Unit 3 Lab Study Guide PDF

**Unit 3: Lab Study Guide** **Cranial Nerves** **Name** **Sensory Function** **Somatic** **Visercal** ------------------------------------ ------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- **Pr...

**Unit 3: Lab Study Guide** **Cranial Nerves** **Name** **Sensory Function** **Somatic** **Visercal** ------------------------------------ ------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- **Primary or Exclusively Sensory** I Olfactory Smell -- -- II Optic Vision -- -- VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing and equilibrium Somatic Motor\* -- **Primarily or Exclusively Motor** III Oculomotor --\*\* Somatic Motor Parasympathic IV Trochlear --\*\* Somatic Motor -- VI Abducens --\*\* Somatic Motor -- XI Accessory -- Somatic Motor -- XII Hypoglossal -- Somatic Motor -- **Mixed (Motor and Sensory)** V Trigeminal General sensation Somatic Motor -- VII Facial General sensation and taste Somatic Motor Parasympathetic IX Glossopharyngeal General sensation and taste Somatic Motor Parasympathetic X Vagus General sensation and taste Somatic Motor Parasympathetic **I. Olfactory** - These are the sensory nerves of smell. - - - -  **II. Optic** - Because it develops as an outgrowth of the brain, this sensory nerve of vision is not a true nerve at all. It is more correctly called a brain tract. - - - - - **III. Oculomotor** - The name *oculomotor* means "eye mover." This nerve innervates four of the *extrinsic eyes muscles*--muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit - - - **IV. Trochlear** - The name *trochlear* means "pulley." This nerve innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit. - -  **V. Trigeminal** - The name *trigeminal* means "threefold," which refers to this nerve's three major branches. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscle. - - - - - - **VI. Abducens** - This nerve was so named because it innervates the muscle that abducts the eyeball (turns eye laterally) - -  **VII. Facial** - This nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression as well as other structures. - - - - **VIII. Vestibulocochlear** - This sensory nerve of hearing and equilibrium was once called the auditory nerve. - - - - -  **IX. Glossopharyngeal** - The name *glossopharyngeal* means "tongue and pharynx," structures that this nerve helps to innervate. - - - - **X. Vagus** - The name *vagus* means "vagabond" or "wanderer." This nerve "wanders" beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen. - - - - -  **XI. Accessory** - This nerve can be considered an accessory part of the vagus nerve; however, because it carries motor fibers it is grouped functionally with the other motor nerves. It was once called the *spinal accessory nerve.* - - - - - - **XII. Hypoglossal** - The name *hypoglossal* means "below the tongue." This nerve runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles. - -   **Brain** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Name** | **Location** | **Function** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Central Sulcus** | Superior surface of | Separates the frontal | | | the cerebral | lobe from the | | | hemisphere | parietal lobe | | | | | | | | And the primary motor | | | | cortex from the | | | | primary sensory | | | | cortex | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Lateral Sulcus** | Lateral surface of | Separates the frontal | | | the cerebral | and parietal from the | | | hemisphere | temporal lobe | | | | | | | | \*\*it's so deep that | | | | it's actually | | | | considered a fissure, | | | | despite its name | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Parieto-occipital | Posterior surface of | Separates the | | Sulcus** | the cerebral | parietal lobe from | | | hemisphere | the occipital lobe | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Precentral Gyrus** | In the parietal lobe, | Primary somatosensory | | | just after the | cortex | | | central sulcus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Postcentral Gyrus** | Just posterior to the | Somatosensory | | | precentral gyrus | association area | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Longitudinal | On the sagittal plane | Separates left and | | Fissure** | | right cerebral | | | | hemispheres from each | | | | other | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Transverse Cerebral | Posterior, inferior | Separates the | | Fissure** | surface | cerebellum from the | | | | cerebral hemispheres | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Frontal Lobe** | Anterior | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Parietal Lobe** | Posterior, superior | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Temporal Lobe** | Lateral | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Occipital Lobe** | Posterior, inferior | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Insula** | Deep to all other | | | | lobes, in the middle. | | | | Like a hat. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Pons** | Inferior to the | | | | Insula and the | | | | thalamus, anterior to | | | | the cerebellum, | | | | superior to the | | | | medulla | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Medulla Oblongata | Inferior to the pons, | | | "Medulla"** | superior to the | | | | spinal cord to which | | | | it connects. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Half Brain** **Brain stem** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Location** | **Function** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Midbrain** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Thalamus | Located in the center | **\*\*the thalamus is | | | of the brain, above | part of the | | Intermediate mass of | the brainstem and | diencephalon, an area | | the Thalamus | between the cerebral | of the brain that | | | hemispheres | also includes the | | | | hypothalamus, | | | | subthalamus and the | | | | epithalamus.** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hypothalamus | Located below the | | | | thalamus, above the | | | | pituitary gland and | | | | directly above the | | | | brainstem | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Corpora Quadrigemina | On the posterior | | | of Tectum | surface of the | | | | midbrain, just below | | | - - | the thalamus; they | | | | look like two little | | | | lumps. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Optic Chiasm | Located at the base | | | | of the brain, in the | | | | middle cranial fossa | | | | and is about 10 mm | | | | above the pituitary | | | | gland | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pituitary gland | Located at the base | The "master gland", | | | of the brain, sits in | because it controls | | | the sella turcica | many things. It | | | | regulates various | | | | body functions, | | | | including hormone | | | | levels and controls | | | | the involuntary | | | | nervous system | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Other** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pineal Gland | Located in the middle | | | | of the brain, in the | | | | epithalamus, where | | | | the two halves of the | | | | brian meet. It's | | | | situated in a groove | | | | just above the | | | | thalamus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Choroid Plexus | Located in the | | | | brain's ventricles, | | | | lining the lateral | | | | ventricle's floor and | | | | the third and fourth | | | | ventricle's roof | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Anterior Commissure | Located in the | A bundle of nerve | | | anterior part of the | fibers that connects | | | fornix columns, the | the brain's | | | anterior commissure | hemispheres and | | | cross the midline of | transmits information | | | the brain | between them | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Septum Pellucidum | Located in the | | | | midline of the brain, | | | | between the two | | | | cerebral hemispheres, | | | | in the septum area; | | | | attaches to the | | | | corpus callosum and | | | | the fornix | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Fornix | Located on the medial | | | | side of both cerebral | | | | hemispheres; a | | | | C-shaped bundle of | | | | white matter | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mammillary body | Located on the | | | | undersurface of the | | | | brain, this pair of | | | | small round bodies | | | | are a part of the | | | | diencephalon. They're | | | | located at the ends | | | | of the anterior | | | | arches of the fornix | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Vermis | Located between the | The narrow, median | | | two cerebellar | part of the | | | hemispheres | cerebellum that | | | | connects the two | | | | cerebellar | | | | hemispheres (see | | | | photo) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Arbor Vitae | Located in the center | | | | of the cerebellar | | | | hemispheres | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Olfactory bulb | Located right above | | | | the cribriform plate | | | | (see Olfactory Nerve) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Superior Sagittal | Part of the meninges | | | Sinus | complex, see CNS | | | | study guide | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Arachnoid villus | Part of the meninges | | | | complex, see CNS | | | | study guide | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Dura mater | Part of the meninges | | | | complex, see CNS | | | | study guide | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Arachnoid mater | Part of the meninges | | | | complex, see CNS | | | | study guide | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pia mater | Part of the meninges | | | | complex, see CNS | | | | study guide | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cerebral cortex | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+  **[Plexuses]:** **Cervical