Early Childhood Education Philosophers PDF

PRS 1101 UNIT 3 EDUCATION PHILOSOPER AND THEIR INFLUENCE in Early Childhood Education SHARIFAH AINI SYED TAHIR LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this session, student able to: 1. Introduction of Philosophy 2. Early Childhood Education Philosopher from The East 3. Early Childhood...

PRS 1101 UNIT 3 EDUCATION PHILOSOPER AND THEIR INFLUENCE in Early Childhood Education SHARIFAH AINI SYED TAHIR LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this session, student able to: 1. Introduction of Philosophy 2. Early Childhood Education Philosopher from The East 3. Early Childhood Education Pioneer from The West 20XX Presentation title 2  1. INTRODUCTION OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophy comes from the Greek word philosophia which means love of wisdom. The term philosophy was first used by Pythagoras who divided humans into three types, namely: People who love fun. People who are fond of activities. People who love wisdom Socrates once stated that the function of philosophy is to obtain self- knowledge (self-knowledge) while Plato thinks that the goal of philosophy is to obtain absolute truth. For Aristotle this discipline is related to the investigation of the causes and principles of something. 20XX Presentation title 3 INTRODUCTION OF PHILOSOPHY From the point of view of Islamic figures such as Omar Al- Syaibani (1991), in explaining the meaning of philosophy he stated that philosophy is not wisdom itself, but the love of wisdom and trying to get it. Next he said...the wisdom that philosophers love and always strive to achieve contains five elements which are universal, a broad and intelligent view, a meditative view and knowing the implementation knowledge accompanied by good action. 20XX Presentation title 4  PHILOSOPHER AL-FARABI (870 – 950) IBNU SINA (980 – OMAR AL-SYAIBANI 1037) (1991) divided into two divided into two Philosophy is not categories: categories and the wisdom but - Theory relate to divine: - Theory the love to Philosophy – wisdom and effort Philosophy – from knowledge syariah to human to get the - Practical thought wisdom. Philosophy – do - Practical the deed Philosophy – do as required for happiness Philosophy and Views of the Founder of ECCE from EAST PHILOSOPHER IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION 1. Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) 2. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) 4. John Amos Comenius (1592 – 1670) 5. John Locke (1632 – 1704) 6. Imam al- Ghazali (1058 – 1111) 7. Ibnu Khaldun (1332 – 1406) 8. Robert Owen (1771 – 1858) 9. Friedrich Froebel (1782 – 1852) 10. Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952) 11. John Dewey (1859 – 1952)  4.2 Philosophy and Views of the Founder of PAKK from MUSLIM Children are a gift from God where God trusts parents to shape the hearts of children who are still pure and clean into hearts that are very valuable and precious. There are 2 age levels of children's education: birth to 4 years and 5-7 years. Newborn children need to be brought up by women who are noble in behavior and strong in religion. The personality of the parents influences i. IMAM the personality formation of the child. AL-GHAZALI Children are God's gift where Children are taught with noble words at the beginning of birth. IMAM Views on Early Childhood Education AL-GHAZALI Parents are encouraged to train physical needs and sports to strengthen body fitness. Children need to be respectful of their elders. Children need to be advised, scolded once in a while and not always beaten. ……cont. Children aged 5-7 years are taught from the following aspects: Spiritual Aspects - prayer procedures, calling the call to prayer, fasting, reading the Quran and memorizing surahs Aspects of manners - eating manners, speaking manners, socializing in the mosque, manners to the elderly IMAM Physical aspects – play, joy, reduce teasing, AL-GHAZALI fulfill children's free time and practice what is taught Imam Al-Ghazali MANNERS AT THE TIME OF EATING: 1. Begin eating after reciting 'Bismillah'-in the name of God and end it reciting 'Alhamdullah'-all praise is due to God [read the sunnah duas]. 2. Eat with the right hand. 3. Take little morsels and chew each morsel well. Don't extend your hand to a morsel till you swallow the previous one. 4. Don't speak of the defects of cooking. The Prophet never did it. When he liked a food, he ate; and when he did not like it, he did not eat it. 5. Except fruits, he used to take from the nearest side of the dish. The Prophet said: Eat from the side of your front and not form every side, nor from the middle. Imam Al-Ghazali MANNERS AT THE TIME OF EATING (cont.): 6. Don't cut bread or meat with knife. The Prophet said: Cut meat with your teeth. He said : Honour the principal foods as God sent them from the blessings of heaven. 7. The Prophet said : If any morsel of food falls down, take it up and clear off the dust attached to it and don't leave it for the devil. 8. Don't wipe out your hands with handkerchiefs till you like lick your fingers, because you don't know in which food there is blessing.' 