UNIT1_SYSTEMS_ANALYSIS_FUNDAMENTALS-1.pdf

UNIT 0 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 1 Any of the most common issues when it comes to small , medium or large systems...

UNIT 0 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 1 Any of the most common issues when it comes to small , medium or large systems programmes is literally being able to supply a system, product or service on time without latent defects,and make a profit. System analysis is selection method and interpretation of facts, problems discovery and system decomposition into its components.To identify the objects, it is done to study or evaluate a system and its components. Thru evaluation of a particular system and identification of the areas of improvements to make needed enhancement. Unit 1 incorporates the process analysis principles into today's system. You can learn about the principles of systems analysis and design, methods and techniques for systems development , various methodologies for systems development, and the life cycle of systems development. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1  PRETEST WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________________ Course & Section: ________________________ Result: __________________ TRUE or FALSE. Read the statement carefully then determine whether the following claims are TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the claim is true otherwise write FALSE on the space provided for each number. ______1. An information system is a collection of interconnected components that collect, process, store, and deliver the information needed to complete business tasks as production. ______2. A computer application is a system of computer software that executes a particular function or set of similar functions on a computing device. ______3. Transaction processing systems (TPS) are computerized information systems such as payroll and inventory transactions. ______4. MIS are computerized information systems that people and computer do not work together. ______5. Transaction management systems are tools that cross boundaries allowing the company to interact with external environments. ______6. System design involves understanding and specifying in detail what an information system should do. ______7. System design allows an individual to explain in detail how the information system will actually be implemented in order to provide the solution. ______8.Success of information systems depends on good SAD. ______9. Analysis, Design, Implementation are the three major activities of SDLC. ______10. Conducting preliminary investigation is the first activity under planning phase. ______11. Define what Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools are an organized strategy for carrying out the steps in software application life cycle program or system in a predictable, efficient, and repeatable way. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 2  PRETEST WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? …continuation ______12. Identifying user’s need is one of the uses of models ______13. Prototyping is an iterative process of systems development in which requirements are converted to a working system that is continually revised through close work between analyst and users. ______14. Modeling is the most popular Rapid Application Development method ______15. Systems analyst becomes an agent of change in the organization when he/she performs some of the activities in the life cycle of systems development and are present in the business for an extended period. ______16. The system analyst's most thorough and accountable position is to act as a catalyst for change, create a change plan and collaborate with others to promote the change. ______17. Systems Implementation involves activities carried out by people who provide a thorough understanding of the business’ information needs and requirements. ______18. Adaptive analysis seeks to balance the focus between process and data by combining both into things called objects. ______19. Spiral model focuses on all types of resources in software development and coding, with no or very little planning. ______20. Big bang model is a risk-driven process. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3 LESSON 1: Systems Analysis Concepts and Definitions OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:  Define the meaning of information systems;  Figure out the participation of a system analyst in all the systems;  Determine the system components task in accordance with the required output; and  Identify the following:Transaction Processing System (TPS), Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support Systsm (DSS) and Executive Support System (ESS). Duration: 2 hours IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Information System An information system is a collection of interconnected components that collect, process, store, and deliver the information needed to complete business tasks as production. The information system also involves people who are running the program and doing some of the research. A computer application is a system of computer software that executes a particular function or set of similar functions on a computing device. Sometimes, computer application is shortened to app. Thoughts to ponder: o If you are using online banking and paying bills via online payment, do you think you are part of the information system? o Why are apps called applications? Remember! Many people use the words interchangeably, information system and computer program but note that the information system involves people and their manual processes, and typically the application applies only to the software. The Most Popular Information Systems in an Organization Information systems are built for various purposes, according to the needs of human users and business. Transaction processing systems (TPS) operate at the level of operation of the organization; assistance of office automation systems (OAS) and knowledge work systems (KWS) act on level of awareness. Higher-order systems covered by management information systems (MIS) and decision support systems (DSS). Expert tools apply decision making skills - requires precise, systematic problem solving. On the strategic management stage we consider executive support systems (ESS).Group decision support systems (GDSS) and computer-supported collaborative work systems (CSCWS) more commonly defined aid community-level decision- making on a semi-structured or unstructured variety. The scope of information systems that analysts may build is indicated in Figure 1.1. Note that the figure displays these structures from the bottom up, suggesting that the organization's organizational or lowest level is supported by TPS, and the top-level strategic or highest level of semi-structured and unstructured decisions is supported by ESS, GDSS and CSCWS. This text uses the terms management information systems, information systems (IS), computerized information systems, and computerized business information systems interchangeably to denote computerized information systems that support the broadest range of user interactions with technologies and business activities through the information they produce in organizational context (Kendall & Kendall, 2011). IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 5  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Figure 1.1 A system analyst may participate in any or all of the systems ESS Decision Support Systems Management Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems A Study of Different Information Systems Using the pyramid above, let us compare how the information systems in Figure 1.1 differ from each other. Transaction Processing Systems Transaction processing systems (TPS) are computerized information systems designed to process vast volumes of data for daily business transactions such as payroll and inventory transactions. Transaction Processing System (TPS) are operational-level systems at the bottom of the pyramid. Usually, they are run directly by shop floor employees or front line personnel, who provide the main data required to help operations management. Typically this data is collected by the automated or semi-automated monitoring of low- level operations and simple transactions. Transaction management systems are tools that cross boundaries allowing the company to interact with external environments. Functions of a TPS Surely, TPS is nothing more than basic data-processing systems. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 6  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Function of a TPS in terms of data processing requirements Inputs Processing Outputs Validation Sorting Lists Transactions Listing Detail reports Events Merging Action reports Updating Summary reports Calculation Table 1.1 Function of a TPS Source:Information Sheet for Flow Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://pdfslide.net/documents/information-sheet-for-flow-chart.html Some examples of TPS  Paid services  Orders management production  Booking applications  Control systems on stock  Payment and Fund transfers systems The role of TPS  Produce data for other systems  Border controls (internal and external)  Operational workers + supervisory levels used  Performance tailored to Management Information Systems Management information systems (MIS) do not replace transaction processing systems; rather, all MIS include transaction processing (Kendall & Kendall, 2011). MIS are computerized information systems that work because people and computers interact purposefully. Management information systems support users in achieving a wider spectrum of organizational tasks than transaction processing systems, including decision analysis and decision-making, by requiring people, software and hardware to work together. Functions of a MIS The MIS is based on the TPS data Function of a MIS in terms of data processing requirements Inputs Processing Outputs Internal Transaction Sorting Detailed reports Internal Files Merging Action reports Structured Data Summarizing Summary reports Table 1.2 Function of a MIS Source:Information Sheet for Flow Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://pdfslide.net/documents/information-sheet-for-flow-chart.html IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 7  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Some examples of MIS  Sales management systems  Inventory control systems  Budgeting systems  Management Reporting Systems (MRS)  Personnel (HRM) systems The role of MIS  Based on internal information flows  Support relatively structured decisions  Inflexible and have little analytical capacity  Used by lower and middle managerial levels  Talks about the past and present and not the future  Efficiency oriented Decision Support Systems Decision Support Systems (DSS) are higher level class of computerized information systems. DSS is similar to the traditional information management system, since both depend on a database as Data Source. DSS departs from the traditional management information system because it emphasizes decision-making support in all its phases, even if the actual decision is still the sole decision-making. Functions of a DSS DSS manipulates and builds upon the MIS and/or TPS knowledge to create ideas and new knowledge. Function of a DSS in terms of data processing requirements Inputs Processing Outputs Modeling Internal Transaction Summary reports Simulation Internal Files Forecasts Analysis External Information Graphs / Plots Summarizing Table 1.3 Function of a DSS Source:Information Sheet for Flow Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved September 02, 2020, from https://pdfslide.net/documents/information-sheet-for-flow-chart.html Some examples of DSS  Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)  Computer Supported Cooperative work (CSCW)  Logistics systems  Financial Planning systems  Spreadsheet Models IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 8  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals The role of DSS  Support ill- structured or semi-structured decisions  Have analytical and/or modeling capacity  Used by more senior managerial levels  Are concerned with predicting the future  Are effectiveness oriented Executive Support Systems Executive Support System (ESS) are strategic-level information systems that are found at the top of the Pyramid. Help managers organize their interactions with the outside environment through the provision of graphics and communications technology in accessible locations such as boardrooms or personal corporate offices. Knowledge is often weakly organized in these structures, and comes from both internal and external sources. The ESS is structured for the direct management of managers without requiring intermediaries and easily customized to the individual's needs using them. While ESS relies on the information generated by TPS and MIS, executive support systems help their users address unstructured, non-application-specific decision-making problems by creating an environment that helps them think about strategic problems in an informed way. Functions of an ESS To help and expand the innate capacities of senior management, ESS organizes and integrates data and information from all external data sources as well as internal MIS or TPS. Function of a ESS in terms of data processing requirements Inputs Processing Outputs External Data Summarizing Summary reports Internal Files Simulation Forecasts Pre-defined models “Drilling Down” Graphs / Plots Table 1.4 Function of a ESS Some examples of ESS Executive Support Systems (ESS) are mostly very individualized and frequently designed to a specific group of customers; however, there are a range of off-the-shelf ESS products and many enterprise-level systems offer a customized ESS module. The role of ESS  Are concerned with convenience of use  Are interested in determining the future  Are efficiency driven  Are dynamic  Help to disorganized choices  Use different data sources  Seen only at the highest levels of management IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 9 APPLICATION ACTIVITY HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Figure 1.2 Digital Services Source: Digital Customer Service. (n.d.). Retrieved September 18, 2020, from https://www.cioandleader.com/article-tags/digital-customer-service Figure1.2 illustrates a different concept.You will see that each image portrays a transaction. What types of information systems can be seen and share with the class. Take Into Action This activity will further elaborate on the different types of information system. Determine the types of information system that took place in the scenario. 1. Robert withdraws money through an automated teller machine. 2. Rose purchases a dress using her credit card as a mode of payment. 3. Maribel buys a headset at Amazon, an online retailer, using her PayPal account. 4. The teachers in Bulacan State University use a biometrics attendance system. 5. Vanelli presents the sales results and revenue growth of the company. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 10  GRADING RUBRICS HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Rubrics Weight No. Items Actual Score % 1. The key topics in the situational analysis are thoroughly 40 answered and explained 2. All program objectives are 40 appropriately defined and associated with the situational analysis 3. The explanation is appropriate 20 and in sync with basic grammar , punctuation and spelling. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 11 LESSON 2: Systems Analysis and Design OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:  Define System Analysis and design;  Recognize the many roles of a systems analyst;  Enumerate the required skills for a system analyst; and  Realize the purpose of an information technology developer. Duration: 2 hours  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) Systems analysis consists of those activities which allow a person to understand and decide what the new system should be doing. It involves understanding and specifying in detail what an information system should do. It is the investigation of procedures, information and practices within an organization, usually with the intention of changing some of them. Systems design consists of those activities which allow an individual to explain in detail how the information system will actually be implemented in order to provide the solution required. In other words, the design of systems explains how the system really should operate. This describes all the solution device elements in detail, and how they operate together. Figure 1.2 System Analysis versus System Design Source: Satzinger, J. W., Jackson, R. B., & Burd, S. D. (2016). Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World: 7th Edition. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://www.cengage.com/c/systems-analysis-and-design-in- a-changing-world-7e-satzinger/9781305117204PF Thoughts To Ponder: o Being able to forecast their success helps a broadcasting network to concentrate more on the large investment needed to train them.In this article, we find defining factors contributing to its popularity as a well- known TV series— The Big Bang Theory.The variables that are considered are often related to the script, such as dialog characteristics (e.g., length, language complexity, sentiment), whereas success is assessed by viewers' feedback (whereas, the number of comments as a measure of acceptance, and the ratings of viewers as a measure of appreciation).In assessing the scenario, do you think a system analyst played a role in the situation? IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 13  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Need for Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)  Success of information systems depends on good SAD  SAD seeks to analyze data input systematically, processing or transforming data, data storage, and information output within the context of a particular business.  It is used to evaluate, plan and enforce changes in business functioning that can be achieved by the use of computerized IT systems.  The implementation of a system without adequate preparation leads to significant frustration and sometimes causes the system to fall into disuse.. SAD lends structure to the analysis and design of information systems, a costly endeavor that might otherwise have been done in a haphazard way (Kendall & Kendall, 2011). The study and design of structures offers the tools and techniques you need to complete the production as an information technology developer product: 1. Understand the need (business need). 2. Capture the vision. 3. Define a solution. 4. Communicate the vision and the solution. 5. Design the solution, or ask others to build the solution. 6. Confirm that the solution meets the need. 7. Launch the solution application (Satzinger, Jackson, & Burd, 2016). The Systems Analyst The systems analyst is a professional computer employee who performs analysis and design. Certainly analysts ought to learn about computers and computer programs. We have unique skills and gain programming knowledge. But they also bring a fundamental curiosity to explore how things are done and determination to make them work better. Systems analyst must:  Define the problem to be solved  Study the problem and propose solutions  Specify the changes needed and highlight the costs and benefits of each solution  Choose a solution to program and implement it Required skills Technical Knowledge and Skills  Computers and how they work in general  Programming languages  Devices that interact with computers  Communications networks  Database and database management systems  Operating systems and utilities IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 14  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Business Knowledge and Skills  What activities and processes do organizations perform?  How are organizations structured?  How are organizations managed?  What kind of research (activity) the company does? (e.g. hospital, bank etc.)  Who are the “actors” doing the activities Systems analyst needs to understand the type of organization for which they work. The more an analyst understands how a company works, the more effective it can be. Some information about the business the analyst wants to know include:  What the specific organization does  What makes it successful  What its strategies and plans are  What its tradition (“culture”) and values are People Knowledge and Skills  Single most important interpersonal skill: To communicate clearly and effectively with others!  Since analysts work in team with others (e.g. team members, clients etc.) must understand about people: How people think How people learn How people react to change How people communicate How people work (“activities” and “actors”)  Other areas: Skill in interviewing, listening and observing Good written and oral presentation Being able to work in a team Personal Qualities  Critical mind  Good communication skills  Self-discipline  Self-direction  Organizational skills  Creativity  Ability to work without tangible results IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 15  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Primary Roles of the System Analyst The System Analyst as a Consultant – the system analyst frequently acts as a systems consultant to a business and thus maybe hired specifically to resolve issues relating to information technology within a business. Such recruiting can be a benefit because external consultants will carry with them a fresh viewpoint that other company members do not have. It also means that external observers are at a disadvantage because an outsider will never know the true culture of organization.You may rely on information system users to help you understand the organizational culture from others’ viewpoint. System Analyst as Supporting Expert – another role that you may be required to play is that of a supporting expert within a business where you are regularly employed in some systems capacity. In this position, the analyst draws on technical experience relating to computer hardware and software and its business uses.This work is often not a full-blown system project, rather, it involves a small change or decision which affects a single department. As the support expert, you are not managing the project; you are merely serving as a resource for those who are. If you're a system analyst employed by a manufacturing or service company, this position can include many of your daily activities. System Analyst as an agent of change–The system analyst's most detailed and responsible position is that of the agent of change, whether internal or external to the organization.As an analyst you are a transformational leader when you carry out all of the tasks in the life cycle of systems growth and are involved in the business for an extended period of time (from two weeks all the way to one year). As a system analyst acting as agent of change, you advocate a particular avenue of change involving the use of information systems. In addition, you teach users the process of change because you are aware that changes in the information system do not occur independently but cause changes in the rest of the organization. Think About This! Enumerate the key sources of knowledge usually by a system analyst drawn on to determine new requirements for an application system. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 16  APPLICATION ACTIVITY Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Take Into Action This activity will further explain the role of a system analyst. Answer the questions as best as you can. 1. Rose and Marie are two analysts. They have different opinions on where to begin analyzing requirements of an existing system.Rose proposes to start by enumerating the Inputs for the system. On the other hand, Marie wishes first to state the output of the system. How can you settle the disagreement between the two analysts? 