Plexus** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nerves** | **Ventral Rami** | **Structures | | | | Innervated** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **CUTANEOUS BRANCHES | | | | (SUPERFICIAL)** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Lesser occipital | C~2~, C~3~ | Skin on | | | | posterolateral aspect | | | | of neck | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Greater auricular | C~2~, C~3~ | Skin of ear | | | | | | | | Skin of parotid gland | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Transverse cervical | C~2~, C~3~ | Skin on anterior and | | | | lateral aspect of | | | | neck | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Supraclavicular | C~3~, C~4~ | Skin of shoulder and | | (anterior, middle, | | clavicular region | | and posterior) | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **MOTOR BRANCHES | | | | (DEEP)** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ansa cervicalis | C~1~ - C~3~ | Infrahyoid muscle of | | (superior and | | neck (Omohyoid, | | inferior roots) | | sternohyoid, and | | | | sternothyroid) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Segmental and other | C~1~ - C~5~ | Deep muscles of neck | | muscular branches | | (geniohyoid and | | | | thyrohyoid) and | | | | portions of scalenes, | | | | levator scapulae, | | | | trapezius, and | | | | sternocleidomastoid | | | | muscles | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Phrenic | C~3~ - C~5~ | Diaphragm (sole motor | | | | nerve supply) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+  - - - - **Brachial Plexus** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nerves** | **Cord and Spinal | **Structures | | | Roots** | Innervated** | | | | | | | **(Ventral Rami)** | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Musculocutaneous | Lateral cord (C~5~ - | **Muscular | | | C~7~) | branches:** flexor | | | | muscles in anterior | | | | arm (biceps brachii, | | | | brachialis, | | | | coracobrachialis) | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches:** skin on | | | | lateral forearm | | | | (extremely variable) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Median | By two branches, one | **Muscular | | | from medial cord | branches:** most | | | (C~8~, C~7~) and one | flexor muscles of the | | | from the lateral cord | arm (palmaris longus, | | | (C~5~ - C~7~) | flexor carpi | | | | radialis, flexor | | | | digitorum | | | | superficialis, flexor | | | | pollicis longus, | | | | lateral half of | | | | flexor digitorum | | | | profundus, and | | | | pronator muscles); | | | | intrinsic muscles of | | | | lateral palm (most | | | | thenar muscles and | | | | two lumbricals) | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches:** skin of | | | | lateral two-thirds of | | | | hand on ventral side, | | | | and dorsum of fingers | | | | 2 and 3. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ulnar | Medial cord (C~8~ and | **Muscular | | | T~1~) | branches:** flexor | | | | muscles in anterior | | | | forearm (flexor carpi | | | | ulnaris and medial | | | | half of flexor | | | | digitorum profundus); | | | | most intrinsic | | | | muscles of the hand | | | | (hypothenar, all | | | | interossei, medial | | | | two lumbricals, | | | | adductor pollicis) | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches:** skin of | | | | medial third of hand, | | | | both anterior and | | | | posterior aspects | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Radial | Posterior cord (C~5~ | **Muscular | | | - C~8~, T~1~) | branches:** posterior | | | | muscles of arm and | | | | forearm (triceps | | | | brachii, anconeus, | | | | supinator, | | | | brachioradialis, | | | | extensors carpi | | | | radialis longus and | | | | brevis, extensor | | | | carpi ulnaris, and | | | | several muscles that | | | | extend the fingers) | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches:** skin of | | | | posterolateral | | | | surface of entire | | | | limb (except dorsum | | | | of fingers 2 and 3) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Axillary | Posterior cord (C~5~, | **Muscular | | | C~6~) | branches:** deltoid | | | | and teres minor | | | | muscles | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches:** shoulder | | | | joint and skin | | | | covering inferior | | | | half of deltoid | | | | muscle | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Dorsal scapular | Branches of C~5~ rami | Rhomboid muscle and | | | | levator scapulae | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Long thoracic | Branches of C~5~ - | Serratus anterior | | | C~7~ rami | muscle | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Subscapular | Posterior cord; | Teres major and | | | branches of C~5~ and | subscapularis muscles | | | C~6~ rami | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Thoracodorsal | Branches of C~6~ - | Latissimus dorsi | | | C~8~ | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Suprascapular | Upper trunk (C~5~, | Shoulder joint; | | | C~6~) | supraspinatus and | | | | infraspinatus muscles | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pectoral (lateral and | Branches of lateral | Pectoralis major and | | medial) | and medial cords | minor muscles | | | (C~5~ - T~1~) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  **Lumbar Plexus** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nerves** | **Ventral Rami** | **Structures | | | | Innervated** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Femoral | L~2~ - L~4~ | **Motor to muscles of | | | | the anterior | | | | compartment of | | | | thigh**: quadriceps, | | | | sartorius, pectineus, | | | | iliacus. | | | | | | | | **Sensory from skin | | | | of anterior and | | | | medial thigh** via | | | | *anterior femoral | | | | cutaneous* branch; | | | | | | | | Also from hip and | | | | knee joints and skin | | | | of medial leg and | | | | foot via *saphenous* | | | | branch | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Obturator | L~2~ - L~4~ | **Motor to medial | | | | compartment | | | | muscles**: adductor | | | | magnus (part), | | | | adductor longus and | | | | brevis muscles, | | | | gracilis, obturator | | | | externus | | | | | | | | **Sensory** for skin | | | | of medial thigh and | | | | for hip and knee | | | | joints | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Lateral femoral | L~2~ - L~3~ | Skin lateral thigh; | | cutaneous | | | | | | Some sensory branches | | | | to peritoneum | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Iliohypogastric | L~1~ | Skin on side of | | | | buttock and skin on | | | | pubis; proprioceptor | | | | (and motor?) to the | | | | most inferior parts | | | | of the oblique and | | | | transversus abdominis | | | | muscle | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ilioinguinal | L~1~ | Skin of external | | | | genitalia and | | | | proximal medial | | | | aspect of the thigh | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Genitofemoral | L~1~, L~2~ | Skin of scrotum in | | | | males, of labia | | | | majora in females, | | | | and of anterior thigh | | | | inferior to middle | | | | portion of inguinal | | | | region; cremaster | | | | muscle in males | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ The lumbar plexus arises from L~1~ - L~4~ and innervates the thigh, abdominal wall and related muscles. The major nerves are the **femoral** and **obturator**. **Sacral Plexus** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Nerves** | **Ventral Rami** | **Structures | | | | Innervated** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Sciatic nerve | L~4~, L~5~, S~1~ - | Composed of two | | | S~3~ | nerves (tibial and | | - | | common fibular) in a | | | L~4~ - S~3~ | common sheath that | | | | usually diverge just | | | L~4~ - S~2~ | proximal to the knee | | - | | | | | | **Motor branches to | | | | muscles of the | | | | posterior | | | | compartments of thigh | | | | and leg:** | | | | hamstrings, except | | | | short head of biceps | | | | femoris, posterior | | | | part of adductor | | | | magnus, triceps | | | | surae, tibialis | | | | posterior, popliteus, | | | | flexor digitorum | | | | longus, flexor | | | | hallucis longus; and | | | | to intrinsic muscles | | | | of foot | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches** to skin of | | | | posterior surface of | | | | leg and sole of foot | | | | | | | | **Motor branches** to | | | | short head of biceps | | | | femoris of thigh, | | | | fibular muscles of | | | | lateral compartment | | | | of leg, muscles of | | | | anterior compartment | | | | of leg (tibialis | | | | anterior, extensor | | | | hallucis longus, | | | | extensors digitorum | | | | longus and brevis) | | | | | | | | **Cutaneous | | | | branches** to skin of | | | | anterior and lateral | | | | surface of leg and | | | | dorsum of foot | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Superior gluteal | L~4~, L~5~, S~1~ | **Motor branches** to | | | | gluteus medius and | | | | minimus and tensor | | | | fascia latae | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Inferior gluteal | L~5~ - S~2~ | **Motor branches** to | | | | gluteus maximus | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Posterior femoral | S~1~ - S~3~ | Skin of most inferior | | cutaneous | | part of buttock, | | | | posterior thigh, and | | | | popliteal region; | | | | length variable; may | | | | also innervate part | | | | of skin of calf and | | | | heel | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Pudental | S~2~ - S~4~ | Supplies most of skin | | | | and muscles of | | | | perineum (region | | | | encompassing external | | | | genitalia and anus | | | | and including | | | | clitoris, labia, and | | | | vaginal mucosa in | | | | female, and scrotum | | | | and penis in males); | | | | external anal | | | | sphincter | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ - -  **Dermatomes** - -