APHG Unit 5: Agriculture PDF

APHG Unit 5: Agriculture Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckt0ro 1. agriculture: the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber 2. commercial agriculture: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. 3. subsistence agricult...

APHG Unit 5: Agriculture Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckt0ro 1. agriculture: the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber 2. commercial agriculture: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. 3. subsistence agriculture: level of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his or her family 4. plant domestication: altering the behaviors, size and genetics of plants to benefit humans 5. animal domestication: altering the behaviors, size and genetics of animals to benefit humans 6. First Agricultural Revolution: The period roughly 10,000 years ago during which humans first began domesticating crops and animals 7. terrace farming: cutting of "steps" into the mountains that allowed for more agriculture 8. irrigation: a system that supplies dry land with water through ditches, pipes, or streams 9. carrying capacity: the largest population that an environment can support at any given time 10. slash-and-burn: a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land 11. swidden: Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method. 12. deforestation: the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming 13. desertification: lower land productivity caused by overfarming, overgrazing, seasonal drought, and climate change 14. Second Agricultural Revolution: The introduction of technology to agriculture resulted in increased yields for commercial sale. 15. Enclosure Act: Laws passed by Parliament "closing off" common lands to small farmers 16. barbed wire: used for fencing and invented to keep cattle from trampling crops 17. Third Agricultural Revolution: 20th century; tractor; monoculture; irrigation; petroleum; Agro-Biotechnology; GMOs 18. Green Revolution: Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. 19. GMOs: Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods 20. pastoral nomadism: A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding do- mesticated animals. 1/4  APHG Unit 5: Agriculture Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckt0ro 21. ranching: a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area 22. shifting cultivation: farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate 23. plantation: an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas) 24. market gardening: farming devoted to specialized fruit, vegetable, or vine crops for sale rather than consumption 25. truck farming: Commercial gardening and fruit farming in the United States 26. milk shed: the circle around a dairy farm in which its products can be sold without spoiling 27. winter wheat: a crop planted in the fall and develops strong roots to survive the winter (farmed in Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma) 28. spring wheat: a wheat crop that is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer 29. transhumance: seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low- land pasture areas 30. Mediterranean Agriculture: Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails 31. dairy: relating to milk or products made using milk: cheese, ice cream, sour cream, butter 32. extensive farming: Where small amounts of capital and labor are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed (ex: one man driving a tractor can plant and harvest hundreds of acres of corn by himself). 33. intensive farming: farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food (ex: planting and harvesting a large field by hand will take many workers) 34. double-cropping: to plant and harvest on the same parcel of land twice per year 35. intercropping: also known as multicropping, farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field 36. feedlots: fixed areas for cattle to graze in to become fat 37. agribusiness: highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership 38. supply chain: a sequence of activities and organizations involved in producing and delivering a good or service 39. commodity chain: the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer 40. monoculture: farming strategy of planting a single, highly productive crop year after year 2/4  APHG Unit 5: Agriculture Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckt0ro 41. suitcase farm: when someone owns and operates a farm, but lives somewhere else; usually a crops only farm 42. cool chains: the refrigeration and transport technologies that allow for the distribution of perishables 43. luxury crops: Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco 44. neocolonialism: the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control 45. fair trade movement: trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in devel- oping countries 46. subsidy: a government payment that supports a business or market 47. infrastructure: the basic facilities that are necessary for a society to function and grow - roads, government buildings, electricity lines, railroads 48. clustered settlement: houses are grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets 49. dispersed settlements: A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. 50. metes and bounds system: natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land 51. township and range system: property lines in grid pattern, one square mile sections that display uniformity 52. French long-lot system: Linear settlements stretched out along a road or river. 53. von Thunen model: An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market (dairy). Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less (grains). 54. horticulture: Gardening, cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes, the cultivation of plants for subsistence through non-intensive use of land and labor 55. bid rent theory: refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the Central Business District market increase 56. comparative advantage: the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer 57. greenbelt: a belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city 58. organic food: a type of food that is produced without pesticides, bioengineering, or high-energy radiation 59. aquaculture: Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages 60. Blue Revolution: modern aquaculture, producing fish, shellfish, and other prod- ucts 3/4  APHG Unit 5: Agriculture Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ckt0ro 61. biodiversity: the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole) 62. overgrazing: the depletion of vegetation due to the continuous feeding of too many animals 63. economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases 64. Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and tech- nologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. 4/4