Biological Bases of Behavior Unit 2 PDF

Autonomic Nervous System: UNIT 2: BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., Heartbeat, The Nervous System digestion). The Nervous system is the body's communication...

Autonomic Nervous System: UNIT 2: BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., Heartbeat, The Nervous System digestion). The Nervous system is the body's communication Sympathetic Nervous System: network that controls and coordinates all activities. It is responsible for transmitting signals between Activates the fight- or-flight response. different parts of the body and the brain, enabling functions like sensation, movement, thought, and Parasympathetic Nervous System: emotion. Promotes relaxation and recovery. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System If you 're walking in the woods and suddenly spot a bear, your heart rate increases,your muscles tense Central Nervous up, and your body prepares to either fight (defend yourself) or flee (run away) from the potential threat. is responsible for processing sensory Information,controlling motor functions, and regulating Ifanothercar swerves into your lane,your body vital functions like breathing and heartbeat. immediately goes into alert mode. Your Heart rate spikes, your muscles tighten, and your brain quickly Brain: assesses whether to slam on the brakes (flight) or The Control Center for processing steer away from the danger (fight). information. During deep sleep, the parasympathetic nervous Spinal Cord: system is dominant. Your body focused on recovery, Transmits signals between the brain and body. tissue repair, and maintaining energy balance, with a decrease in heart rate and breathing rate Peripheral Nervous System After Eating,your body activates the parasympathetic connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest nervous system to help with digestion. You might feel of the body,facilitating communication and more relaxed,your heart rate slows down, and your coordination. body focuses on breaking dow food and absorbing nutrients. It transmits sensory information from the body to the CNS and sends motor commands from the CNS to CEREBRUM muscles and glands,enabling voluntary movements. Largest Part of the brain, involved in higher functions Additionally, it regulates involuntary functions like like thinking, memory, and decision-making. heartbeat and digestion through the autonomic nervous system. Different regions of the cerebral cortex are specialized for specific functions. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Located at the back of the brain, the cerebellum is Somatic Nervous System: involved in motor coordination, balance, and certain cognitive functions Controls Voluntary movements and conveys sensory information. Thecerebellum receives input from the sensory systems and contributes to the precision and timing of Spinal Cord: motor movements. Transmits signals between the brain and body. BRAIN STEM Connects the brain to the spinal cord and regulates basic physiological functions such as heartbeat, ​ Nonverbal interpretation breathing, and sleep. ​ Sound-to-visual image conversion. The brainstem contains nuclei responsible for Neurons and Neurotransmitters autonomic functions, servings vitalcontrol Center for essential bodily processes. What are NEURONS? The basic building blocks of the nervous system Key Brain Regions and Their Functions responsible for transmitting electrical signals. FRONTAL LOBE Dendrites (receive signals), Axon(sends signals), Located at the front of your brain behind your Synapse(gap between neurons where communication forehead, it is responsible for: occurs). ​ Decision-making, NEUROTRANSMITTERS ​ problem-solving Chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse ​ Conscious thought from one neuron to another. ​ Attention ​ Emotional and behavioral DOPAMINE ​ control Involved in reward, motivation, and movement. ​ Speech Production ​ Personality When You Accomplish A Goal, like finishing a project ​ Intelligence or receiving praise for your work, your brain releases ​ Body movement dopamine, making you feel pleasure and reinforcing the motivation to continue working hard. It’s also OCCIPITAL LOBE involved in physical movement—people with Located at the back of your brain, it is responsible for: Parkinson's disease ,for instance, have low dopamine levels, which leads to difficulty with movement and ​ Visualprocessingand interpretation. coordination. ​ Visual data collection regarding color, motionand SEROTONIN ​ orientation. Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep ​ Object and facial recognition. ​ Depth And distance perception. After a good night’s sleep or engaging in activities like ​ Visual world mapping. exercise, serotonin levels increase, which helps improve mood and gives a sense of well-being. Low PARIETAL LOBE serotonin levels are linked to conditions like located between your frontal and occipital lobes,it is depression or anxiety. It also regulates appetite and responsible for: sleep—serotonin helps you feel full after eating and plays a role in your sleep-wake cycle. Sensory Information(touch,pressure,pain,position, vibration, temperature)processing. ACETYLCHOLINE Involved in muscle movement and memory. Spatial Processing And spatial manipulation. This is the ability to understand where are three- dimensional Acetylcholine Is Essential For muscle movement. For space, such a how to navigate around your home or Example, when you decide to move your arm, town. acetylcholine is released to signs your muscles to contract. It also plays a crucial role in TEMPORAL LOBE memory—people with Alzheimer's disease often Located below your parietal lobe, it is responsible for: experienced a decline acetylcholine, which contributes to memory loss and cognitive difficulties. ​ Language Comprehension, speechformation, learning. ​ Memory GABA ​ Hearing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid the blueprint for the development of the nervous Inhibitoryneurotransmitter,helps reduce neural activity. system and brain. GABA helps calm the brain by inhibiting neural Nature Vs. Nurture: activity. For instance, when you 're feeling stressed or The ongoing debate about the relative contributions of anxious, GABA helps reduce overactivity in genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in brain,promoting relaxation. Medications like shaping behavior. benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium) increase GABA activity to help with anxiety by calming excessive Twin And Adoption Studies: neural firing. Used to study the genetic basis of behavior by comparing similarities between individuals with MELATONIN different levels of genetic relatedness. It regulates the sleep-wake cycle(circadian rhythm). Melatoninis released primarily in response to EPIGENETICS darkness. The Study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression, showing that behavior can be When The Sunsets,your body starts producing more shaped by both genetic predispositions and life melatonin, making you feel sleepy. This Helps You experiences. Prepare For sleep at night and wake up feeling refreshed in the morning. Disruptions to melatonin production(such as from artificial light exposure or jet lag)can affect your sleep patterns. ENDORPHINS They're Known As the body's natural painkillers and mood enhancers. Endorphins help reduce pain,promote feelings of happiness, and relieve stress. After a good workout,you might experience a "runner’shigh"—a burst of euphoria and relaxation. This is due to the release of endorphins. They Also help reduce pain during intense physical activities, like lifting weights or running, by blocking pain signals in the brain. GLUTAMATE Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory. Glutamateis involved in exciting neurons to fire, and it's crucial for learning and memory. For Example, when you study for a test, glutamatehelps strengthentheconnections betweenneurons, aiding in the retention of new information. Excessiveglutamate activity,however,can be harmful and is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and stroke. GENETICS and BEHAVIOR Behavior Can be influenced by genes, which provide