Clinical Bacteriology Reviewer (Midterm) PDF

By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY REVIEWER (MIDTERM) 1. An instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object - Microscope 2. It is the value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density - R...

By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY REVIEWER (MIDTERM) 1. An instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object - Microscope 2. It is the value calculated from the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density - Refractive Index 3. It is commonly used differential staining method which used to classify bacteria as gram positive or negative - Gram stain 4. It is a differential stain used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of genus Mycobacterium - Acid Fast Stain 5. Lens located closest to the specimen - Initial Magnification 6. It holds the secondary lens closest to the eyes with has the magnification of 10x - Oculars (eye piece) 7. It moves the mechanical stage - Coarse Adjustment Knob 8. It moves the specimen up and down in order to bring it to focus and show the best image possible - Initial Focusing 9. It moves the stage slightly to sharpen or to fine tune the view of the specimen - Fine Adjustment Knob 10. It is located in the base and a source of light, often has rheostat which alters the current applied to the lamp to control the intensity of the light - Light Source/ Illuminator 11. It collects/focuses light on the specimen to provide a sharper and clearer image - Condenser 12. It adjust or controls the amount of light and light rays angle that pass to the specimen and lens - Iris (Aperture) Diagram 13. It controls the diameter of light beam with optimal illumination - Field Diaphragm 14. It supports the entire microscope - Base 15. It holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objectives - Body 16. It holds two or more objectives simultaneously - Revolving Nosepiece (Turret) 17. It holds the specimen in place and it can be move up and down - Mechanical stage 18. It is the modulation contrast - Hoffman 19. What are the three (3) zones of the modulator? - Dark zone, Gray zone, and Clear zone 20. It uses prisms and most commonly used - Nomarski 21. What is the first filter? - Polarizing 22. What is the second filter? - Analyzer 23. Beam of electron instead of light - Electron Microscopy 24. 3D view of the specimen - Scanning Electron Microscope 25. It is the property by which atoms absorb light at a specific wavelength - Fluorescence 26. It binds to nucleic acid and used for the detection of cell wall-deficient - Acridine Orange 27. They are waxy mycolic acids in the cell wall and used to enhance the detection of mycobacteria - Auramine-Rhodamine 28. It binds with the cell wall of fungi and also used to visualize some parasites - Calcoufluor White 29. Antibodies specific for an antigen characteristic of a particular microbial species - Immunofluorescence By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 30. It emits an intense apple green fluorescence which is the most commonly used fluorochrome - Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 31. Visible light is passed through the specimen and through the series of lenses and is most commonly used in the laboratory - Bright-Field (Light) Microscopy 32. Bright Field Microscopy uses ____ to detect sediments with low refractive index - Staining 33. The objective lens, which is the closest to the specimen, magnifies the object to 100x - Magnification 34. Extent of to which the detailed in the magnified object is maintained - Resolution 35. It is needed to make the object stand out from the background - Contrast 36. It is the preparation of primary clinical sample that provides a mechanism to identify the number and type of cell presents in the specimen - Direct smear 37. The primary samples has been processed in culture and the smear contains organisms - Indirect smear 38. The extensive teichoic acid cross-links contribute to the ability of the gram positive organisms to resist ______ - Alcohol decolorization 39. It is specifically designed for a subset of bacteria whose cell walls contain long-chain of fatty (mycolic acid) - Acid Fast Stain 40. ______ render the cells resistant to decolorization, even with alcohol decolorizers - Mycolic acid 41. Bacteria lacking cell walls fortified with mycolic acid cannot resist decolorization with acid alcohol - Non-acid fast 42. It is a procedure that requires heat to allow the primary stain (carbolfuchsin) to enter wax-containing cell wall - Ziehl-Neelsen 43. It refers to as cold method because of higher concentration of phenol in the primary stain solution - Kinyoun Acid Fast 44. They are bacteria that possess very complex or extensive nutritional requirement - Fastidious organism 45. Microorganism that requires oxygen for growth and cannot grow in the absence of oxygen - Obligate aerobes 46. Microorganism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen - Obligate anaerobes 47. Microorganism that grow only under reduced oxygen tension and are unable to grow either aerobically or anaerobically - Microaerophile 48. Having the ability to adapt to more than one oxygen level in the environment and are able to grow with or without oxygen - Facultative anaerobe 49. It requires increased concentrations of CO2 (5% to 10%) and approximately 15% O2 - Capnophiles 50. It is the process of growing microorganisms in the culture by taking bacteria from the infectious site - Cultivation 51. It is a mixture of nutrients needed by microorganisms - Culture Media 52. Various agents such as _________may be added to either increase or decrease the viability of a particular or group of organisms. - Dyes or antibiotics 53. It has no solidifying agent and known as Broth/Infusion - Liquid Culture Medium 54. Semi-solid Culture Medium contains _______ agar. - 0.5 -1% By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 55. Combination of a solidifying agent added to nutrients and water - Solid culture medium 56. What are the 2 types of solid culture medium? - Liquifiable and Nonliquifiable 57. Rice grains and cooked meat are examples of? - Nonliquifiable 58. It contains both liquid and solid phase - BI-PHASIC Medium 59. In some instances of blood culture method AGAR polysaccharide extracts obtain from seaweed: - Redalgae Gellidium 60. It is dispensed in sterile petri dish - Plated Medium 61. It is dispensed in sterile tube medium or solid tube medium - Tube Medium 62. Exact composition is known; commercially prepared; chemically defined medium - Synthetic Medium 63. It is the complex medium - Non Synthetic Medium 64. Made up of living cells for the organism that can’t grow on cell free media - Tissue Culture Medium 65. It supports only the growth and multiplication of the organism - Simple/ General Isolation/ General Purpose Medium 66. It enhances the growth of one group of organism while inhibiting the growth of other organism - Enrichment Medium 67. It is derived from general isolation with added nutritional supplements needed for growth - Enriched Medium 68. It is designed to isolated fastidious organism - Enriched Medium 69. It contains one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organism except those “selected” by specific growth condition - Selective media 70. What are the dyes for the inhibitor of gram (+)? - Gentian violet and crystal violet 71. Bile salts for inhibitors of gram (+)? - Sodium deoxycholate 72. What are the inhibitors for gram (-)? - Potassium tellurite and Sodium Azide 73. They inhibits swarming of proteus - Alcohol and Chloral Hydrate 74. It provides distinct colonial appearances of organisms and can differentiate one group of organism to another - Differential medium 75. It used to screen for Staphylococcus aureus - Mannitol salt Agar 76. It determines the type of hemolysis bacteria produces - Blood Agar Plate 77. It used to transport organism, in order to prevent drying and disintegration of organism; contains charcoal - Transport medium 78. Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) is a medium for ____ - Medium for sensitivity testing 79. It is the medium that contains antibiotic as inhibitor - Antibiotic medium 80. It inhibits gram positive - Vancomycin 81. It inhibits gram negative rods - Colistin 82. It inhibits the growth of yeasts - Nystatin, Anisomycin, and Amphotericin B 83. It is used for testing the biochemical activities and detect chemicals produced by organism - Medium for biochemical reactions 84. It contains 1% lactose, 0.1% dextrose, nutrient agar and phenol red indication - Russell’s Double sugar 85. It has the same contents with RDS, with addition of agents that detect H.S p production - Kligler Iron Aga (KIA) By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 86. It has the same contents with KIA, with addition of third sugar, sucrose 1% - Triple Sugar Iron 87. It is a semi-solid medium that detects ability to produce H.S, motility of organism, and serves as biochemical medium for indole test - Sulfide-Indole-Motility (SIM) 88. It supports growth of non-fastidious bacteria and demonstration of hemolytic reactions - Blood Agar plate (BAP) 89. ______ defibrinated blood should be used - 5-10% 90. It inhibits the growth of beta hemolytic streptococci - citrate 91. It contains trypticase soy agar plus blood that has been chemically-treated or heat-treated (80C) to lyse red blood cells - Chocolate agar plate (CAP) 92. Sheep blood sugar supplemented with Phenylethyl alcohol to inhibit the growth of gram (-) bacteria - Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA) 93. It is a nutritionally rich formula containing three peptone sources and 5% defibrinated sheep blood - Columbia Agar Base 94. It blocks DNA replication - Nalidixic acid 95. It differentiates lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters - Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) 96. It also differentiates lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters and is most frequently used primary selective and differential agar - Mackonkey Agar 97. It is selective for Staphylococcus sp - Mannitol salt agar 98. What is the color of mannitol fermenter - Yellow 99. What is the color of non mannitol fermenter - Pink 100. It selectively slow the growth of most non-pathogenic gram negative bacilli found in gastrointestinal tract - Hektoen Enteric Agar (PE) 101. No-enteric pathogens that grow will appear as _______- orange to salmon 102. Pathogenic organisms appear as ____ colored colonies - blue green 103. pH indicator for gram xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD) agar - Phenol red 104. It is a peptone base agar with yeast extract and sucrose to detect fermentation - Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Sugar (TCBS) 105. What is the pH indicator of Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Sugar (TCBS)? - Bromothymol Blue 106. It enhances the growth of salmonella and shigella contains bile salts and sodium thionate - Tetrathionate Broth 107. It enhances the growth of Salmonella and Shigella contains sodium hydrogen selenite which is toxic for most Enterobacteriaceae - Selenite Broth (Sel-F) 108. It used to enhance the growth of vibrio - Alkaline Peptone Water (APW) 109. Naturally rich medium used to grow various organism either as broth or as agar and is often used as a major component for culturing patients blood for bacteria - Brain Heart Infusion 110. It is an enrichment broth most frequently used in diagnostic bacteriology - Thioglycollate broth 111. It acts as a reducing agent to create an anaerobic environment deeper in tube, allow anaerobic bacteria to grow - Thioglycolic acid 112. It is used for susceptibility testing - Mueller Hinton Agar By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 113. Inoculate by shaking - Liquid Culture Media 114. Inoculate by stabbing - Butt medium 115. Streak from bottom with zigzag fashion - Slant Medium 116. Stab the butt portion and streak with a zigzag fashion in the slant - Butt/Slant Medium 117. Streaking - Plated Medium 118. It places inoculum on one side of the plate, then bring to other side in concentric fashion - Radial Streak Method 119. It keeps on overlapping the streak and is used for susceptibility testing - Overlap Streak Method 120. It divides medium into several divisions, then streak division separately - Multiple streak method 121. It starts streaking on one side of the plate, when halfway, stop and turn 180 degree then streak again - Interrupted Streak Method 122. It is the most preferred method - Multiple Interrupted Streak Method 123. It uses 1 uL (1:1000) or 10uL (1:100) and for urine culture. Plate is inoculated using the calibrated loop, then the original streak line is cross-streak with an ordinary inoculating loop - Streaking for quantification 124. It is used for the isolation into pure culture of the organism (mostly bacteria) from mixed population - Streak plate technique 125. It is a description of the shape colonies, as well as the edges of the colonies and can be described as smooth, filamentous, rough or irregular and mucoid - Form/Shape/Margin 126. It is determined by tilting the medium and looking at the side of the colony as described as flat, raised, convex - Elevation 127. If they allow of the light to pass through - Transparent 128. It allows some light to pass through - Translucent 129. If they do not allow the light to pass through - Opaque 130. It is an incomplete hemolysis and characterized by greenish zones around colonies - Alpha