Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory System AWAD MOHAMMED ALQAHTANI BSc of Anesthesia Technology King Khalid University, Muhayil Asir  Respiratory system Function  The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Educat...

Respiratory System AWAD MOHAMMED ALQAHTANI BSc of Anesthesia Technology King Khalid University, Muhayil Asir  Respiratory system Function  The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Respiratory System Breathing moves air External respiration Gas transport Internal respiration is in and out of the lungs. is the exchange of moves oxygen and the exchange of oxygen oxygen and carbon carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide dioxide between the between the lungs between blood and the lungs and the blood. and the body tissues. body tissues. Oxygen transport Carbon dioxide Lungs Gas diffusion transport Gas diffusion Tissue Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1  The Respiratory System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.3  The Respiratory System UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Sinuses Cavities in skull Filters, warms, and moistens air Lighten head Warm and moisten air Nasal cavity Produces mucus Pharynx Filters, warms, and Passageway for moistens air air and food Olfaction RESPIRATORY MUSCLES Cause breathing Intercostal muscles Diaphragm Muscle sheet between Move ribs during chest and abdominal breathing cavities with a role in breathing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.2 (1 of 2)  The Respiratory System LOWER RESPIRATORY Epiglottis SYSTEM Covers larynx during Exchanges gases swallowing Larynx Lungs Air passageway Structures that contain Prevents food and drink alveoli and air from entering lower passageways respiratory system Allow exchange of Produces voice oxygen and carbon Bronchi dioxide between Two branches of atmosphere and blood trachea that conduct Trachea air from trachea to Connects larynx with each lung bronchi leading to Bronchioles each lung Narrow passageways Conducts air to and to conduct air from from bronchi bronchi to alveoli Alveoli Microscopic chambers for gas exchange Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.2 (2 of 2)  1. Nasal cavity  Functions: 1. filters the air 2. warms the air 3. moisten the air entering the lungs 4. smell (which also plays a role in the sense of taste) 8-3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  1. Nasal cavity  Parts of the nasal cavity:  Mucus membranes - secrete sticky mucus to trap germs & debris.  Contains olfactory receptor cells for the sense of smell  Sinuses – air filled cavities, warm and moisten air 8-3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  2. Pharynx  Functions - is a passageway for air, liquids, and food. (swallowing begins here). Connects the nasal cavity to the esophagus and the larynx  Tonsils are found here – lymphatic tissue that protects against infection 8-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  3. Larynx  Functions 1. Connects the pharynx to the trachea 2. Contains vocal cords used to generate sound 3. Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract 8-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  3. Larynx  Structure made from cartilage  Epiglottis closes the trachea when swallowing 8-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  4. Trachea  Windpipe held open by concentric rings of cartilage  Function – Connects the larynx to the bronchi. 8-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bronchial Tree Trachea leads to the bronchial tree: 5. Bronchi (bronchus) 6. Bronchioles 7. Alveoli (alveolus) 8-4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Respiratory System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.7  7. Alveoli  Sacs at the end of the bronchioles, they are surrounded by blood capillaries.  Function: It is here that the oxygen diffuses across the membrane into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide goes from the capillaries to the inside of the lungs. 8-6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Alveoli  Lungs - have about 300 million alveoli  The structure of the alveoli increases surface area of lung  For alveoli to function properly they are coated with phospholipid molecules called surfactant that keep them open Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Inhalation Inhalation Air flow Rib cage moves up and out Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts and flattens Diaphragm contracts The chest cavity increases in size, and pressure within The lungs expand, and the lungs decreases. air moves in. (a) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.9a  Inhalation  When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, causing the pressure in the lungs to decrease  Inhalation is also called inspiration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Exhalation Exhalation Air flow Rib cage moves down and inward Intercostal muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward Diaphragm relaxes The chest cavity decreases in size, and pressure The lungs recoil, within the lungs increases. and air moves out. (b) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.9b  Exhalation  Exhalation = Expiration  When the same muscles relax, volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, pressure in the lungs increase Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Air Volumes  The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is called the tidal volume  Tidal volume is usually around 500 ml  The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs is an indication of health Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Oxygen Transport  Oxygen is transported on Hemoglobin.  When Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, then it is called Oxyhemoglobin 8-15 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Diffusion of Gasses: Alveoli and Capillaries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.11 (2 of 2)  Diffusion of Gasses: Capillaries and Tissues Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.11 (1 of 2)  References  Quick and Easy Medical Terminology, 7th Edition, Peggy C. Leonard, Elsevier, 2014. Page Numbers: 198-220 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.