2. Jose is a system analyst and Mari is a programmer, they both cannot get along. They disagree on the Time of the Day pattern in an application that will be used in the company. Jose points out the usual 10- representation of characters, example "12:25 PM". While Mari suggested the number of seconds as of midnight. How can you help? Real-life Connections Read the case study and determine the best solution for the problem. Write your answer on the space provided. Dr. Thomas Waggoner, a local university information systems professor, has just received a phone call from his friend, Ted Williams, co-owner of his brother Will of Williams Bros. The River Falls Appliances, Iowa.Ted is highly dissatisfied with their current sluggish, manual system of sales management and inventory monitoring, and worries that they will lose revenue because of that. Ted discusses what he wants and Dr. Waggoner hopes his students can see this as a fantastic idea. He meets Ted to get a better understanding of the initial specifications. He then starts gathering the students in his Systems Analysis and Design class and his System Creation capstone class to see if they can create a solution for the Williams Bros'. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 17  GRADING RUBRICS HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Rubrics Weight No. Items Actual Score % 1. The key topics in the situational analysis are thoroughly 40 answered and explained 2. All program objectives are 40 appropriately defined and associated with the situational analysis 3. The explanation is appropriate 20 and in sync with basic grammar , punctuation and spelling. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 18 LESSON 3: Systems Development Tools OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:  Identify the tools and techniques used for developing information system;  Explain how models are used to capture business requirements;  Distinguish between Type I prototype and Type II prototype;  List the potential pitfalls of Prototyping; and  Understand what CASE tools are and how they assist an analyst of system. Duration: 3 hours IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 19  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Systems Development Tools Systems analysts must know how to use a number of resources in addition to know business operations and techniques for developing the systems such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided-systems engineering (CASE) tools to plan, design, and implement information systems project. System analysts work with these tools in a team environment, where input from users, managers, IT staff and other stakeholders contributes to the system design. Modeling System analysts use models to solve problems. A model is an abstraction of object or activity, called an entity. It produces a graphical presentation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test and modify (Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). Among these models are physical models which represent only features of interest, narrative models which can be boiled down to a summary, graphical models which can show the main relationships, and mathematical models usually in the form of a formula. But in information systems development, the following models are the most frequently used business model, or requirements model which describes the information that a system must provide. A data model describes the structures and design. An object model defines structures that combine data and processes together. A network model defines the communications links architecture and protocols. A process model defines the logic used by programmers to write code modules. Although the models seem to overlap, they are actually working together to portray the same scenario from different angles. Modeling involves various techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams (UML). Thoughts to ponder: o Even before models are proven to facilitate understanding and communication and now widely used to predict the future. Can you think of a scenario to illustrate this concept? Prototyping One of the most popular Rapid Application Development (RAD) methods is prototyping. Prototyping is an iterative system development process in which specifications are converted into a work system that is constantly updated by close working experiences between analyst and customer. A prototype is an early version of an information system which works. This can act as an initial model used as a basis for testing the operating system, or it can build the prototype itself. Either way, prototyping greatly accelerates the process of development. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 20  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Types of Prototype There are two types of prototypes, the Type I prototype which eventually becomes the operational system and the Type II prototype which is the throwaway model that serves as the blueprint for the operational system.  Development of a Type I Prototype Figure 1.3 shows the steps involved in developing a Type I prototype. There are four steps, as follows: 1. Identify user needs. The system analyst interviews the user to get an idea of what is required from the system. 2. Develop a prototype. The system analyst, perhaps working with other IT professionals, uses one or more prototyping tools to develop a prototype. 3. Determine if the prototype is acceptable. The analyst familiarizes the user in prototype use and gives an opportunity for becoming familiar with the system. The user informs the analyst whether the prototype is satisfactory. If so, step 4 is taken; if not, the prototype is continually revised by repeating steps 1, 2 and 3 with a better understanding of the user's needs. 4. Use the prototype. The prototype becomes the operational system. Figure 1.3. Development of a Type I Prototype Source: Types of Prototype. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://www.coursehero.com/  Development of a Type II Prototype Figure 1.4 shows the steps involved in developing a Type II prototype. The first three are the same as for the Type I prototype. The next steps are as follows: 5. Code the operational system. The prototype becomes the basis for coding the operational system. 6. Test the operational system. The programmer checks the system against the users’ needs. 7. Determine if the operational system is acceptable. The user informs the analyst whether the system is acceptable. If so, step 7 is taken; if not, step 5 is repeated. 8. Use the operational system. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 21  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Figure 1.4. Development of a Type II Prototype Source: Types of Prototype. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2020, from https://www.coursehero.com/ The Attraction of Prototyping Both users and information specialists like prototyping for the following reasons:  System analyst and user have a better close-work interaction through improved communication.  The analyst can do a far better job of determining the user’s needs.  The user plays a more active interest in system development.  The programmer and the user spend less time in developing the system.  Implementation is made easy because the user knows what to expect. These advantages enable prototyping to cut developmental costs and increase user satisfaction with the delivered system. Potential Pitfalls of Prototyping IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 22  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Prototyping is not without its potential pitfalls. They can include:  The urgency of producing the prototype will create shortcuts in problem description, alternative evaluation, and documentation. The phrase “quick and dirty” has been used to describe some prototyping efforts.  