Unit-I.-Introduction-to-Anatomy-and-Physiology.pptx

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy Branch of science that deals with the structure or morphology of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized. 1. Microscopic anatomy. Deals with structures that cannot b...

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy Branch of science that deals with the structure or morphology of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized. 1. Microscopic anatomy. Deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Cytology. Structure and functions of plant & animal cells.  Histology. Microscopic structure of tissues. 2. Macroscopic anatomy or Gross anatomy. Deals with the examination of large human structures of tissues. Surface or Visual anatomy. Study of the external features of the body. Regional anatomy. Anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. Systemic anatomy. Study of the structure of organ systems. Developmental anatomy. Deals with the changes that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity. Physiology. It is the science of life. It is the branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behavior of the whole body and the Levels of structural organization Composition of Organ Systems Level 1. Integumentary system. Forms the external body covering which protects deeper tissue from injury, prevents dehydration and waterproofs the body. 2. Skeletal system. Protects and supports body organs as well as provides framework to the muscles thus causing movement. 3. Muscular system. Allows manipulation of the environment through locomotion and facial expression 4. Nervous system. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. 5. Reproductive system. Production of offspring 6. Endocrine system. Secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, nutrient use (metabolism) by cells. 7. Cardiovascular system. Compose of the heart, blood vessels and blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, wastes etc. to cells where exchanges are made. 8. Lymphatic and Immune system. Protects body from invading pathogens and disposes of dead cells. 9. Respiratory system. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. 10.Digestive system. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Characteristics of Human Life. Living organisms share characteristics or functions like order, response to stimuli, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, and energy processes. When viewed together, these are characteristics serve to define human life. 1. Irritability. The ability to react to a stimuli (any change from the external or internal environment). 2. Growth and Development 3. Reproduction Production of new organisms and new cells. 4. Movement. A change in position of a body or a part. 6. Adaptation (but with tolerance limit) 5. Self Regulating Metabolism Metabolism are all chemical reactions happening in the body. To control or regulate metabolism, homeostasis comes in where body attempts to balance regulatory processes. Homeostasis. The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G3aKGGI8hw Efferent pathway s carry signals away from the central nervous system. Afferent signals come from outside stimuli and tell your brain what they are sensing, such as temperature. Homeostatic regulation always attempts to keep the internal environment of the person within desirable limits. Types of Feedback Mechanisms 1. Negative feedback loop is a reaction to a stimulus that causes a decrease in function and tends to stabilize the system.  Example of Negative Feedback Receptor Control Receptor (Stimulus) Center (Response) Sending impulses to the brain  Example of Negative Feedback Receptor Control Receptor (Stimulus) Center (Response) Threat Sending impulses to the brain 2. Positive feedback is a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action. It is contrasted with negative feedback, which is when the end results of an action inhibit that  Control 1 Center enhancing effect 2 enhancing effect Receptor Effector  Receptor Control Center Effector 1 enhancing effect 2 enhancing effect  Control Center Receptor Effector Directional Terms. Terms describe the positions of structures relative to their structures or locations in the body. Anatomical Terms - Described by 4 criteria: standing erect, face forward, arms on the side with palms facing forward and feet slightly apart. The Different Directional Terms are as follows:  Terms Description Sample Superior Above Head is superior to the neck Inferior Below Neck is inferior to the trunk Anterior or Front Lips are anterior to the Ventral teeth Posterior Back Teeth are posterior to or Dorsal the lips Terms Description Example Proximal Closes to elbow is “proximal” the origin closer to the torso Distal Farthest Hand is “distal” further away away from the torso Superficial Body surface Deep Farthest from the body surface  Terms Description Sample Medial Midline Nose is medial of the eyes Lateral side Arm is laterally located Interme- Between The Heart is inter- diate mediate to the lungs Visceral Used instead of deep  Terms Description Sample Palmar Palm side Dorsal Back side Plantar Bottom of the foot Caudal At or near the tail or posterior end of the body  Terms Description Sample Contralateral opposite right arm is contralateral with the left arm Anatomical Reference Planes A plane is a two-dimensional surface — its dimensions are length and width. The body reference planes are used to locate or describe the location of structures in the body. Body Cavity Any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism other than those of vessels (such as blood vessels and lymph vessels).  It is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso. It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and thymus gland. The spinal cavity (or vertebral cavity or spinal canal) is the cavity that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column, formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. The cranial cavity houses the Brain, Meninges, and the Cerebrospinal Fluid. The primary function of the brain is supplying information to the rest of the body and to help it function as whole. House the digestive system and provides muscles for posture, balance, and breathing. Borders of the this cavity are the posterior peritoneal surface, the anterior abdominal wall, the inferior pelvic inlet, and the superior thoracic diaphragm. The pelvic floor supports the urinary bladder, uterus in females, vagina in females, pelvic colon, rectum, and anus. The pelvis floor also functions as a bladder and anal sphincter through tonic contractions. Abdominal Quadrants are another way our bodies are divided into regions for both diagnostic and descriptive purposes. Nine abdominal regions Body Regions Body Areas Abdominal — relating to the abdomen. Antecubital — region of the arm in front of the elbow Brachial — over the brachial artery in the upper arm Buccal — of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth Calf — of or relating to the calf Femoral — relating to the femur or thigh Inguinal — the groin or area in lower lateral regions of the abdomen Lumbar — area over the lumbar spine Popliteal — region on the back of the knee Scapular — of or relating to the area near the shoulder blade (scapula) Umbilical — relating to the central area of the abdomen near the belly Body membranes Thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs.