Medical Emergencies - Fall 2024 PDF

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE PTA PROGRAM VA BEACH CAMPUS PTH 105 -- [Unit 4] -- [HO\#5] - [Medical Emergencies Fall 2024] (Reference: Fairchild - Chap 12; Information in *italics* is FYI) **Learner Objectives**: **[Basic Principles of Management in a Medical Emergency]** 1. - - - -...

TIDEWATER COMMUNITY COLLEGE PTA PROGRAM VA BEACH CAMPUS PTH 105 -- [Unit 4] -- [HO\#5] - [Medical Emergencies Fall 2024] (Reference: Fairchild - Chap 12; Information in *italics* is FYI) **Learner Objectives**: **[Basic Principles of Management in a Medical Emergency]** 1. - - - - 2. 3. 4. **[Signs, Symptoms, and General Management of Selected Medical Emergencies]:** 1. **[EXTERNAL BLEEDING/LACERATIONS]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **2. [SHOCK]** = failure of the cardiovascular system to maintain adequate blood pressure with decreased O~2~ to tissues. Low circulating blood volume causes severe decrease in BP. [Four Types]: - - - - - - - - - **3 [ORTHOSTATIC (POSTURAL) HYPOTENSION] =** a drop in BP in response to position changes such as when attempting to stand from stooping, kneeling, sitting, or lying down. As the patient stands, blood pools in the LEs. This decrease in venous return from LEs leads to decreased filling of (L) ventricle leading to decreased cardiac output (CO) and decreased blood flow to the brain. Patients may experience all or some of the following: dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, cold sweats (may faint = syncope) when moving to an upright position. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **4 [FRACTURES]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **5 [BURNS]** - prevent wound contamination, reduce pain, and prevent shock - - - - - - **6 [SEIZURES]** - protect person from injury until the seizure has passed and protect patient's modesty/privacy - - - - - **7 [CHOKING]** - remember CPR -- Heimlich maneuver if needed **8 [AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA]** = an uninhibited, exaggerated reflex of the SNS to noxious stimuli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **9 [CARDIAC ARREST/MI]** = Injury to the heart muscle (myocardium) resulting from decreased blood and O~2~ secondary to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries. Results in tissue death. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. [Conscious patient] -Have pt in comfortable position (sitting or semi-reclining) and keep calm. Undo tight clothing, especially around the neck. Watch breathing. If patient is on meds, i.e. nitroglycerine, give it to him. Give O~2~ if available. Call 911. 2. [Unconscious patient] -- CAB -- one rescuer -- call 911 first before begin CPR **10 [STROKE]** (cerebrovascular accident= CVA) 1. 2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - *Important to educate the public regarding the early warning signs because if a stroke is ischemic in nature and TPA (tissue plasminogen activator -- a clot-dissolving enzyme) is administered within 3 hours of onset of sx, severity of the resultant deficits can be minimized*. *Major heart and stroke organizations are encouraging the use of the term brain attack to help people understand the importance of calling 911.* - - - - - - - - - **11 [INTERNAL BLEEDING]** - caused by trauma - - - - - **[Diabetes Mellitus (DM):]** a chronic, systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disruption of the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Insulin produced in the pancreas (an endocrine gland) normally maintains a balanced blood glucose level. In DM, the body may not produce enough insulin, the insulin that is produced is ineffective, or there could be a combination of the two. Chronic hyperglycemia results in long term damage to the kidneys, heart, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels with resultant CAD, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and amputation. [Two Types of DM:] [Type I] (IDDM or juvenile onset DM): the body does not produce insulin so it must be artificially replaced via insulin injections [Type II] (NIDDM or adult-onset DM): the body does not use the insulin it produces effectively. These patients can usually control their condition through diet (not eating excess carbohydrates or sugary foods) and exercise. Sometimes they supplement their diet with oral hypoglycemic meds (used to decrease glucose levels). In children, Type II diabetes is referred to as diabesity. **12 [HYPOGLYCEMIA]** = low blood sugar, can be life threatening ============================================================================ - - - - - - - - **13 [HYPERGLYCEMIA]** = high blood sugar; can be life threatening - lead to diabetic coma - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 **[DEHYDRATION]**: occurs when there is an excessive loss of water or an inadequate intake of water. This can lead to vascular collapse (hypovolemia) and shock if left untreated. Dehydration occurs due to hemorrhage, GI bleed, burns, diarrhea, vomiting, diaphoresis, or lack of fluid intake. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[Medical Management of Dehydration]**: replace fluids via IV (dehydration) and keep record of fluid input/output. **[PT Implications for Dehydration:]** - - - - - - - - - **[Abnormal HR response to exercise]**: - - - - - - **[Normal BP changes with exercise]**: - - - - **[When to terminate exercise based on BP]:** - - - - -