UNIT4 Work & Health Student copy .pptx

Work and Health Unit 4 HTH SCI 1RR3 LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AGENDA • Check-in, Housekeeping items • Unemployment and Job Security • Workplace Environment and Conditions • Precarious Employment • Intersectional Lens • Health Consequences of Precarious Employment • Work and Health: Implications and P...

Work and Health Unit 4 HTH SCI 1RR3 LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AGENDA • Check-in, Housekeeping items • Unemployment and Job Security • Workplace Environment and Conditions • Precarious Employment • Intersectional Lens • Health Consequences of Precarious Employment • Work and Health: Implications and Policy Source Weekly Exam Preparation Hints Are there essential concept lists? YES!! • Review course manual for each unit as part of class preparation. This Week…Unit 4 pp. 11 -12 • Key Concepts: Precarious employment, labour market transformation, work-related health • Key Terms: Boundaryless careers, employment strain, precariat • Weekly slides: Contains lots about the concepts/testable material/ resources but not exhaustive! • Notetaking needed: Prior to class from manual, all required readings, all media files; During class to enhance ppt information Reminder: Online Test #1 (manual p. 5) • Oct 2nd at 7 pm • Focus is Units 1, 2 and 3 • 30 % grade value for this course • 40 multiple choice questions (test 1) • Students intending to use accommodations please ensure that you have completed the documentation and that the course lead Dr Wahoush [email protected]) and your tutor are aware. WHO Model Student Question From Unit 1: Good one! What is the difference between Structural, Social Determinants of Health Inequities & Social Determinants of Health (SDoH)? Review UNIT 1 REQUIRED MEDIA FILE: (ANSWER BEGINS AT 2 MIN 45 SEC) Public Health Academy (2017, June 25). The social determinants of health: An introduction [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PH4JYfF4Ns (6 minutes) Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health: Social determinants of health discussion paper 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization SDoH-conditions that people are born, grow, live, work and age Structural, social determinants of Health Unemployment and Job Security Unemployment can lead to: • • • Material and social deprivation Psychological stress Adoption of health-threatening coping behaviours Unemployment is associated with: • Physical and mental health problems e.g. depression, anxiety, increased suicide rates Job insecurity causes: • Burnout, mental/psychological problems, poor self-rated health, v of somatic complaints (Raphael et al., 2 Employment Protection in Canada • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) • OECD guidelines set standards for responsible business conduct across a range of issues such as human rights, labour rights, and the environment (Raphael et al., 2020, • Canada ranks poorly- 35 out of 36 in employment protection index of rules and regulations that protects employment and provides benefits Workplace Environment and Conditions (LG) • Why are working conditions important as a SDoH? • What are some of the work dimensions shaping health outcomes? Source Workplace Environment and Conditions Why are Working Conditions important SDoH? • Great amount of time spent in workplace • People already vulnerable are most likely to experience health threatening working conditions Key Work Dimensions Shaping Health Outcomes Job strain; effort-reward imbalance; (Raphael et al., PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT Sourc e Defining Precarious Employment Precarious Employment means that: • Work is uncertain, insecure, unstable Required Media File TED. Guy Standing: Wha precariat. • Insecurity exists across various dimensions of work, an social & economic vulnerability (Raphael et al., 2020) Precarious Job Study • More than 1 in 5 Canadian professionals have precarious jobs (2018) • Note where healthcare falls * Might we foresee any change given health issues and events of the past couple of years) https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2018/08/20/precarious-w ork-professionals-canada_a_23505831/ Precarious Job Study cont’d Based on age, speculate what might be happening? https://www.policyalternatives.ca/site s/default/files/uploads/publications/Na tional%20Office%2C%20Ontario%20O Labour Market Today • Careers related to the development of projects (consultant, project management, coordinator) • Work in several jobs over the course of a lifetime • Creates “boundaryless” (nomadic/unstable) careers vs. “vertical ladder” careers PHOTO SOURCE Raphael, et al. 2020; Required media-Toronto Public Library Workers, 2015 Labour Market Today Boundaryless Career • Often represents tech/knowledge economy: mobile work, networks and virtual communities of practice Traditional Career • Represents industrial work: one stop shop, first job/last job, climbing the vertical ladder Raphael, et al. 2020; 2016 Boundaryless Career • • • • More “flexibility” in jobs and self-employment False sense of self-employment Precarious work (lack of stability, permanence and/or benefits) New classifications of employment statuses (casual, contract, temporary, reduced-time, part-time, etc.) Raphael, et al. 2020; 2016 – “gig” economy “While the flexibility of these new-economy jobs is attractive to some, this kind of employment is a fast track to poor social and economic conditions for many” (Required media file: Topp, B. & Lubowitz, T., 2019, para 2). UNEMPLOYMENT RATE – number of people in the labour force (15-64 yrs.) actively looking for a job| EMPLOYMENT RATE – employed ➗ total labour force https://tradingeconomics.com/articles/09062019124339.htm Source Precariat: precarious (insecure) + proletariat (working-class) Security = REQUIRED MEDIA FILE: Guy Standing. (2017). The Precariat. Ted Talk. (13 minutes) *see syllabus While the flexibility of these new-economy jobs is attractive to some, this kind of employment is a fast track to poor social and economic conditions for many. Job Security vs Income Security • Job Security – enables economic + social inclusion • Income Security – economic inclusion *critique: undereducated/impoverished women 1. Which of the two concepts (above) do you think could hold a might leave bigger key in SDoH? labour force; social stigma of basic income 2. Discuss (ties to unitthe3)challenges faced by Toronto library workers and the fit to these two concepts? Required Media File: Toronto Public Library Workers. (2015, October). Precarious work in Toronto public library: Toronto’s INTERSECTIONAL LENS Important term and will be studied in more detail in Unit 7 PHOTO SOURCE What is Intersectionality? • K. Crenshaw (civil rights activist, legal scholar) -coined phrase in 1989) -more detail in Unit 7 (required media clip) Source • “…the interconnected nature of social categorisations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or Colour-Coded Labour Market 1980 5.