Unit 5.1 Nationalism PDF

Unit 5: Nationalism 1750-1900 Learning Objective (Topic 5.1) Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Nationalism became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires. L...

Unit 5: Nationalism 1750-1900 Learning Objective (Topic 5.1) Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Nationalism became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires. Learning Objective (Topic 5.2) Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity. Historical Developments Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions. Call for national unification or liberation: Propaganda Movement in the Philippines Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand Puerto Rico—writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió German and Italian unifications Balkan nationalisms Ottomanism Nationalism: strong sense of pride in one’s culture, ethnic group, or country What are symbols of nationalism in the United States? Unification of Germany  Holy Roman Empire: A multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.  Where is Prussia? Foundations were laid by Frederick William and the Great Elector (1640-1688) He inherited land, known as Brandenburg-Prussia, was a small open territory with no natural defense Built an army of 40,000 men, 4th largest in Europe! Civil government developed Officials in the government were members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, the Junkers ○ Served as officers in the army In 1701 his son Frederick I became king of Prussia Prussia emerged as a great power in Europe German Unification & Nationalism German unification had failed in the past Germans looked to Prussia for leadership ○ It had become strong, prosperous, and authoritarian state ○ Prussian king had control over government and army King William I (1861-1888) appointed a new prime minister, Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) to spearhead his projects and visions for a united Germany Bismarck ignored legislative opposition to get things done (realpolitik) Otto von Bismarck One of the most successful statesmen of the 19th century Political and diplomatic talents made possible the unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia Ultimately rose to the role of prime minister which he held for 30 years Goal was the unification of the diverse German states under Prussian leadership ○ Accomplished through diplomacy and war Portrayed as the ultimate realist, the 19th century practitioner of Realpolitik = the politics of reality ○ Based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics  “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power... Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided--that was the mistake of 1848-1849--but by iron and blood.”  “Possibly I have often acted rashly and hastily since I first began my career, but whenever I had time to think I have always acted according to the question: ‘What is useful, advantageous, and right for my fatherland, and--as long as this was only Prussia--for my dynasty, and today--for the German nation.’ I have never been a theorist. The systems which bind and separate parties are for me of secondary importance. The nation comes first, its position in the world and its independence, and above all our organization along lines which will make it possible for us to draw the free breath of a great nation.” -Otto von Bismarck, Professional Politics (1863) Unification of Germany - War for Power Germany defeated Denmark with Austria’s help Gained control over duchies of Schleswig and Holstein Bismarck created friction with Austrians and goaded them into war in 1866 Austrians were no match for the Prussian army and were defeated This connected the north into the Northern German Confederation Southern states were still independent but signed a military alliance because they were afraid of France, their western neighbor War for Power & Unification France was uneasy with the growing power of the strong German state In 1870 Prussia and France went to war (over a situation that Bismarck manipulated intentionally) Southern German states honored their alliance and went to fight with Prussia against the French France lost the war and capitulated on January 28, 1871 On January 18, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors, William I was proclaimed kaiser or emperor of the Second German Empire (first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire) Why do you think the Germans wanted to sign the Franco-Prussian war Notice Germany’s industrialization level. How do you think German nationalism and unification facilitated their industrialization? How did Otto von Bismarck encourage the growth of nationalist feelings in Germany? Other Examples of Nationalism in the 1750-1900 time period:  Lola Rodríguez de Tió (1843-1924) Lola Rodríguez de Tió was born in San Germán where she received her primary education. Her schooling continued at home where various intellectuals and politicians often met. In 1868, inspired by the call for Puerto Rican independence known as the "Grito de Lares," she wrote patriotic lyrics to the tune of "La Borinqueña." The song became very popular, but brought her into conflict with Spanish authorities. In 1876 she and her family moved to Mayagüez where she published her first book of poetry, Mis cantares, which sold 2,500 copies. In 1877 the family fled to Venezuela where they met Eugenio María de Hostos. Upon their return to Puerto Rico she and her husband founded the magazine La almojábana. They were exiled again in 1887, returning first to Venezuela and then to Cuba. Once in Havana, their home became a gathering point for politicians and intellectuals as well as exiled Puerto Ricans. Via LOC.gov  Arise, Puerto Rican! The call to arms has sounded! Awake from this dream, for it is time to fight! Doesn't this patriotic call set your heart alight? Eat! We will be in tune with the roar of the cannon. Come, the Cubans will soon be free; This is Lola Rodríguez the machete will give him his de Tió’s revolutionary Liberty. version of the Puerto Beautiful Puerto Rico Rican national must follow Cuba; anthem. you have brave sons who wish to fight..  What role will nationalism play heading in into the 20th century?