9. Don't blow breath in hot food as it is prohibited, but be patient till it becomes cold. 10.Eat odd number of dates, grapes and such other fruits which can be counted. IMAM AL -GAHAZALI In the book of Ihya' Ulumiddin children are the mandate of parents' hands. If children are educated with good deeds, it will grow up in such an environment and will be a good person. Imam al-Ghazali emphasizes the element of reward to children. Imam al-Ghazali also emphasized the aspect play because he said playing is natural children, can keep a small body healthy, strengthen children's muscles, bring joy and being able to rest them after tired of studying. IMAM AL -GAHAZALI Imam Al-Ghazali's advice to teachers is: become a nanny with strong religious beliefs because of this affect children Correct children's bad behavior with kindness instead by suffocating. Teach to the best of their ability. Don't teach too much to make it difficult for them. Teachers should practice the knowledge taught Teachers should follow the footsteps of Rasulullah S.A.W which is to teach knowledge without expecting a reward and wages but teaching because God and seek blessings. ii. Ibnu Khaldun 1332 – 1406 (Tunisia) A great Arab historian. His name is Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Ibn Khaldun Ibnu Khaldun - Views on Early Childhood Education Do not teach The learning Children are formed children with difficult schedule should be to be loving, gentle things well organized. and considerate. Learn from easy to Preschool children Provide a good and more difficult in are given concrete effective learning for stages, drills, objects examples that they children. and teaching aids. understand. Emphasizes It is recommended Don't burden them language by that recitation of the with things beyond beginning to write Quran be taught their capabilities. and read and relate before memorizing it to meaning. Philosophy and Views of the Founder of ECCE from WEST  4.1 Views on Early Childhood Education i.John Dewey He is a philosopher from the United States Education is a social process that provides all knowledge, experience, theories, thoughts and facts to children. He introduced the project method to children because of this method closely related to children's activities and movements. Children should strive to achieve success. In imparting education to children, teachers need to initiate with small groups and then individually (one by one) Real education is an active process for children based on their natural state. John Dewey was born Education needs to be integrated with children's lives. on October 20, 1859, in Children need to be respected Builington, Vermont. Learning needs to be done through experience and experimentation He died on June 1, 1952, in New York City, New York. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592 – 1670) Comenius (1592 – 1670) believed that all children need to attend school. They learn to communicate through oral activities, write through writing activities and think through activities that allow them to think and learn actively. Education should be based on natural conditions learning that involves the use of the senses. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592 – 1670) Teaching principles stated by Comenius that can be used as a guide in applying teaching and learning in kindergarten or nursery school. Comenius stated that education would be easier if: Start at an early stage when the brain is still clean. When the brain is ready to receive it. Starting from general to specific. From easy to difficult. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592 – 1670) Comenius stated that education would be easier if (cont.): Not burdened with too many subjects. The process is not too fast. Based on age and correct method. Learn by using the senses. Teaching materials are on display. All materials taught follow the same method. 21/8/2024 JOHN LOCKE (1632 – 1704) John Locke focused on character building character, moral, physical, and mental development. Locke consider the learning process more important from the learning outcomes and thus the process learning is considered the ultimate goal education. Individuals receive knowledge as a result of their experiences which is associated with the term tabula rasa or blank slate. Suppress the use of the senses as a method of education effective for children. Acknowledge the importance of play  ii. Jean-Jacqques Rousseau He is a philosopher, writer and builder of social theory Views on Early Childhood Education Consider children born good but human beings affect the good Education will result and develop if an individual is given the freedom to learn directly with the environment Conceptualized on naturalism where children should be allowed to grow according to their natural abilities Children need to be given a good education so that they can enrich their interests through activities that make them happy Children should not be forced to learn before they are ready Children themselves like to seek knowledge The teacher's role is to observe the child's development and give advice Children are unique and should be valued He was born on Ensure concrete learning materials for children June 28, 1712 in His views were based on sensory perception which was continued by later Geneva, Switzerland figures such as Pestalozzi, Froebel and Montessori. and died on July 2, 1778 in France. