Neuroanatomy Study Guide PDF

NEUROANATOMY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 1. What is the nervous system primarily composed of? a) Bones and muscles b) Neurons and glial cells c) Blood vessels and arteries d) Hormones and enzymes 2. The nervous system is divided into how many...

NEUROANATOMY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 1. What is the nervous system primarily composed of? a) Bones and muscles b) Neurons and glial cells c) Blood vessels and arteries d) Hormones and enzymes 2. The nervous system is divided into how many main categories? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four 3. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of which of the following? a) Heart and lungs b) Brain and spinal cord c) Stomach and intestines d) Skin and muscles 4. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into how many divisions? a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five 5. What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system? a) Control voluntary muscle movements b) Regulate internal organs c) Interpret sensory information d) Provide nutrition to neurons 6. Which system is involved in the "fight or flight" response? a) Parasympathetic nervous system b) Central nervous system c) Sympathetic nervous system d) Somatic nervous system 7. What type of neuron transmits messages from receptors to the CNS? a) Motor neurons b) Sensory neurons c) Interneurons d) Glial cells 8. What is the main function of motor neurons? a) Receive sensory input b) Transmit impulses away from the CNS c) Support and protect neurons d) Conduct neural impulses within the CNS 9. What is the role of Schwann cells in the nervous system? a) Generate neural impulses b) Transmit sensory information c) Form the myelin sheath around axons d) Connect neurons to muscles 10. The gap between Schwann cells is known as: a) Axon terminal b) Node of Ranvier c) Synaptic cleft d) Dendrite 11. How do signals travel along the neuron? a) As chemical messages only b) As electrical impulses only c) As electrical impulses that jump from node to node d) As mechanical signals 12. Which part of the neuron receives information from other cells? a) Axon b) Dendrites c) Cell body d) Synaptic terminal 13. What is the primary function of the synapse? a) To transmit nerve messages b) To protect the brain c) To produce neurotransmitters d) To regulate blood flow 14. What is released by the synaptic terminals to transmit a signal to the next cell? a) Hormones b) Neurotransmitters c) Blood d) Electrical impulses 15. What are the main cell types in nervous tissue? a) Neurons and glial cells b) Red blood cells and white blood cells c) Epithelial cells and muscle cells d) Osteocytes and chondrocytes 16. Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons to stimulate muscle contraction? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) Acetylcholine d) Norepinephrine 17. What is the effect of norepinephrine in the body? a) Reduces blood pressure b) Increases heart rate and blood pressure c) Induces relaxation d) Causes muscle contractions 18. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) Acetylcholine d) Glutamate 19. A deficiency in dopamine is linked to which disease? a) Alzheimer’s disease b) Parkinson’s disease c) Multiple sclerosis d) Epilepsy 20. The autonomic nervous system is part of which larger system? a) Central nervous system b) Peripheral nervous system c) Cardiovascular system  d) Endocrine system 21. Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory and linked to sleepiness? a) Acetylcholine b) Dopamine c) Serotonin d) Norepinephrine 22. Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter? a) Endorphin b) Serotonin c) Myosin d) Dopamine 23. What is the synaptic cleft? a) A gap between the dendrites of two neurons b) A gap between the axon terminal and the next cell c) A space within the neuron’s cell body d) A type of neurotransmitter 24. Which part of the neuron transmits messages away from the cell body? a) Dendrite b) Synaptic terminal c) Axon d) Glial cells 25. Which neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of pain? a) Acetylcholine b) Norepinephrine c) Substance P d) Dopamine 26. The sympathetic nervous system primarily controls: a) Digestion b) Relaxation and recovery c) Fight or flight responses d) Voluntary muscle movements 27. What type of cell surrounds and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system?  a) Microglia b) Astrocytes c) Schwann cells d) Ependymal cells 28. Which neurotransmitter is associated with the feeling of well-being? a) Acetylcholine b) Dopamine c) Glutamate d) GABA 29. What is the role of the myelin sheath? a) To protect the neuron’s cell body b) To increase the speed of electrical impulses c) To create neurotransmitters d) To absorb nutrients for the neuron 30. The autonomic nervous system is divided into which two systems? a) Sympathetic and parasympathetic b) Central and peripheral c) Sensory and motor d) Somatic and visceral 31. Which neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions to stimulate muscle contraction? a) Dopamine b) Acetylcholine c) Serotonin d) Glutamate 32. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most abundant in the CNS? a) Acetylcholine b) Norepinephrine c) Glutamate d) Serotonin 33. Which neurotransmitter is linked to feelings of relaxation and sleepiness? a) GABA b) Dopamine c) Acetylcholine d) Glutamate 34. Which structure of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat? a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Medulla oblongata d) Hippocampus 35. Which system is primarily responsible for the rest-and-digest response? a) Sympathetic nervous system b) Somatic nervous system c) Parasympathetic nervous system d) Central nervous system 36. Which glial cell type is involved in forming the blood-brain barrier? a) Oligodendrocytes b) Schwann cells c) Astrocytes d) Microglia 37. What is the primary function of the spinal cord? a) To produce neurotransmitters b) To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body c) To regulate heart rate d) To store memories 38. Which brain structure is primarily associated with memory and learning? a) Cerebellum b) Thalamus c) Hippocampus d) Medulla oblongata 39. Which part of the brain is involved in coordinating voluntary movements? a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellum c) Hypothalamus d) Amygdala 40. What type of neurotransmitter is GABA? a) Excitatory b) Inhibitory c) Mixed  d) Hormonal 41. Which system does the hypothalamus regulate? a) Cardiovascular b) Digestive c) Endocrine d) Skeletal 42. Which of the following is not a part of the peripheral nervous system? a) Cranial nerves b) Spinal nerves c) Brain d) Autonomic nervous system 43. Which of the following is primarily responsible for voluntary movement? a) Autonomic nervous system b) Somatic nervous system c) Sympathetic nervous system d) Parasympathetic nervous system 44. What is the primary function of interneurons? a) Transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons b) Receive signals from external stimuli c) Provide structural support to neurons d) Secrete neurotransmitters 45. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum? a) Coordination of movement b) Sensory processing c) Decision making d) Memory storage 46. Which neurotransmitter is known as the "reward" chemical in the brain? a) Serotonin b) Dopamine c) Acetylcholine d) GABA 47. Which structure connects the brain to the spinal cord? a) Thalamus b) Pons c) Medulla oblongata  d) Midbrain 48. What type of reflex is controlled by the spinal cord without involving the brain? a) Voluntary reflex b) Autonomic reflex c) Somatic reflex d) Spinal reflex 49. Which part of the nervous system controls digestive processes? a) Somatic nervous system b) Parasympathetic nervous system c) Sympathetic nervous system d) Central nervous system 50. Which neurotransmitter is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) Glutamate d) GABA 1. The _____ system links us with the outside world and coordinates the activities of the other body systems. a. endocrine b. nervous c. urinary d. reproductive 2. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system works continuously to preserve _____. a. homeostasis b. heterostasis c. neurons d. gray matter 3. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the _____ and _____. a. brain; cranial nerves b. spinal cord; cranial nerves c. brain; spinal cord d. spinal cord; touch receptors  4. The two main divisions of the nervous system are _____. a. autonomic nervous system/somatic nervous system b. central nervous system/autonomic nervous system c. peripheral nervous system/autonomic nervous system d. central nervous system/peripheral nervous system 5. Two types of cells unique to the nervous tissue are _____ and _____. a. glial cells; dendrites b. neurons; dendrites c. dendrites; axons d. glial cells; neurons 6. Researchers have discovered that new ___________are produced after birth in children and adults. a. neurons b. cell bodies c. glial cells d. ganglia 7. In the disease multiple sclerosis, myelin deteriorates and is replaced by ________. a. ganglia b. glial cells c. neurons d. scar tissue 8. The first step in neural signaling is _____. a. transmission along an afferent neuron b. integration c. reception d. transmission along an efferent neuron 9. The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by _____. a. transmission of an impulse along the neuron b. sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane c. passive ion channels d. voltage-activated channels  10. Neurotransmitters _____. a. transmit impulses along axons b. activate sodium-potassium pumps c. transmit neural signals across synapses d. remove receptors from postsynaptic neurons 11. Within the _____, most of the motor fibers cross, resulting in the right side of the brain controlling the left side of the body and vice-versa. a. reticular formation b. medulla c. pons d. midbrain 13. The main divisions of the brain are the _____. a. medulla, pons, diencephalon, cerebrum, pituitary b. medulla, cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, pons, midbrain c. medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum d. thalamus, medulla, cerebrum, hypothalamus 14. The hypothalamus is responsible for all of the following mechanisms except _____. a. appetite b. maintaining fluid balance c. regulation of body temperature d. smooth movement of the body 15. The part of the brain responsible for memory, language, and making logical decisions is the _____. a. pons b. medulla c. cerebrum d. cerebellum CHAPTER 2 1. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of: A) Brain and spinal cord B) Heart and lungs C) Liver and kidneys D) Skin and muscles 2. What protects the brain and spinal cord? A) Muscle B) Skin C) Skull and vertebrae D) Blood 3. How many nerves make up the brain? A) 10 million B) 100 billion C) 1 billion D) 50 million 4. Which part of the brain controls thinking, memory, and speaking? A) Cerebellum B) Cerebrum C) Brain Stem D) Medulla 5. The cerebrum is the: A) Smallest part of the brain B) Middle part of the brain C) Largest part of the brain D) Part controlling the heartbeat 6. What connects the brain to the spinal cord? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brain Stem D) Thalamus 7. Which part of the brain controls heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure? A) Cerebellum B) Brain Stem C) Thalamus D) Hypothalamus 8. The brain is composed of about: A) 1 billion neurons B) 100 billion neurons C) 10 million neurons D) 1 trillion neurons 9. Which is not a function of the medulla oblongata? A) Heart rate control B) Vision C) Respiration control D) Swallowing 10. The brain requires a constant supply of: A) Oxygen and glucose B) Carbon dioxide and glucose C) Oxygen and water D) Glucose and fats 11. Which of the following regulates body temperature, hunger, and water balance? A) Thalamus B) Hypothalamus C) Cerebrum D) Cerebellum 12. The primary function of the thalamus is to: A) Control voluntary movement B) Relay sensory messages C) Control emotions D) Coordinate balance 13. Which part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination and balance? A) Cerebellum B) Cerebrum C) Brain Stem D) Thalamus 14. What is the outermost layer of the cerebrum called? A) Corpus callosum B) Cerebral cortex C) Thalamus D) Medulla 15. The central sulcus separates the: A) Frontal and parietal lobes B) Occipital and temporal lobes C) Cerebellum and cerebrum D) Brain stem and spinal cord 16. The primary motor cortex is located in the: A) Parietal lobe B) Frontal lobe C) Occipital lobe D) Temporal lobe ***17. Which area of the brain is responsible for speech and language comprehension? A) Wernicke's Area B) Broca's Area C) Primary Auditory Cortex D) Occipital Lobe 18. The occipital lobe primarily processes: A) Hearing B) Vision C) Touch D) Smell 19. The hippocampus is part of which brain system? A) Limbic system B) Endocrine system C) Motor cortex D) Visual cortex 20. Which lobe is primarily involved in sensory integration and spatial awareness? A) Temporal lobe B) Occipital lobe C) Parietal lobe D) Frontal lobe 21. Which brain structure is important for long-term memory and emotion? A) Amygdala B) Thalamus C) Hypothalamus D) Pons 22. Which layer of the meninges is closest to the brain? A) Dura mater B) Arachnoid mater C) Pia mater D) Subarachnoid space 23. The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to: A) L-2 vertebra B) T-12 vertebra C) S-5 vertebra D) C-1 vertebra 24. The cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the: A) Spinal cord B) Ventricles C) Meninges D) Cerebral cortex 25. Which brain structure links the nervous system to the endocrine system? A) Cerebellum B) Hypothalamus C) Pons D) Medulla oblongata 26. Which part of the brain is involved in reflex actions like swallowing and vomiting? A) Medulla oblongata B) Cerebrum C) Cerebellum D) Midbrain 27. The main role of the corpus callosum is to: A) Control voluntary muscle movements B) Connect the two hemispheres of the brain C) Regulate heart rate D) Process visual information 28. Which of the following separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum? A) Longitudinal fissure B) Transverse fissure C) Sylvian fissure D) Central sulcus 29. Damage to the Wernicke’s Area can cause difficulty in: A) Speech articulation B) Language comprehension C) Motor coordination D) Memory retrieval 30. The medulla oblongata is part of the: A) Brain stem B) Cerebellum C) Hypothalamus D) Limbic system 31. Which structure helps coordinate voluntary motor movements? A) Thalamus B) Cerebellum C) Frontal lobe D) Parietal lobe 32. The anterior horns of the lateral ventricles are located in the: A) Frontal lobes B) Occipital lobes C) Temporal lobes D) Parietal lobes 33. The fourth ventricle is located between the: A) Cerebellum and medulla B) Cerebellum and pons C) Cerebrum and thalamus D) Midbrain and medulla 34. The spinal cord consists of: A) Gray matter only B) White matter only C) Both gray and white matter D) Neither gray nor white matter 35. The vertebral arteries supply blood to the: A) Cerebrum B) Medulla C) Circle of Willis D) Spinal cord 36. The outermost layer of the meninges is: A) Pia mater B) Arachnoid mater C) Dura mater D) Gray matter 37. The limbic system is primarily involved in: A) Motor control B) Sensory perception C) Emotions and memory D) Vision 38. The midbrain is part of the: A) Brain stem B) Cerebrum C) Limbic system D) Spinal cord 39. The arachnoid mater is located between: A) Pia mater and dura mater B) Pia mater and the skull C) Dura mater and the skull D) Pia mater and the brain 40. What divides the brain into right and left hemispheres? A) Central sulcus B) Lateral fissure C) Longitudinal fissure D) Transverse fissure 41. The pons is involved in controlling: A) Breathing B) Vision C) Digestion D) Hearing 42. Which lobe is involved in processing auditory information? A) Temporal lobe B) Frontal lobe C) Parietal lobe D) Occipital lobe 43. The brain consumes what percentage of the body's energy? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 50% 44. The Broca’s area is located in which lobe of the brain? A) Temporal lobe B) Parietal lobe C) Frontal lobe D) Occipital lobe 45. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for eye movement? A) Olfactory nerve B) Optic nerve C) Oculomotor nerve D) Trigeminal nerve 46. The substantia nigra is part of the: A) Basal ganglia B) Thalamus C) Cerebellum D) Limbic system 47. The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and: A) Cerebellum B) Medulla oblongata C) Thalamus D) Cerebrum 48. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood and sleep? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Glutamate 49. Which part of the brain helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, thirst, and temperature? A) Hypothalamus B) Cerebellum C) Medulla oblongata D) Thalamus 50. The visual cortex is located in which lobe? A) Occipital lobe B) Temporal lobe C) Frontal lobe D) Parietal lobe