The user may get excited about the prototype, thus resulting in unrealistic expectations regarding the operational system.  Type I prototypes may not be as effective as programming language-coded systems.  The human-computer interface provided by certain prototyping tools might not reflect good design techniques. Both the user and the programmer should be aware of these potential pitfalls when they decided to pursue the prototyping approach. Applications That Are Good Prospects for Prototyping Prototyping works best for applications characterized by:  High Risk. The issue is not well organized; there is a high overtime level of transition.  Considerable user interaction.  Large numbers of users. It is difficult to agree on design details without hands- on experience.  A need for quick system release/delivery.  An anticipated short use phase of the system (Singh, 2007).  An innovative system.The system is on the edge, either in the way the problem is solved or in the use of hardware or software.  Unpredictable user behavior. When using such a system, the person has little or no knowledge in using it. Remember! Applications that do not reflect the above characteristics can be developed by following the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in the traditional manner to be discussed in the succeeding topics. Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE), also called computer- aided software engineering, is a technique that uses a productivity software, called CASE Tools, to improve systems analyst’ routine work through the use of automated support in designing and developing information systems. CASE tools provide an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object – oriented analysis and even adaptive analysis(Shelly & Rosenblatt, 2012). CASE Tools are widely used to increase analyst productivity, improve communication among analysts and users, integrate life cycle activities, and analyze and assess the impact IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 23  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals of maintenance changes. General types of CASE tools are the following (Kendall & Kendall, 2011):  Diagramming tool  Computer display and report generators  Analysis tools  Repository  Documentation generators  Code generators Some of the examples of CASE tools are Microsoft Project, Microsoft Visio, FourGen®, System Architect®, Visible Analyst®, IBM’s Rational Software Architect. Expand your Horizon: There are various types of CASE tools available in the market today. Look for these CASE tools and provide a brief discussion of each. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 24  APPLICATION ACTIVITY HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ This exercise will allow you to better understand the systems development tools and techiques. Answer the questions as best as you can. What are the system tools and techniques used in software development? How can these tools and technique help improve the routinary works of those who are involved in the software development process? Write your answer here: _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 25  GRADING RUBRICS HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Weight Actual No. Items % Score 1. The identified tools and techniques used for system 25 development are listed correctly. 2. The explanation sums up the facts and concepts of 25 systems development tools and tools. 3. The answer to the question is clear and concise exhibiting thorough understanding of the topic 25 presented 4. Expression of answers conforms to quality standard of 25 formal writing. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 26 LESSON 4: Systems Development Methodologies OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:  Explain the fundamentals of three software methodologies: structured analysis (SDLC), object-oriented analysis and agile methodology;  Define Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC);  Name the three major sets of activities of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC);  Discuss the purpose of each phase of the SDLC; and  Enumerate the tasks conducted in each system development life cycle phases. Duration: 3 hours IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 27  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals The Systems Development Methodologies Thoughts to Ponder: o One morning, one of your close high school friends asked you a favor of installing office productivity software for his/her schooling. As an IT student and a friend, you cannot say No, but the problem is you are not familiar with his/her place. So, probably what you would do is to make a plan on how you will get there. Given this scenario, how important to you is the plan and follow the right directions in order to get to his/her place? It is common for most business organizations to use a standard set of procedures or steps, called systems development methodology, for developing and maintaining information systems (Valacich & George, 2018). Following a methodology finds them beneficial. There are several methodologies but the most popular are structured analysis, which is the traditional method, object-oriented (O-O) analysis , which is a latest technique, preferred by many experts, and agile techniques, also called functional techniques, incorporating the new software development patterns. Structured Analysis Structured Analysis is a development methodologies that allows the systems analyst to grasp the nature of the system and its activities in a rational way. It is a structured approach, that uses graphical tools for analyzing and refining the functionality of an existing system and for creating a new system specification allowing the user to take full control of the information system. Structured analysis uses a sequence of stages, called the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), to prepare, analyze, develop, execute, maintain, replace and alter or enhance an information system Although structured analysis have developed many years ago, it remains a significant and most widely used practice. Structured analysis is based on an overall design, similar to a blueprint for a house, that is why it was called a predictive approach. The SDLC Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a method used by the IT industry to design, develop, and test high quality information systems. The SDLC goal is to produce high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, while completing on time and within budget. The process defines a methodology for improving the quality of software and the overall development process.  SDLC is a framework which outlines and defines tasks performed at each steps in the software development process. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 28  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals  ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207 is an international standard for software life-cycle processes (International Organization for Standardization, 2020). It aims to be the standard defining all the tasks required for creating and maintaining software (SDLC Tutorial, n.d.).. The development of any information system normally requires three major sets of activities: analysis activities, design activities, and implementation activities. Analysis activities are carried out by people who provide a thorough understanding of the business’ information needs and requirements. The focus of analysis is on the business needs, not on any particular technology. Design activities are performed by people who define the architecture and structure of a new system to satisfy requirements. It is during design that analysts begin the process of conceptualizing a computer-system solution. Implementation involves the actual construction, testing, and installation of a functioning information system. Information system terms, each set of activities is a phase. Phases of SDLC The following