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) His views in the field child education is called naturalism Rousseau saw child development as a process that cannot be forced or controlled. According to Rousseau, children's education is related and based on the child's natural characteristics. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) Based on his theory, child development happen in stages, namely: Children from birth to five years old learn through physical activity. Children aged five to 12 years learning through exploration. In terms of teaching methods Rousseau wants teachers encourage children to develop according to their natural abilities. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) Parents and teachers allow children to develop according to their own abilities, do not interfere with development by forcing education and tend not to overprotect them from the corrupting influences of society. making observations on children's development and providing experiences based on the appropriate time JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) In Emile, Rousseau mentions: All that we lack at birth and need when grown up is given by education. This education comes to us from nature, from man, or from things. The internal development of our faculties and organs is the education of nature.it is not enough merely to keep children alive. They should learn to bear the blows of fortune; to meet either wealth or poverty, to live if need be in the frosts of Iceland or on the sweltering rock of Malta (Morrison 1995:61 JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (1746 – 1827) Pestalozzi influenced by the concept naturally Rousseau had brought up his son Jean Jacques using Emile as a guide. But Pestalozzi faced failure in educating his son based on Rousseau's ideas. One of Pestalozzi's valuable contributions is the formation of methods appropriate to the needs of individual. JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (1746 – 1827) According to Pestalozzi, children need to take part in meaningful and grounded activities real life experience. Pestalozzi also encouraged shaped activities group and consists of different children from in terms of age. In this group of elder children can help younger children. JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (1746 – 1827) Teacher's role The relationship between teacher and student is the relationship between mother and child Children's readiness Children please the teacher, instead scare of teacher No reward—intrinsic motivation Home and school as continuous Nurturing teacher attitude JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (1746 – 1827) The role of parents Mothers are the best teachers in educating children  iii. Friedrich Froebel He was the first person to found a kindergarten (in German 'Kindergarten') in 1873 for children aged 3-7 years in Blankenberg, Germany. He earned the title of 'Father of Kindergarten’ Views on Early Childhood Education Believing that children are social individuals and play is the basis for learning something. The concept of learning while playing is a spiritual activity that gives joy, freedom, contentment and peace Materials and tools found in nature help children explore and understand the relationship with the universe He was born on April Forming a sequence of activities called 'jobs' 21, 1782 in Introducing the concept of singing in a circle, where children sit in a circle Oberweissbach, and teachers sing songs related to teaching. Germany and died Using finger play to get attention and keep children interested. on July 2, 1778 in Consider kindergarten as a bridge from home to school France. Start a training school for teachers. Build educational games Interested in the mother-child relationship FRIEDRICH FROEBEL Froebel's contribution in education is in the field of learning, curriculum, teaching methodology and teacher training. His concept of children and how they learn is based on an idea termed unfolding. Froebel thought of children as a newly planted seed that germinates and begins to sprout. After growing the tree grew. He likens teachers to gardeners. In his garden filled with children, they are educated in a closed atmosphere, full of harmony in the natural state. FRIEDRICH FROEBEL In terms of teaching and learning strategies, Froebel emphasized the method of playing and learning through practice. He stated that play is life and is the highest level in children's development. Through play, children can express their uniqueness. Playing a strategy in education is considered Froebel's greatest contribution to the field of early childhood education. According to Morrison (1995: 65) Children unfold their uniqness in play and it is the area