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Here are your flashcards based on the provided notes, formatted in a question and answer style: --- ### Flashcard Set **Flashcard 1** Q: What is the first priority in scene safety? A: - Ensure the scene is safe - Assess for hazards --- **Flashcard 2** Q: Who controls EMS scope of practice? A: -...

Here are your flashcards based on the provided notes, formatted in a question and answer style: --- ### Flashcard Set **Flashcard 1** Q: What is the first priority in scene safety? A: - Ensure the scene is safe - Assess for hazards --- **Flashcard 2** Q: Who controls EMS scope of practice? A: - Medical director - State regulations --- **Flashcard 3** Q: What does a DNR mean and what makes it valid? A: - DNR: Do Not Resuscitate - Valid if signed by a physician - Patient's identification required --- **Flashcard 4** Q: When can someone deny consent? A: - If they are conscious and competent - If they have a valid DNR --- **Flashcard 5** Q: What is implied consent? A: - Assumed consent in emergencies - Applies when the patient is unconscious --- **Flashcard 6** Q: What is expressed consent? A: - Clearly stated agreement to treatment - Must be given by a competent adult --- **Flashcard 7** Q: Describe the airflow pathway in the body. A: - Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs --- **Flashcard 8** Q: What is an occluded airway? A: - Complete blockage of the airway - Prevents airflow --- **Flashcard 9** Q: What do different breathing sounds indicate? A: - Wheezing: constricted airways - Stridor: upper airway obstruction - Crackles: fluid in lungs - Rhonchi: mucus in airways --- **Flashcard 10** Q: What is agonal breathing and how do you treat it? A: - Infrequent, ineffective gasps - Begin CPR and provide ventilations --- **Flashcard 11** Q: What are indications and contraindications of CPAP? A: **Indications:** - CHF, COPD, Respiratory distress **Contraindications:** - Facial trauma, Unconsciousness, Inability to maintain airway --- **Flashcard 12** Q: Why do you take breaths? A: - To supply oxygen to the body - Oxygen helps in cellular respiration --- **Flashcard 13** Q: What does VPU stand for? A: - Verbal - Painful - Unresponsive --- **Flashcard 14** Q: What are normal vital signs? A: - Pulse: 60-100 bpm - Respirations: 12-20/min - Blood Pressure: 90-140/60-90 --- **Flashcard 15** Q: What are signs and symptoms of inadequate breathing? A: - Cyanosis - Altered mental status - Decreased respiratory rate --- **Flashcard 16** Q: What is capillary refill time for a female? A: - Normal: 1-2 seconds --- **Flashcard 17** Q: What is the order of trauma assessment? A: - Primary assessment - Secondary assessment - Tertiary assessment --- **Flashcard 18** Q: Signs and symptoms of a rib fracture include? A: - Localized tenderness - Pain with inspiration - Crepitus --- **Flashcard 19** Q: When should a meter-dose inhaler (MDI) be used? A: - For asthma or COPD exacerbations - Not for acute severe respiratory distress --- **Flashcard 20** Q: What is the purpose of beta-1 and beta-2 receptors? A: - Beta-1: Increases heart rate and contractility - Beta-2: Causes bronchodilation --- **Flashcard 21** Q: What happens during cardiac arrest in the first 5-6 minutes? A: - Brain begins to suffer from hypoxia - Cellular metabolism shifts to anaerobic --- **Flashcard 22** Q: How do you perform AED and CPR on an infant? A: - Use infant pads for AED - 30 compressions: 2 breaths ratio - 1.5 inches deep compressions --- **Flashcard 23** Q: What are the categories of shock? A: - Hypovolemic - Cardiogenic - Distributive (septic, anaphylactic) - Obstructive --- **Flashcard 24** Q: Signs and symptoms of compensated shock include? A: - Tachycardia - Cool, clammy skin - Increased respiratory rate --- **Flashcard 25** Q: What happens to vital signs when a child becomes hypoxic? A: - Increased heart rate - Increased respiratory rate --- **Flashcard 26** Q: What is croup and epiglottitis? A: - Croup: Viral infection causing "barking" cough - Epiglottitis: Bacterial infection leading to airway obstruction --- **Flashcard 27** Q: What do the heart valves do? A: - Mitral: Prevents backflow to left atrium - Tricuspid: Prevents backflow to right atrium - Aortic: Prevents backflow to left ventricle - Pulmonary: Prevents backflow to right ventricle --- **Flashcard 28** Q: How do high blood pressure medications work? A: - Decrease peripheral vascular resistance - Lower cardiac output --- **Flashcard 29** Q: What are the indications and contraindications for aspirin in chest pain? A: **Indications:** - Chest pain suggesting MI **Contraindications:** - Active bleeding - Allergies to aspirin --- **Flashcard 30** Q: What is the difference between MI and angina? A: - MI: Prolonged ischemia, does not resolve with rest - Angina: Temporary ischemia, resolves with rest --- **Flashcard 31** Q: What is CHF? A: - Congestive Heart Failure - Heart's inability to pump blood effectively --- **Flashcard 32** Q: What are the pacemaking sites of the heart? A: - SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Purkinje fibers --- **Flashcard 33** Q: What is the sympathetic nervous system? A: - Part of the autonomic nervous system - Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response --- **Flashcard 34** Q: Describe the flow of blood through the heart. A: - Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta --- **Flashcard 35** Q: What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes? A: - Type 1: Insulin-dependent, autoimmune destruction of beta cells - Type 2: Insulin resistance, often associated with obesity --- **Flashcard 36** Q: What causes hyperglycemia and its signs/symptoms? A: - Causes: Lack of insulin, excessive sugar intake - Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue --- **Flashcard 37** Q: What are the different parts of the spine and their vertebrae count? A: - Cervical: 7 - Thoracic: 12 - Lumbar: 5 - Sacral: 5 (fused) - Coccygeal: 4 (fused) --- **Flashcard 38** Q: What is the midclavicular line and axillary line? A: - Midclavicular line: Vertical line through the midpoint of the clavicle - Axillary line: Vertical line through the armpit --- **Flashcard 39** Q: What are the roles of the left and right ventricles? A: - Left ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body - Right ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs --- **Flashcard 40** Q: What are the differences between TIA, CVA, syncope, and diabetes? A: - TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack, temporary stroke-like symptoms - CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident, permanent stroke - Syncope: Temporary loss of consciousness - Diabetes: Metabolic disorder related to insulin --- **Flashcard 41** Q: What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? A: - Sudden numbness/weakness - Confusion - Trouble speaking/understanding - Vision problems - Severe headache --- **Flashcard 42** Q: How to treat a joint dislocation? A: - Immobilize the joint - Apply ice - Seek medical assistance --- **Flashcard 43** Q: What is the purpose of splinting? A: - Stabilizes injured bones/joints - Reduces pain and prevents further injury --- **Flashcard 44** Q: What are signs and symptoms of dehydration in babies? A: - Dry mouth - Lack of tears - Sunken eyes - Decreased urine output --- **Flashcard 45** Q: What does the small intestine do? A: - Absorbs nutrients and minerals from food --- **Flashcard 46** Q: What does the large intestine do?** A: - Absorbs water and electrolytes - Prepares waste for excretion --- **Flashcard 47** Q: What is insulin and its function? A: - Hormone produced by the pancreas - Regulates blood glucose levels --- **Flashcard 48** Q: How to treat a sucking chest wound? A: - Seal with an occlusive dressing - Ensure dressing is airtight - Monitor for respiratory distress --- **Flashcard 49** Q: What is a TBA and how does it differ from a concussion?** A: - TBA: Traumatic Brain Injury - Concussion: Mild form of TBI, usually temporary symptoms --- **Flashcard 50** Q: How to treat an abdominal evisceration? A: - Do not push organs back in - Cover with a moist, sterile dressing - Secure and transport urgently --- **Flashcard 51** Q: What to do immediately for a poisoning? A: - Call poison control - Do not induce vomiting unless instructed --- **Flashcard 52** Q: How does the body cool itself during a heat emergency? A: - Sweating - Increased blood flow to the skin --- **Flashcard 53** Q: What is "driving with due regard"? A: - Operating emergency vehicles with caution - Prioritizing safety of all road users --- **Flashcard 54** Q: What are signs and symptoms of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns? A: - 1st: Redness, pain - 2nd: Blisters, swelling, pain - 3rd: White or charred skin, numbness --- **Flashcard 55** Q: What are signs and symptoms of exposure to nerve agents? A: - Salivation - Lacrimation - Urination - Defecation - Gastrointestinal distress - Emesis (vomiting) --- **Flashcard 56** Q: What are signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? A: - Headache - Dizziness - Weakness - Nausea - Confusion --- **Flashcard 57** Q: What to do for allergic reactions? A: - Assess severity - Administer antihistamines - Consider epinephrine for anaphylaxis --- **Flashcard 58** Q: What are signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax? A: - Severe respiratory distress - Tracheal deviation - Decreased breath sounds on affected side --- **Flashcard 59** Q: What is the sequence of events for a trauma patient? A: - Scene safety - Primary assessment - Secondary assessment - Transport --- **Flashcard 60** Q: What is the Rule of 9s for a 10-month-old? A: - Head: 18% - Each arm: 9% - Each leg: 14% - Anterior trunk: 18% - Posterior trunk: 18% --- **Flashcard 61** Q: What is the difference between arterial and venous bleeding? A: - Arterial: Bright red, spurting - Venous: Dark red, steady flow --- **Flashcard 62** Q: How to use a tourniquet? A: - Apply above the injury site - Tighten until bleeding stops - Note time of application --- **Flashcard 63** Q: What is an isolated spinal cord injury? A: - Injury to the spinal cord without associated bone fractures - Can lead to significant neurological deficits --- **Flashcard 64** Q: What are the different parts of the back and their associated vertebrae? A: - Cervical: C1-C7 - Thoracic: T1-T12 - Lumbar: L1-L5 - Sacral: S1-S5 (fused) - Coccygeal: 4 (fused) --- **Flashcard 65** Q: How to estimate blood loss? A: - Evaluate soaked dressings - Calculate volume based on weight and signs of shock --- **Flashcard 66** Q: What to do in case of overdose (pills)? A: - Call poison control - Monitor vital signs - Do not induce vomiting unless instructed --- **Flashcard 67** Q: What is APGAR and its purpose? A: - APGAR: Assessment of newborn's health - A: Appearance - P: Pulse - G: Grimace response - A: Activity - R: Respiratory effort --- **Flashcard 68** Q: How to administer epinephrine and its indications/contraindications? A: **Indications:** - Anaphylaxis **Contraindications:** - None in life-threatening situations - Use with caution in heart disease --- **Flashcard 69** Q: What is the third stage of labor? What happens and what do you do? A: - Delivery of the placenta - Monitor for hemorrhage - Provide post-delivery care --- **Flashcard 70** Q: What does the stomach do? A: - Digests food - Secretes gastric juices --- **Flashcard 71** Q: What is the purpose of a traction splint? What are its indications and contraindications? A: **Purpose:** - Stabilize femur fractures **Indications:** - Isolated mid-shaft femur fractures **Contraindications:** - Pelvic fractures - Knee injuries --- **Flashcard 72** Q: What are the organs and their purposes? A: - Heart: Pumps blood - Lungs: Gas exchange - Liver: Metabolism and detoxification - Kidneys: Filter blood, produce urine --- **Flashcard 73** Q: What are signs and symptoms of a pelvic or hip fracture? A: - Severe pain in hip or groin - Inability to bear weight - Deformity or bruising --- **Flashcard 74** Q: What does epinephrine do? A: - Increases heart rate - Causes vasoconstriction - Bronchodilation --- **Flashcard 75** Q: What is GCS, why do we use it, and what do the numbers represent? A: - GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale - Used to assess consciousness - Scores range from 3 (deeply unresponsive) to 15 (fully awake) --- **Flashcard 76** Q: Describe hazardous materials classification. A: - Blue (Health): Higher number = more dangerous (0-5) - Red (Fire): Higher number = more flammable (0-5) - Yellow (Reactivity): Higher number = more reactive (0-5) - White: Specific information on hazards --- **Flashcard 77** Q: What are key points from day one of EMT school? A: - 8 and 28 ventilate (rescue breaths) - Inadequate breathing = no breath - SpO2 below 94% = administer oxygen - C3,4,5 keep diaphragm alive (nerve roots) --- Feel free to adjust any of the content or formatting to better suit your study needs!