are the phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and as shown in figure 1.5:  systems planning The primary goals of the planning process are to define the system's scope, ensure that the project is feasible, develop schedule, allocate resources, and budget for the remainder of the project. The following are the six activities in the project-planning phase:  Define the problem  Review and prioritize project request  Produce the project schedule  Identify project development team  Allocate resources  Launch the project  systems analysis The primary purpose of the analysis phase is to recognize and record the business needs of the new system and the processing requirements. Analysis is essentially a discovery process. During the analysis the key words to drive the activities are discovery and understanding. Five primary activities are deemed part of this phase:  Conduct the preliminary investigation  Perform detailed analysis activities - study current system - define system requirements  Generate and evaluate alternatives  Recommend solution  Review recommendations with management IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 29 UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals  systems design The objective of the design phase is to design the solution system. High- level design involves the development of a software application architectural structure, databases, user interface, and operating environment. The design phase utilizes as its input the information obtained during the analysis phase. Nine major activities must be done during design. Design activities are closely interrelated and generally have substantial overlap.  Design and integrate the network  Design and application architecture  Design the user interfaces  Design the system interfaces  Design and integrate the database  Prototype for design details  Design and integrate the system controls  Acquire hardware & software, if necessary  Develop details of system  systems implementation The final system is designed , tested, and developed during the implementation phase. The objective of this phase is not only to have a reliable, functioning Information system, but also to guarantee that all users are qualified and that the organization benefits from it. In this process, all the prior activities combined to culminate in an operating system. The Implementation Process includes five main activities:  Develop programs, if necessary  Install and test new system  Develop prototypes for running  Train users and prepare documentation manual  Convert to new system  systems support and security The support phase seeks to maintain the machine running productively throughout the years after its initial deployment. The activities during this phase fall into two categories: (1) providing support to end-users and (2) maintaining and enhancing the computer system. End-user support is an ongoing effort that is carried out through help desks and training programs. Modifications and improvements to the system take place during the system 's lifespan to sustain and expand its useful existence.  Conduct post-implementation system review  Identify errors and enhancements  Monitor system performance  Assess System Security IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 30  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Figure 1.5 The systems development life cycle consists of five (5) phases forming a loop. In theory, the SDLC phases often appear sequentially, as depicted in Figure 1.5. In reality, activities within adjacent phases often interact with one another, making system development a dynamic, iterative process (Vermaat, 2016). Popular SDLC models The following are the most popular SDLC models followed in the software industry (SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) Tutorial: What is, Phases, Model n.d.): Waterfall model The waterfall is a widely recognized SDLC model. In this approach, the entire process of the developing software is divided into various phases. In SDLC model, the output of one phase acts as the input for the succeeding phase. This SDLC model is documentation-intensive, every phase and next steps are documented accordingly. Incremental model The incremental approach is not a separate model. It is primarily a series of waterfall cycles. At the start of the software project, the requirements are divided into groups. The SDLC model is followed for each team to create the software,. The SDLC is repeated, with each release adding more functionality until all requirements are met. In this approach, every cycle acts as the maintenance phase for the previous software IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 31  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals release. Modification to the incremental model permits development cycles to overlap. After that next cycle may begin before the previous cycle is complete. V-Model In this SDLC model, the testing and the development phases are planned in parallel. So, there are verification steps on the side and the validation steps on the other side. V-Model accompanied by Coding phase. Agile Model Agile approach is a practice promoting continued interaction of development and testing during the SDLC process of any project. In the Agile approach, the whole project is divided into small incremental builds. All of these builds are present in iterations, and each iteration lasts from one to three weeks. Spiral Model The spiral model is a risk-driven process. This SDLC helps the team to adopt elements of one or more process models like a waterfall, incremental, waterfall, etc. This model embraces the best features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral approach involves rapid prototyping and concurrency in design and development practices. Big bang model With little or very little planning, the Big Bang paradigm relies on all forms of capital in software creation and coding. The criteria are known and applied according to the situation. This approach works best for small projects with smaller size development team which are working together. It is also common for academic software development projects. It is an ideal model where requirements are either unknown or release date is not specified. Object-Oriented Analysis Object-oriented analysis seeks to balance the focus between process and data by combining both into things called objects. Systems analysts use O-O to model business tasks and procedures in real-world conditions. The result is a set of objects that represent actual people, things, transactions and events. Using an O-O programming language, the programmer writes the code that creates the objects. Object-oriented approaches typically adopt a sequence of phases of analysis and design similar to SDLC, but there is less arrangement on the number of phases and their names. In the O-O model, the phases tend to be more interactive. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 32  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals Figure 1.6. Steps in the UML Development Process Source: Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design. (2020, May 28). Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/object-oriented-systems-analysis-design/ According to the W3Computing: A Developer Reference website, Object- oriented methodologies also concentrate on small, rapid development iterations, often referred to as the spiral model. Analysis starts on a small part of the system, focusing with a high-priority item or one that has the greatest risk. Development and execution follow this. The cycle is repeated with next component study , design, and some implementation, and it is continued until the project is completed. It is common to reprogram diagrams and the components themselves. Object-oriented uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a strong modeling method that can enhance the quality of the system analysis and design and the final product. The techniques and notations within UML include(Valacich, Hoffer, & George, 2012):  Use cases, which represent the functional requirements or the “what” of the system  Class diagrams, which show the static structure of data and the operations that act on the data  State diagrams which describe complex models of how objects alter their condition in response to events IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 33  UNIT 1: Systems Analysis Fundamentals  Sequence diagrams, which represent dynamic models of interactions between objects. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) allows the systems analysts to specify, visualize, and construct the details of information systems, as well as business models. It builds on the semantics and notations of leading object-oriented techniques and has been accepted as an industry standard and unifies them. Agile Methods or Adaptive Methods Techniques for development differ over time. For instance, structured analysis is a conventional methodology, and the new development methods are agile methods emphasizing flexibility and rapid response to change. Structured design creates an overall plan for the information system, just like a developer might use a plan to create a house. In comparison, Agile method approaches aim to build a program incrementally by building a set of prototypes and continuously adapting them to the user requirements. Characteristics of Agile Methodology (Valacich, Hoffer, & George, 2012)  Has short iterative cycles and extensive testing;  Has active involvement of users for establishing, prioritizing, and verifying information systems requirements;  And a start with small teams of experienced, talented programmers. Agile methods have attracted a wide followers and an entire community of users. Because it stresses a team-based culture, the agile community has published the Agile Manifesto, which comprises a set of principles. Among the best-known and widely accepted agile methodologies are Extreme Programming, Scrum, RUP and Kanban. Expand your Horizon: There are numerous other adaptive methods, and most IT developers expect this trend to continue in the future. Make a research on these methods and discuss how each of these methods works. Guidelines for System Development System development should follow three general guidelines: 1. Group activities into phases. 2. Involve users. Users consists of anyone for whom the system is being built. Users are more likely to accept a new system if they contribute to its design. 3. Define standards. Standards are sets of rules and procedures by which an organization hopes employees to agree and obey. Standards allow people working on the same project achieve reliable outcomes that are high quality. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 34  APPLICATION ACTIVITY HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: ____________________ This activity will help you understand better when choosing the appropriate systems development methodologies. 1. Given a chance to design and develop your own version of BuLSU’s Information Systems, consider identifying at least two (2) information systems then which would you choose among the various systems development methodologies? Justify your answer. 2. Why is it essential to use systems analysis and design methodologies when constructing a system? Why not simply build the system in whatever way it seems “simple and easy?” Write your answer here: 1. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 35  GRADING RUBRICS HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Weight Actual No. Items % Score 1. The answer to the question is clear and concise 25 exhibiting thorough understanding of the topic presented in the previous lessons. 2. The answer clearly pointed out the importance of 25 developing software guided by specific methodology. 3. The explanation sums up the facts and concepts of 25 systems development methodologies 4. Expression of answers conforms to quality standard of 25 formal writing. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 36  ASSIGNMENT #1 HOW DO YOU EXTEND YOUR LEARNING? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ Using the Internet or any available resources, do a research for three (3) similar information systems. Then make a comparison and difference of each system in terms of common and unique features. Write the output in table format and present this in the class. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 37  GRADING RUBRICS HOW WELL DID YOU PERFORM? Weight Actual No. Items % Score 1. The answer to the question is clear and concise 25 exhibiting thorough understanding of the topic presented in the previous lessons. 2. The answer contains all pertinent pieces of information 25 gathered from reliable sources 3. The presentation is clear, concise and emphasized the comparison and difference of each system in terms of 25 common and unique features. 4. Expression of answers conforms to quality standard of 25 formal writing. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 38  LEARNING INSIGHTS/REFLECTIONS Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Learning Insights/Reflections: This section provides a suggestion for post-unit learning insights for the purpose of assessing students understanding of the previously discussed lesson in this unit of module. After working on the lessons under Unit 1 Systems Analysis Fundamentals, in 1 to 2 paragraphs, write your insight about the things that you have learned. Write as well the topics that still need clarifications. Write your answer below: ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 39  POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? bore et dolore magna aliqua.sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore ma Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Please read the statement carefully then choose the letter of the correct answer by shading the cell in the answer sheet provided in the succeeding page. 1. What is the input requirement of a transaction processing system? a. transaction b. event c. structured data d. a and b 2. Define system analysis. a. process of studying an existing system to determine how it works and how it meets user needs. b. involves understanding and specifying in detail what an information system should do. c. investigation of procedures, information and practices within an organization. e. all of the choices 3. Name the process that involves understanding and specifying in detail what an information system should do. a. system analysis b. prototyping c. system design d. system study 4. Which of the following are the three major activities of SDLC? a. Analysis, Design, Implementation b. Planning, Analysis, Design c. Analysis, Design, Support d. Planning, Analysis, Support 5. What is the first activity under planning phase? a. Identify the project development team b. Define the problem c. Conduct preliminary investigation IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 40  d. Identify the scope POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? …continuation. 6. These are the key words to drive the activities during analysis phase. a. Observation and Understanding b. Discovery and Understanding c. Documentation and Recommendation d. Analysis and Discovery 7. Phase in System Development Life Cycle in which the analyst conducts a preliminary investigation and performs detailed analysis activities. a. a. System Analysis b. b. Planning c. c. Design d. d. Implementation 8. Define what Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools is. a. It is an iterative process of systems development in which requirements are converted to a working system that is continually revised through close work between analyst and users. b. It involves various techniques, including data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams (UML). c. It is a technique that uses powerful software, to help the systems analyst design and construct information systems. d. It is an organized strategy for carrying out the steps in the life cycle of a software application program or system in a predictable, efficient, and repeatable way. 9. Which does not belong to the uses of models. a. Identify user needs. b. Facilitate Understanding c. Facilitate Communication d. Predict the Future 10. What is Prototyping? a. Describes the structures and design. b. Describes objects, which combine data and processes. c. Precise representation of mathematical model can represent their entity endows it with a special capability that is not available with the other model types. d. An iterative process of systems development in which requirements are converted to a working system that is continually revised through close work between analyst and users. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 41  POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? …continuation. 11. Which of the given development techniques can produce a graphical presentation of a concept or process that systems developer can analyze, test and modify? a. Rapid Prototyping b. Prototyping c. CASE Tools d. Modeling 12. What is the most popular Rapid Application Development method? a. Modeling b. Prototyping c. CASE Tools d. Prototype I 13. What is this information system that is mostly used to evaluate current orgranized information and allow managers to project in the future the possible impacts of their decisions? a. decision support system b. executive information system c. both a and b d. management information system 14. Examine how a systems analyst becomes an agent of change in the organization. a. when system analyst brings a fresh perspective that other members of the organization do not possess. b. when system analyst draws professional expertise about information technology hardware and software. c. when system analyst performs all of the tasks in the life cycle of system creation and are present for an extended period in the business. d. all of the choices 15. Examine the most comprehensive and responsible role that the system analyst takes on. a. serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change, and works with others in facilitating that change. b. addresses information systems issues within a business. c. acts as a systems consultant to a business d. focuses on the entire business enterprise and use IT to set the path and course of the company. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 42  POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ II. IDENTIFICATION: From the pool of words below, choose the best answer to the following descriptions in the answer boxes. _____________1. An iterative system development process in which specifications are converted into a work system. _____________2. A model is an abstraction of something. This model describes the structure and design. _____________3. Consists of those activities which allow an individual to explain in detail how the information system will actually be implemented. _____________4. The strategic-level information systems. _____________5. Consists of those activities which allow a person to understand and decide what the new system should be doing. _____________6. The higher level of computerized information systems. _____________7. That works because people and computers interact purposefully. _____________8. The operational-level system at the bottom of the pyramid. _____________9. A collection of interconnected components that collect, process, store, and deliver the information needed to complete business tasks as production. ____________10. Involves activities carried out by people who provide a thorough understanding of the business’ information needs and requirements. ____________11. An analysis that seek to balance the focus between process and data by combining both into things called objects. ____________12. A model that focuses on all types of resources in software development and coding, with no or very little planning. ____________13. A model that is a risk-driven process. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 43  POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? …continuation. ____________14. A method that aims to build a program incrementally by building a set of prototypes and continuously adapting them to the user requirements. ____________15. An SDLC model in which the testing and the development phases are planned in parallel. ____________16. An SDLC model in which every cycle acts as the maintenance phase for the previous software release. ____________17. An SDLC model in which the output of one phase acts as the input for the succeeding phase. ____________18. Its objective is to create high-quality software that meets or exceeds customer requirements, while completing on time and within budget. ____________19. The development methodologies that allows the systems analyst to grasp the nature of the system and its activities in a logical way. ____________20. Improve systems analyst’ routine work through the use of automated support in designing and developing information systems. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 44  POST-TEST HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED? Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________ III. Analogy Test: Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the expressed in the original pair. Write the letter of your answer on the blank provided. 1. Systems analysis: ______:: System Design:How a. Where c. Why b. What d. For 2. DSS:Effectiveness oriented:: MIS:__________ a. Efficiency oriented c.Border control b. Effectiveness oriented d. Unstructured decision oriented 3. DSS:_______________:: EIS: talk about the future a. Talks about the past c. Talks about the future b. Talks about the present d. Talks about the past and future 4. DSS: senior managerial levels:: MIS: _____________ a. Lower managerial levels c. Lower and middle managerial levels b. Middle managerial levels d. Senior managerial levels 5. MIS: analytical capacity:: DSS:_________________ a. Analytical capacity c. Analytical and Modeling capacity b. Modeling capacity d. Analytical or Modeling capacity 6. MIS: ______________::DSS:support ill-structured decisions a. semi-structured decisions c. support ill-structured decisions b. relatively structured decisions d. unstructured decision 7. System planning: define problem::system analysis:_________ a. Conduct investigation c.Documentation preparation b. Design Architecture d.Integrate system 8. Waterfall Model: _________::Spiral Model: ineffective for small project a. inappropriate for the c.ineffective for Long-term projects small project b. bad choice for d. good choice for Small projects small projects 9. Waterfall Model: High degree of risk:: Agile Model:_________ a. High Degree of risk c. Low Degree of risk b. High Degree of uncertainty d. Large amount of risk 10. Spiral model: _____________::Waterfall model: No output is produce until late in the cycle a. Working software is produced c. output will be the input early during the cycle for next phase b.During every cycle, product is d. Output is the developed software simultaneously being developed which may not be as per requirements IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 45 POST-TEST ANSWER SHEET Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: ______________________ DIRECTION: Please mark the best answer to each of the questions by completely darkening the cell of your choice with a dark pen or pencil. NOTE: Be sure to enter your name before answering the exam. POST-TEST LESSON : MULTIPLE CHOICE: A B C D Example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 46  POST-TEST ANSWER SHEET Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ Course & Section: _____________________ Result: ______________________ DIRECTION: Write the correct answer to each of the questions on the space provided. IDENTIFICATION No. Answer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 IT 303: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 47