of the scientific method, covering key steps like initiating and planning, performing experiments, analyzing evidence, and communicating findings. The document also aims to explain the scientific method to scientists in an organized way.
Full Transcript
1. Initiating and Planning: Ask a Question: Start with a testable question. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict an outcome using an "If-Then-Because" structure, based on known facts. Experimental Design: Outline the experiment, identifying variables (independent and dependent...
1. Initiating and Planning: Ask a Question: Start with a testable question. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict an outcome using an "If-Then-Because" structure, based on known facts. Experimental Design: Outline the experiment, identifying variables (independent and dependent), measurement methods, and controls. Select equipment and ensure safety. 2. Performing and Recording: Qualitative Observation: Describing an object using senses (e.g., color, texture). Quantitative Observation: Based on measurements or counting. Inferences: Logical explanations based on previous knowledge or experience, though not always correct (e.g., inferring someone's in trouble based on where they are). 3. Analyzing and Evaluating: Graphing Data: Plot quantitative measurements to identify patterns. Evaluating Evidence: Review materials, tools, and measurements to assess the quality of data. Conclusions: Determine if the hypothesis is supported or not. Even if disproven, the result adds value to the scientific process. Experiments can be repeated, leading to new questions. 4. Communicating: Peer Review: Before publishing, experiments undergo review by experts who check for errors and confirm the validity of findings. Reports and Presentations: Findings are communicated to others for further study or replication. General Overview: The scientific method helps scientists answer questions in an organized way, but each scientist may apply it differently. Commonly, it includes asking a question, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
