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Intro to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Description:​ Maslow’s theory organizes human needs into a hierarchy, progressing from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. 1.​ Levels of Hierarchy: ○​ Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs (food, water, shelter). ○​ Safet...

Intro to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Description:​ Maslow’s theory organizes human needs into a hierarchy, progressing from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. 1.​ Levels of Hierarchy: ○​ Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs (food, water, shelter). ○​ Safety Needs: Physical and emotional safety (security, stability). ○​ Love and Belonging: Relationships, friendships, and community. ○​ Esteem: Confidence, achievement, and respect. ○​ Self-Actualization: Personal growth and achieving potential. Gerontology: The Aging Process and Elderly Diseases General Age-Related Changes: ​ Physical Changes: Reduced bone density, skin elasticity, muscle mass. ​ Sensory Changes: Decreased vision, hearing, and taste sensitivity. ​ Cognitive Changes: Slower processing speed, potential memory decline. ​ Cardiovascular: Reduced efficiency, higher blood pressure risk. ​ Respiratory: Decreased lung elasticity and capacity. Elderly Diseases Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ​ Description: Chronic condition impairing glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance. ​ Pathophysiology: Ineffective insulin leads to elevated blood sugar levels. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, aging. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Fasting glucose test, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test. ​ Treatments: Diet/exercise, oral medications (metformin), insulin therapy. ​ Prognosis: Manageable with lifestyle changes and medication. ​ Complications: Neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney disease, cardiovascular issues. Pneumonia ​ Description: Infection inflaming air sacs in lungs.  ​ Pathophysiology: Pathogens invade alveoli causing fluid buildup. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Bacteria, viruses, weakened immunity, age. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Cough, fever, chills, chest pain, difficulty breathing. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Chest X-ray, sputum culture, blood tests. ​ Treatments: Antibiotics (bacterial), supportive care, oxygen therapy. ​ Prognosis: Varies; worse for elderly or immunocompromised. ​ Complications: Sepsis, lung abscess, respiratory failure. Osteoporosis ​ Description: Bone density loss, increasing fracture risk. ​ Pathophysiology: Imbalance in bone remodeling; resorption exceeds formation. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Aging, menopause, low calcium/vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, loss of height, fractures from minor stress. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Bone density scan (DEXA). ​ Treatments: Calcium/vitamin D supplements, bisphosphonates, weight-bearing exercises. ​ Prognosis: Progressive; risk reduction with treatment. ​ Complications: Fractures, especially hip and spine. Osteoarthritis ​ Description: Degenerative joint disease causing cartilage breakdown. ​ Pathophysiology: Cartilage loss leads to bone-on-bone friction. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Aging, obesity, joint overuse, genetics. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced mobility. ​ Diagnostic Tests: X-rays, MRI, physical exam. ​ Treatments: Pain management (NSAIDs), physical therapy, joint replacement. ​ Prognosis: Chronic; symptom management improves quality of life. ​ Complications: Severe disability, joint deformity. 5. Lung Cancer ​ Description: Malignant growth in lung tissues. ​ Pathophysiology: Mutations in lung cells lead to uncontrolled growth, forming tumors. Tumors disrupt oxygen exchange. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Smoking, exposure to radon/asbestos, genetic predisposition.  ​ Signs/Symptoms: Persistent cough, hemoptysis (bloody sputum), chest pain, weight loss. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Chest X-ray, CT scan, biopsy, PET scan. ​ Treatments: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy. ​ Prognosis: Varies based on stage; survival rates lower for late-stage diagnosis. ​ Complications: Metastasis to other organs, respiratory failure. 6. Alzheimer’s Disease ​ Description: Progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting memory and cognition. ​ Pathophysiology: Beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles damage neurons. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Aging, family history, genetic mutations (e.g., APOE4). ​ Signs/Symptoms: Memory loss, confusion, mood changes, difficulty performing tasks. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Cognitive tests, brain imaging (MRI/CT), biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid. ​ Treatments: Medications (donepezil, memantine), lifestyle modifications, supportive care. ​ Prognosis: Irreversible; gradual decline in cognitive and physical abilities. ​ Complications: Severe memory loss, dependency, difficulty swallowing, infections. 7. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) ​ Description: Commonly called a stroke; blood flow to the brain is disrupted. ​ Pathophysiology: Ischemic (blockage) or hemorrhagic (bleeding). Leads to brain tissue death. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Sudden weakness, facial drooping, slurred speech, vision changes. ​ Diagnostic Tests: CT scan, MRI, blood tests, carotid ultrasound. ​ Treatments: Ischemic: thrombolytics (tPA); Hemorrhagic: surgery or coiling. ​ Prognosis: Varies by severity; prompt treatment improves outcomes. ​ Complications: Paralysis, aphasia, cognitive impairments. 8. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) ​ Description: Blockage in coronary arteries causing heart muscle damage. ​ Pathophysiology: Plaque buildup leads to thrombosis, cutting off oxygen supply. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating.  ​ Diagnostic Tests: ECG, cardiac enzymes (troponin), angiography. ​ Treatments: Aspirin, thrombolytics, angioplasty, bypass surgery. ​ Prognosis: Depends on damage extent; lifestyle changes crucial. ​ Complications: Heart failure, arrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest. 9. Shingles (Herpes Zoster) ​ Description: Viral infection causing painful rash; reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. ​ Pathophysiology: Virus lies dormant in nerve tissue and reactivates during immune suppression. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Age, weakened immunity, stress. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Painful rash, blisters, tingling, fever. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Clinical examination, PCR for varicella-zoster virus. ​ Treatments: Antiviral drugs (acyclovir), pain management. ​ Prognosis: Self-limiting but can cause prolonged pain. ​ Complications: Postherpetic neuralgia, vision loss (if near the eye). 10. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) ​ Description: Chronic elevation of blood pressure. ​ Pathophysiology: Increased arterial pressure damages blood vessels over time. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Obesity, salt intake, genetics, stress. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Often asymptomatic; headaches, nosebleeds in severe cases. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Blood pressure monitoring. ​ Treatments: Lifestyle changes, antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers). ​ Prognosis: Controlled with treatment; untreated leads to complications. ​ Complications: Stroke, heart attack, kidney disease. 11. Parkinson’s Disease ​ Description: Neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement. ​ Pathophysiology: Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Age, genetic mutations, environmental toxins. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis, response to dopaminergic drugs. ​ Treatments: Medications (levodopa), deep brain stimulation, physiotherapy. ​ Prognosis: Chronic, progressive; symptoms managed with treatment. ​ Complications: Mobility loss, swallowing issues, dementia. 12. Dementia ​ Description: General term for cognitive decline affecting daily activities. ​ Pathophysiology: Neuronal damage leads to impaired memory and reasoning. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Alzheimer’s disease, strokes, age. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Memory loss, confusion, language difficulties. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Neuropsychological testing, imaging (MRI). ​ Treatments: Supportive care, medications to manage symptoms. ​ Prognosis: Progressive; varies by cause. ​ Complications: Dependency, caregiver strain. 13. Glaucoma ​ Description: Eye condition damaging the optic nerve due to pressure. ​ Pathophysiology: Increased intraocular pressure compresses optic nerve fibers. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Aging, family history, high eye pressure. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Peripheral vision loss, eye pain, halos around lights. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Tonometry, visual field test. ​ Treatments: Eye drops, laser surgery, drainage implants. ​ Prognosis: Managed with treatment; untreated leads to blindness. ​ Complications: Permanent vision loss. 14. Cataracts ​ Description: Clouding of the eye’s lens. ​ Pathophysiology: Protein clumping reduces light passage. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Aging, UV exposure, diabetes, smoking. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Blurred vision, sensitivity to light, fading colors. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Eye exam, slit-lamp examination. ​ Treatments: Surgery to replace lens. ​ Prognosis: Excellent with surgery. ​ Complications: Rare surgical complications. 15. Macular Degeneration ​ Description: Affects the central portion of the retina (macula), leading to vision loss. ​ Pathophysiology: Progressive damage to retinal cells due to aging or abnormal blood vessels. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Age, smoking, genetic predisposition, hypertension.  ​ Signs/Symptoms: Blurred central vision, difficulty recognizing faces, dark spots. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography, visual acuity test. ​ Treatments: Anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, dietary supplements (AREDS formula). ​ Prognosis: No cure; treatments slow progression. ​ Complications: Severe central vision loss, inability to read or drive. 16. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) ​ Description: Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup. ​ Pathophysiology: Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to ischemia. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: High cholesterol, smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Angina (chest pain), shortness of breath, fatigue. ​ Diagnostic Tests: ECG, stress test, coronary angiography, lipid profile. ​ Treatments: Lifestyle changes, medications (statins, beta-blockers), angioplasty, bypass surgery. ​ Prognosis: Manageable with treatment; untreated leads to heart attacks. ​ Complications: Myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias. 17. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) ​ Description: Temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain; “mini-stroke.” ​ Pathophysiology: Short-term blockage in cerebral arteries; no permanent damage. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, smoking, diabetes. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Sudden weakness, slurred speech, dizziness, vision changes. ​ Diagnostic Tests: CT/MRI, carotid ultrasound, blood tests. ​ Treatments: Antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, lifestyle changes. ​ Prognosis: Indicates risk for a full stroke; requires immediate management. ​ Complications: Progression to ischemic stroke. 18. Hyperlipidemia ​ Description: High levels of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) in the blood. ​ Pathophysiology: Excess lipids deposit in artery walls, leading to atherosclerosis. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Poor diet, genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Often asymptomatic; severe cases may cause xanthomas or chest pain.  ​ Diagnostic Tests: Lipid panel (cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides). ​ Treatments: Statins, fibrates, diet modifications, exercise. ​ Prognosis: Controllable with treatment; untreated increases cardiovascular risk. ​ Complications: CAD, stroke, pancreatitis (with very high triglycerides). 19. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ​ Description: Group of lung diseases causing airflow obstruction (e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis). ​ Pathophysiology: Inflammation damages alveoli and airways, reducing airflow and oxygen exchange. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Smoking, long-term exposure to irritants, genetic (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency). ​ Signs/Symptoms: Chronic cough, wheezing, dyspnea, sputum production. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Spirometry, chest X-ray, arterial blood gases. ​ Treatments: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehab. ​ Prognosis: Progressive; management slows progression. ​ Complications: Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, infections. 20. Pulmonary Fibrosis ​ Description: Scarring of lung tissue, leading to stiffness and difficulty breathing. ​ Pathophysiology: Fibrosis replaces healthy tissue, reducing lung elasticity and gas exchange. ​ Etiology/Predisposing Factors: Environmental exposures (e.g., asbestos), autoimmune diseases, idiopathic. ​ Signs/Symptoms: Dry cough, progressive dyspnea, fatigue, chest discomfort. ​ Diagnostic Tests: Chest X-ray, high-resolution CT scan, lung biopsy, pulmonary function tests. ​ Treatments: Antifibrotic drugs (nintedanib, pirfenidone), oxygen therapy, lung transplant. ​ Prognosis: Progressive and often fatal without transplant; life expectancy varies. ​ Complications: Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, increased risk of infections. Nutrition, Intake and Output  ​ Balanced Diet: Includes macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals). ​ Special Diets: ○​ Low-Sodium: For hypertension or heart disease. ○​ Diabetic Diet: Focused on glycemic control. ○​ High-Protein: Post-surgery or for wound healing. Social Needs ​ Importance of maintaining social connections for emotional well-being. ​ Impacts of isolation on mental and physical health. Exercise and Mobility Aids ​ Walking Speed: Indicator of functional health. ​ Fall Cycle: Causes, prevention strategies, and proper use of mobility aids like walkers. Child Development ​ Development Principles: Growth is sequential, individualized, and interrelated. ​ Newborn Reflexes: ○​ Rooting, Moro, grasping, Babinski, stepping, sucking. ​ Theorists: ○​ Freud: Psychosexual stages. ○​ Erikson: Psychosocial stages (trust vs. mistrust, etc.). ○​ Piaget: Cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, etc.). ○​ Kohlberg: Moral development (preconventional to postconventional). ​ Developmental Milestones: ○​ Physical: Walking by 12-15 months, sitting by 6 months. ○​ Language: First words by 12 months, sentences by 2 years. Elder Abuse ​ Types: Physical, emotional, financial, neglect. ​ Indicators: Bruising, withdrawal, sudden financial changes. ​ Prevention: Education, caregiver support, mandatory reporting.