% were racialized Pay Gap Canadians 2006 16.2% 2031 32% 1/3 of Canada’s population • Racialized workers earn 81.4 cents per dollar compared to non-racialized workers. Why is there a gap? • Racialized workers are more willing to work but have a harder time finding jobs • Jobs found are more likely to be part-time, low wage, insecure ired Media: Wellesley Institute (2011, March 21). Canada’s color-coded labour ma Employment Inequity Gender-based Inequity • non-racialized women earn 69 cents per dollar nonracialized men earn Race-based Inequity • • racialized racialized racialized racialized men earn 76 cents per dollar nonmen earn women earn 85 cents for every dollar nonwomen earn Gender-based + Race-based Inequity (intersectionality) • Sheila Block and Grace-Edward Galabuzi. (December, 2018). Persistent Inequality: Ontario’s Colour-coded Labour Market https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/Ontario%20Office/2018/12/Persistent%20inequality.pdf Summary: CoVid 19 Labour Market for Indigenous and Racialized Workers (pp 4-6) • Impacts more severe for Indigenous and racialized households (greater economic hardship) • Employment in industries at risk of job losses • Employment in occupations at risk of infections Slides 26-29 from Required reading: • Unemployment and employment Canadian Centre gap for Policy Greater Economic Hardship pp 10-11 Households facing hardships on average July 2020-June 2022 28% of Indigenous Peoples 31% of racialized households 16% of white households Unemployment Rates Indigenous vs NonIndigenous (pp 15-20) Unemployment Rates Racialized vs White Workers (pp 22;27) Jobs in Pandemic (p. 25-2 Racialized workers concentrated in the 3 industries that were • Most likely to suffer job losses • More concentrated in frontline occupations with high infection risk The Pandemic and Work (Req Read: Ross, S. & Lewchuk, W., 2021) Canadian workplace has changed and become more stressful 2/3 reported feeling less safe at work 3/4 reported more stress and anxiety Numbers higher among women Significant increases in tasks and work effort 1 in 4 reported negative interaction with employer during pandemic e.g time off, getting paid • Unions helped protect workers (e.g. income stability, reduce turnover, more able to maintain fair power • • • • • Health Consequences of Precarious Employment PHOTO SOURCE The New Economy: Flexible Production Goods produced faster and cheaper consequence people change brands more often & want COMPANIES COPE latest product BY Functional Flexibility Workers word harder and longer Focus on outcomes (“lean production”) Numerical Flexibility Downsizing Part-time/contract Focus on cost-reduction Flexible Production and Health Intensification Of Work • Leisure sickness; repetitive strain injuries (less visible and hard to connect to one job) Non-standard Work Hours • Long hours; physiological & psychological health disturbances; family conflict Precarious Work • Poorer conditions; low control; less socialization (Required Reading: Raphael et. Flexible Production and Health Job Insecurity • Associations between illness and downsizing; family dynamics and parenting Employment Insecurity • Stress of no employment options Income Insecurity • Income inadequacy (poverty) associated with ill health (e.g. depression) (Required Reading: Most Impacted Populations • • • • • • Women Youth New Immigrants Racialized Minorities Persons with Disabilities Persons with Lower Education Insecurity is not randomly distributed **Remember the influence of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, etc. on the SDOH (e.g., “flexibility” mostly benefits high-skilled/educated workers) Key Dimensions of a “Good” Job 1. Secure – Permanent With Benefits 2.Addresses Workplace Injuries 3.Control–Autonomy At Work 4.Opportunities For Self-development (Paid) –Allows For Advancement 5.Free Time – Vacation, Limit Work Taken Home, Etc. 6.Work – Life Balance – Time Stress (e.g. Child And Elder Care) 7.Attention To Social Aspects Of Job (Positive and Negative) ( Raphael et. al, 2020; TED, 2017) Key Dimensions of Work-Related Health From: Stock Images Required Reading: Raphael et. al, 2020, p.29 Work and Health SG/LG discussion • How does Work and Health fit into the WHO Student Question: framework? • What Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health: can Social determinants of health and should discussion paper 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press. en m ern v Go st ts u m t! ac Managing Precarious Work (Topp, B. & Lubowitz, T., 2019) Activity (SG, LG): You are assigned to 1 of 4 Quadrant groups GR 1. Short term (ST) recommendations (Federal) GR 2. Short term (ST) recommendations (Province, Territories) GR 3. Medium term (MT) recommendations (Federal) GR. 4. Medium term (MT) recommendations (Province, Territories) Work and Health: What Should Be Done? Research and Education • More KT re: link between precarious employment and health Cultural Change • More employer social accountability Institutional Change • Free trade vs. fair trade (think about impact on people) Power and Equity • Address that those already economically Work and Health: What Should Be Done? Policy and Legislation • • • • Increased minimum wage Incentives to hire permanent staff Access to training opportunities, EI, pension plans Occupational health for well-being vs reducing injury/illness Policy Implications • Support working life so demands and rewards are balanced • Improve conditions in high-strain jobs • Collective and organized action (unionization) as CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Have you previously considered job (in)security as a health issue? Why or why not? 2. High-stress jobs are often defined as those with high demands but low levels of control. What kinds of jobs are most stressful by this definition? 3. What do you observe about work and health of family, friends and others you know?