Field Crops Unit - Two PDF

Field crops grown on large scale field.  - for human consumption & commercial use.  -They are annuals (complete a life cycle in a single season). Major field crops divided into two major groups  cereals and pulses (legumes). Field crops...

Field crops grown on large scale field.  - for human consumption & commercial use.  -They are annuals (complete a life cycle in a single season). Major field crops divided into two major groups  cereals and pulses (legumes). Field crops Cereal crops Pulse crops Major cereal Major pulse crops: Teff, Maize, crops: Faba bean, Wheat, Barley And Field pea & Haricot Sorghum bean a. Cereal Crops Production and Management  Cereals are crops with grass characteristics  grown mainly for their edible seeds.  Cereals can grow from low lands to highlands (wide environmental condition & in d/nt soil types & climates)  Cereal crops are monocots (seeds have single cotyledon, embryonic leaf). Example … five major crops.  during emergence they produce a single leaf.  Gives carbohydrates , proteins , fats, fibers 2 1.Teff (Eragrostis abyssinica (Zucc.) Trotter).. Zucc.. Zuccaruni … German botanist is native to Ethiopia using as food It is used as livestock feed in South Africa very nutritious (most preferable) does not contain gluten -gluten/allergic to some people. teff straw is also -feed for animals. has a high acceptability by consumers. can be stored for a long time less affected by pests and diseases… these both character reliable with low level of risk than others. Teff can grow in wide range of env’t i.e.. low to high fertility soils and with excessive to shortage moisture content.  CONT’D - at altitudes 1500-2800 meters above the sea level. - Teff performs well on loam/high nutrient and clay soils/water storage capacity. - Teff ranks 1st in terms of the area of production in Ethiopia. 2. Maize (Zea mays L.), Lau originated in Central America introduced to other parts of the world like Latin American &Africa. produced in various agro ecologies (wider)  gluten- free.  Has beneficial features of :- gives high yield per unit area.  Used as food, feeds, firewood, oil & starch source in industries.  Maize can grow in wide range of env’t. Altitudes 500 to 2400 meters above sea level.  maize yields per unit area are the highest than other cereals crop in  Maize….. Loam soils that do not accumulate excess moisture are better for maize. Maize is planted as a mono crop or as a mixed crop with d/t crops. Land preparation: Usually, soil is plowed 2 or 3 times before planting. Planting: row planting is usually used at a spacing of 25 cm between the seeds and 75 cm b/n planting rows. maize planting time is at the start of the rainy season (March to April). Fertilizer: 41 kg N & 20 kg P per hectare for maize. However, the level by determined fertility of soil.  cont’d….. Weed & disease mgmt: affected by various weeds. Controlled by:- starting at 1 Month  manual weeding,  using 2,4-D.  Insects affecting the maize are:- stalk borer, aphids, army worm and weevil.  Harvesting- different maize matured 3-5 months Time of harvesting when blacken layers of stem. Average national yield is 32.5 quintals (3.25 t) per hectare  3. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originated in the Asian mainly in China, Pakistan & India, then to the world. Globally, the most important cereal followed by rice and maize. used to make Industrial and local type of food. Has gluten (extracted, concentrated, additive to other food). Land preparation: wheat is often planted after the soil has been cultivated 2 or 3 times. requires cool weather to grow. grows widely at altitudes 1800 to 3000m above sea level. Well drained, loamy & fertile soils (black, red & brown soils) are suitable for wheat production.  cont’d…. Planting: planted after cultivated 2 or 3. planted both as broadcast & row planting spacing 25 cm b/n planting rows. depth of about 5 cm. planting time is b/n June & July. Weed & disease mgmnt: Controlled starting at 1 Month - manual weeding - using 2,4-D rust & smut are common Fungal diseases particularly in warm areas with high humidity. Fertilization: farmers usually use 45 kg nitrogen and 25 kg phosphorus per hectare. However, fertilization rates should be governed by the level of soil fertility.  Cont’d… Harvesting: - When it dries to golden yellow color or no green parts. - national average yield 24.5 quintals (2.45 t) per hectare 4. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originated in Middle East. Used as food, residue for feeds, for malting ( during alcohol production). Malting is a process of controlled germination by producing enzymes that convert cereal starch to sugars. The sugars produced are fermented to produce alcohol. Has gluten (less than Wheat). Land preparation: barley requires soil to be cultivated 2 to 3 times before planting, similar to wheat. Require cool weather grows at altitudes b/n 2200 & 3000 m above sea level. Well-drained loam soils are suitable for its production. Planting: Same to Wheat  cont’d… Fertilizer: 60kgN & 26kg P But, low Nitrogen use for Malting purpose Barley ( N-reduce malting quality). Weed & disease mgmt: same diseases, control to wheat Army worm, grasshopper and barley shoot fly are the major insect pests affecting barley production.. matures in 3 to 4 months drying & yellowing of the plant. national average yield 19 quintals (1.9t) per hectare  5. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) originated in Africa staple food crop in drier parts of Africa. Its stalk used as animal feed Grow at Altitude 500 to 1500 m above the sea level. Well-drained, fertile clay soils suitable for sorghum has capacity to remain dormant during dry periods & resume growth as soil moisture sufficient, So, it is usually called ‘the camel crop’ Often rotated with bean, sesame and cotton. Land preparation: Land cultivated 2 or 3 times before planting sorghum. Planting:- broadcast or sown in planting rows at a spacing of 0.5-1m b/n rows & 40 cm b/n plants, depth of 2.5 cm. - planting time is March to May  Cont’d.. Fertilizer- 32 kg N & 10 kg P/ hec - Weed, insect pest & disease management: - parasitic weed called striga is the major weed affecting sorghum production. - Striga weed causes massive yield losses. - insect pests, birds, smut, worms also affect Sorghum Production. Prevention/ control - Manual weeding, crop rotation can reduce pests and weeds. - Using resistant variety, chemical Harvesting: matures in about 4 months. harvested when moisture content drops to about 30% The average national yield for sorghum is 23 quintals (2.3 t)/hec Sorghu m  Average Growth Land Weed, Pest & Cereal Planting Fertilizatio Harvestin Nutrition Yield Origin Uses Requirem Preparatio Disease Crops Method n g al Value (quintals/ ents n Management ha) Rich in Altitude: 60 kg N, Early carbohy sea level Broadcasti 26 kg P weeding; When Teff Human food, Cultivated drates, 1500to ng or row per manual or stems (Eragrosti animal feed 4-5 times, proteins, 2800 m; planting hectare, chemical and s Ethiopia (seeds and smooth fats, 14.6 suitable (20 cm adjusted control; panicle abyssinica straw), seedbed iron, for loam between based on drainage for turn ) gluten-free required calcium, and clay rows) soil excess yellow magnesi soils fertility moisture um Manual or Row 41 kg N, chemical Plowed 2- planting Based on Staple food, Altitude: 20 kg P weeding; pre- 3 times; (25 cm maturity: Carbohy Maize animal feed, 500 to per and post- Central can use between 3-5 drates, (Zea used in 2400 m; hectare, emergence 32.5 America chemicals seeds, 75 months, proteins, mays) starch/oil prefers based on herbicides; to reduce cm at 25% fats production loam soils soil pest and plowing between moisture fertility disease rows) control 45 kg N, Altitude: Broadcast 25 kg P Manual or Carbohy 1800- or row Turns Asia Cultivated per chemical drates, Wheat Bread, 3000 m; planting golden (China, 2-3 times hectare, weeding; proteins, (Triticum macaroni, well- (25 cm yellow, 24.5 Pakistan before adjusted crop rotation; fats, aestivum) spaghetti drained between no