Social & Political Stratification PDF

Social & Political stratification  LESSON 1: SOCIAL DESIRABLES Social Desirables (Wealth, Power, Prestige) The learning outcomes are expected to demonstrate an understanding of social and political inequalities as a criterion of societies and the glo...

Social & Political stratification  LESSON 1: SOCIAL DESIRABLES Social Desirables (Wealth, Power, Prestige) The learning outcomes are expected to demonstrate an understanding of social and political inequalities as a criterion of societies and the global community. Especially after a homorganic consonant identity the characteristics the system of stratification and suggest ways to address global inequalities. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION/ INEQUALITIES The Social Stratification is a term used in the social sciences to describe the relative social position of persons in a given social group, category, geographical region or other social unit. Social may also be delineated on the basis of kinship ties or caste relations. There are 3 components of Social Stratification: Social Class - refers to the groupings of individuals in a stratified hierarchy. Social Status - the relative rank that an individual holds with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon honor or prestige. LESSON 1: SOCIAL The 3 Bases of Social Stratification DESIRABLES Power or Authority - is an entity's or individual's ability to control or direct others, while authority is influence that is predicted on perceived legitimacy. Property or Wealth - measures the value of all the assets of worth owned by a person, community, company, or country. Prestige or Social Evaluation - status of firm, is a subjective assessment of its social rank which members of a group draw from their hierarchy of values. The causes of Inequality -Institutional Corruption and Political Dynasty -Education -Concentration of Government and Business in the Metropolis LESSON 1: SOCIAL DESIRALES The Functionalist and Conflict Perspective of Stratification 1. Functionalist Perspective of Social Stratification ⁃ Society is unequally structured because of people’s inherent inequality in functional importance. 2. Conflict view of Social Stratification ⁃ first purported by Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Conflict theory holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity.  LESSON 1: SOCIAL DESIRABLES  LESSON 2: SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM SOCIAL MOBILITY the movement of persons from one position to another in the stratification system. This pertains to the idea that people have an equal opportunity to end up at the top of the stratification system, that anyone can reach the Apex or peak of the hierarchy. TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY Horizontal social Mobility- individuals or groups May move from one position to another in the society which does not involve a shift into a higher or lower stratum. Vertical social Mobility- the movement of individuals are persons into either a higher or lower stratum. Career Mobility- the person’s experience change in their social position over the course of their lifetime. It can be downward Mobility when one is demoted from his position or upward Mobility when one moves to a position higher in rank, prestige, or payment. Intergenerational social Mobility- the person acquires his position from the parent's social stratification level. LESSON 2: SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOCIAL MOBILITY 1. Sex 2. Race 3. Mental ability 4. Ambition 5. Education 6. Status of parents 7. Physical appearance LESSON 2: SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM TWO GENERAL SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Closed system- the stratification is based on ascribed statuses or statuses assigned to people because of innate traits and social characteristics of parents. Three types of stratification: A. The slave system- is a close stratification system where in some individuals are considered property from the time of birth. In this system such individuals have no movement from the status of slave to status of free persons. This system existed during the Pre-Spanish Colonial period. B. The estate system- is a close stratification system based on the ownership of land. However, individuals in the stratum have more opportunity to move into another level of stratum. Land in this system where inherited rather than achieved. C. Caste system- is a close stratification system wherein the stratum is arranged in the order of superiority to inferiority. The individual born into one stratum remains their for life. The status is ascribed on the basis of the LESSON 2: SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM open system - in an open Society, classes exists but they were not institutionalized, glasses boundaries are unclear: the people do not show excessive class Consciousness. Status is achieved and social Mobility is possible. This is a system of stratification wherein status of an individual or group is based on achievements rather than ascribed. This is often referred to as " class system" to which the people are ranking according 2 economic resources, political power, Social honor or lifestyle. Related to this is the "social class" which is usually consists of members with approximately equal income, education, and occupational privilege.  Lesson 3: Social Inequality Social Inequality In any human society, the presence of unequal opportunities for various social positions within groups is called SOCIAL INEQUALITY and occurs when there’s unevenly distribution of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments in the society. ECONOMIC INEQUALITY There are wide varieties of economic inequality, most notably measured using the distribution of money and the distribution of wealth m. Besides economic inequality between countries or states, there are important types of economic inequality between different groups of people. Though the disciplines of economics and sociology generally use different theoretical approaches to examine and explain economic inequality.  1. Gender Inequality -is the social process by which men and women are not treated as equals, The emphasis on gender inequality is born out of deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres 2. Racial or Ethnic Inequality -Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin. -Racial inequality can also result in diminished opportunities for members of marginalized groups, which in turn can lead to cycles of poverty and political marginalization. Lesson 3: 3. Global Inequality -refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can be Social compared to global inequality which is inequality between people across countries. This may refer to economic difference between countries. As Inequality well as medical care and education differences. Lesson 3: Social Inequality ETHNIC MINORITIES Ethnicity the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. This might include shared language, religion, and traditions Ethnic minority A group that has different national or cultural traditions from the main population. According to Charles Wagley a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics (1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits (3) involuntary membership in the group (4) awareness of subordination (5) high rate of in group marriage. Lesson 3: Social Inequality Additional example pf minority groups might include the LGBT community. A. LGBT’s Community (a) Sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity, orientation or practices different from the majority of the surrounding society. Primarily used to refer to LGB or non-heterosexual individuals, it can also refer to transgender, non-binary (including third gender) or intersex individuals. (b) Person with Disabilities (PWDs) include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barr  Lesson 3: Social Inequality CONVENTION on the RIGHTS of PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES Some Facts about PWDs * Around 10% of the world’s population or 650 million people live with disability, They’re the world’s largest minority. * 80% of persons with disabilities live in developing countries. * In most OECD countries, women report higher incidents of disability than men. * The World Bank estimates that 20 % of the world’s poorest people are disabled, and end to regarded in their own communities as the most disadvantaged. * This figure is increasing through population growth, medical advances and the ageing process, says the WHO. Lesson 3: Social Inequality EDUCATION The global literacy rate for adults with disabilities is as low as 3% and 1% for women disabilities 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries. do not attend school Lesson 3: Social Inequality EMPLOYMENT * In the world of work, persons with disabilities tend to experience high unemployment and have lower earnings than persons without disabilities. They are often relegated to low-level, low-paid jobs with little social and legal security, or segregated from the mainstream labor market. Many are underemployed. * An estimated 386 million of the world’s working-age people are disabled * Even though PWDs constitute a significant 5-6 percent of India’s population, their employment needs remain unmet. * A us survey of employers conducted in 2003 found that the cost of accommodations was only 500 dollars or less 73% of employers reported that their employees did not require special facilities at all.