hemolytic pattern 131. It is a complete hemolysis and characterized by clear zone around colonies - Beta hemolytic pattern 132. It is non hemolytic and no zone around colonies - Gamma hemolytic pattern 133. It is found in Clostridium perfringens and characterized by beta hemolytic inner zone - Double zone of hemolysis 134. Inherent characteristic of a specific organism confined generally to the colony - Pigment 135. In growth in broth/liquid and semi solid media, Listeria monocytogenes can be described as? - Umbrella shaped pattern in semi-solid 136. In growth in broth/liquid and semi solid media, certain Streptococcal species in thioglycolate can be described as? - Vine or streamer effect and Puffed balls 137. In growth in broth/liquid and semi solid media, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - Test tube brush growth on semi solid By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 138. Inoculum or specimen is mixed with normal saline solution (NSS) and it demonstrates the shape and arrangement of bacterial cell - Wet Mount Method 139. It uses concave slide which can be used to demonstrate motility - Hanging Drop Method 140. Swarming results in the production of thin film of growth on BAP and CAP surface as the motile organism spread from the original site of inoculation - Swarming Phenomenon 141. In the primary stain, what is the color? - Crystal Violet 142. It enhances affinity of primary stain forming CV-I - Mordant (Grams Iodine) 143. It is a lipid solvent and dehydrating agent - Decolorizer (Acetone-Alcohol or 95% Ethyl Alcohol) 144. It is a counterstain and will restrain gram negative bacteria while not interfering with the previous stain in the gram positive bacteria - Safranin 145. Result of loss of cell wall integrity caused by antibiotic treatment, autolysis, aging, media, or temperature incubation; Over decolorization - False Gram Negative 146. It is an incomplete decolorization and thick smear - False Gram Positive 147. Primary stain - Methyl violet-sodium bicarbonate 148. It is specifically designed for a subset of bacteria whose cell walls contain long-chain of fatty (mycolic) acid - Acid fast stain 149. It is the most commonly encountered acid-fast bacteria - Mycobacteria 150. It renders the cell resistant to decolorization, even with acid alcohol decolorizers - Mycolic Acid 151. What do you call when the bacteria lacking cell walls fortified with mycolic acid cannot resist decolorization with acid alcohol - Non-acid fast 152. What is the primary stain of Ziehl-Neelsen Stain - Carbol Fuchsin 153. In Ziehl-Neelsen Stain, what background is AFB (+) Red Bacilli - Blue Background 154. In Kinyoun Stain, what background is AFB (+) Red Bacilli - Green Background 155. Its primary stain is a mixture of Auromine O and Rhodamine B dyes in a carbol glycerol base - Fluorochrome Stain 156. What is the counterstain of Fluorochrome Stain? - Potassium Permanganate 157. In Fluorochrome Stain, what background is the AFB (+) Fluorescent yellow (or orange) organisms? - Black background 158. It detects Nocardia, Legionella micdadei and Oocysts of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Isospora - Modified Acid Fast Stain 159. It is used to differentiate Mycobacterium smegmatis (neg) from M. tuberculosis - Pappenheim’s Method 160. It is used to differentiate Mycobacterium leprae (red) from M. tuberculosis (blue) - Baumgarten’s Method 161. It is a technique where the organism are not stained but the background and uses a special stain to color the background such as the organism may appear colorless - Negative staining 162. The background appears black or very black while bacterial capsules, spirochetes, or the thick gelatinous capsule - India Ink 163. Use of antibody with fluorochrome or enzyme for more specific and targeted staining - Antibody-conjugated Stains By: Fatima Pereyra Asawa Ni Theo James 164. Stains that are used for the demonstration of a specific part of the cell or specific microorganisms - Special stains 165. _______ are difficult to stain with Gram stain. They as gram positive but they most often described as “gram ghost” - Mycobacterium 166. Lactophenol cotton blue - Fungi 167. Fontana-Tribandeau - Spirochetes 168. All cocci are Gram positive except? - Neisseria, Branhamella (Moraxella), Veillonella 169. ______ and _______ do not have cell wall - Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma 170. Legionella and Spirochete are difficult to Gram stain; ______ techniques are most useful - Silver impregnation