green , India) planting based on resistant minerals loamy rows, 5 cm parts soil varieties , fiber soils depth) fertility Altitude: Broadcast 60 kg N, Similar to Maturity 2200- or row 26 kg P Carbohy Human food, Cultivated wheat, in 3-4 Barley 3000 m; planting per drates, Middle animal feed, 2-3 times including months, (Hordeum prefers (25 cm hectare; proteins, 19 East malt before crop rotation indicated vulgare) well- between less fats, production planting and resistant by drained rows, 5 cm nitrogen fiber varieties yellowing loam soils depth) for malting Broadcast Pulse crops Pulses are seeds of legume crops They are grown mainly for their edible seeds. These crops are consumed as dry seeds rich in protein Also immature pods used as vegetables. Pulses are used as a source of animal feed. They are dicots, meaning that the seeds contain two cotyledons Many pulses assist with nitrogen fixation Fix atmospheric N into the soil through their root nodules.  Cont’d… Used to improve the fertility of soil Used in mixed cropping with cereals to improve the yield of the cereal crop. In Ethiopia, pulses are mostly produced without mineral fertilizer application. In some cases, organic fertilizers, such as animal manure are used. Compared to cereals, soil cultivation is generally minimal Soil may be cultivated once or Direct planting takes place, with no soil cultivation.  Cont’d… The major pulse crops in Ethiopia are faba bean, field pea and haricot bean. 1. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Faba bean originated in Mediterranean region. grows at altitudes 1800-3000m Well drained clay soils are suitable for production. Planting: both by broadcasting & - in rows 40 cm b/n rows &5 -10 cm b/n plants aphids. Harvesting: ready for harvest  when the leaves fall off  pods dry & change color from green to black.  If faba bean grown for vegetable use , harvested when green stage (immature pods 2. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.)  field pea - rich in protein.  Also source of animal feed.  planted as a monocrop or mixed with faba bean.  grown in rotation with cereals  grows at altitudes 1800-3000m Planting: both by broadcasting, - in rows 30 cm b/n rows &5 -10 cm b/n plants. Harvesting: when – pod is mature  the seeds are sufficiently hard. Delay in harvesting time causes seed loss from pods (shattering). Average national yield 14 quintals (1.4 t) per hectare.  3. Haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) - originated in Mexico and spread to other regions of the world. - grows well in most soil types at altitude 1400 -2000 m. - grown as monocrop or mixed maize and sorghum. - grown in rotation with teff, maize and sorghum. - seeds can be red, brown, white or gray (seeds with d/t color) - It is an important export crop in Ethiopia. - Animal manure is usually used for fertilization. Weed and insect pest management:  Cont’d…. - Control - hand weeding 4 weeks after planting), crop rotation, clean seedbed & use of chemicals. - is susceptible to storage pests such as weevils. - To control storage pests, the grains are dried until moisture content is below 12% and chemical treatment of the grains is used.  Altitude Average Row Plant Weed/Insect/ Pulse Range Planting Harvestin Yield Origin Soil Type Spaci Spacin Disease Crops for Method g Criteria (quintals/ ng g Management Growth ha) Leaves fall off; pods dry Hand weeding and turn Mediterr Well- Broadcas (twice in 6 weeks), from 1800- 40 5-10 Faba bean anean drained ting or crop rotation, clean green to 19 3000 m cm cm region clay soils rows seedbed, chemical black; control harvested green if used as vegetable Pods Manual weeding mature, Broadcas (starting 4 weeks seeds Not 1800- Not 30 5-10 Field pea ting or post-planting), crop hard; 14 specified 3000 m specified cm cm rows rotation, chemical delay control leads to shattering Leaves Clean seedbed, fall off, Broadcas manual weeding pods ting or within 4 weeks, yellow Haricot 1400- Most soil rows; 40 Mexico 10 cm drying grains to and dry; 14 bean 2000 m types intercrop cm