of unfolding and learning through play that Froebel makes one of his greatest constibutions to the early childhood curriculum FRIEDRICH FROEBEL According to Froebel, in order to teach children effectively, a teacher needs to attract children's interest and attention. When children's attention and curiosity are stimulated, they are indirectly motivated to learn something new vi. Dr. Maria Montessori She was the first woman to graduate as a doctor of medicine. He was unable to practice his career as a doctor but instead was assigned to solve the problems of slum children in the suburbs of Rome Opened the 'Casa De Bambini' kindergarten in 1907 for mentally retarded children. Views He ison Early Childhood convinced that disabledEducation children can be enhanced intelligence through simulation and direct sensory experience Create learning materials to help children learn concepts, sizes, shapes He was born on and colors, textures and sounds. August 31, 1870 in Materials are designed according to the child's ability Chiaravalle, Italy and died on May 6, 1952 Introducing equipment and equipment using children's sizes in Holland. The method that is built in the form of sequence and systematic steps and suitable for children's ability. MARIA MONTESSORI Montessori believed children would demonstrate interest in an activity when they are enough mature and willing to learn it. From teaching methods, he emphasizes methods which is appropriate for children's learning problems. The teaching tools provided must have special characteristics so that children can use their senses. Teachers cannot force children to accept their ideas. MARIA MONTESSORI In conclusion we may say that the adult looks upon himself as the child's creator and judge the child’s action as good or bad from the viewpoint of his own relations to the child. The adult makes himself the touch stone of what is good and evil in the child, the model upon which the child must be molded. Any deviation on the child’s part from adult ways is regarded as an evil which the adult hastens to correct (Morrison, 1995:93) Montessori presented some basic concepts information of children's curriculum at the early level  5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MONTESSORI 1. A receptive mind Children aged 0-6 years are like sponges. Information is easily received through their senses (sensory) 2. Available environment The available environment should be equipped with various materials that will The Five Basic Principles of Montessori support the formation of concepts and knowledge of children when they need it. 1. A receptive mind 2. Available environment 3. Sensitive period 3. Sensitive period The most suitable period for children to master a Skill. 4. Self education 5. Respect the children 4. Self education Children educate themselves to make Decisions gain experience through (self- correcting/try to succeed) 5. Respect the children Teachers only function as facilitators, not determinants of work for them. Samples of Dr Maria Montessori Learning Materials JEAN PIAGET Piaget's contribution in the field of early childhood is more focused on children's cognitive development. An approach based on Piaget's theory also emphasizes By nature, every child is driven to learn. Children build their knowledge through exploration and experience interacting with the environment. Children's environment should be equipped with materials and activities which allows them to interact with their environment. Learning experiences are based on exploratory activities and discovery. JEAN PIAGET An approach based on Piaget's theory also emphasizes (cont.) Each knowledge construct is unique The teacher's role is not to give answers. Teachers only help build children's knowledge by encouraging them explore the environment and guide them in the construction process knowledge. Curriculum and learning experiences are structured, based on children's interests and give exposure to new experiences can create children's curiosity. The process of finding information, analyzing experiences and creating decisions are more important than learning facts. JEAN PIAGET An approach based on Piaget's theory also emphasizes (cont.) Children will learn many facts and concepts, but each of these knowledge based on a meaningful learning context. In shaping the experience curriculum it is important to allow children choose from a wide variety of experiences provide the same information depending on interest, inclination and developmental stages of children. LEV VYGOTSKY Vygotsky's theory of development is very useful in provide an overview of mental development, children's language and social. Vygotsky mentioned that: Learning awakens a variety of developmental processes that are able to operate only when the child is interacting with people in his environment and in collaboration with his peers. Once these processes are internalized, they become part of the child's independent development achievement (Morrison 2001:82) HOWARD GARDNER Gardner's works give a lot of focus to creativity development of children and adults. Among Gardner's greatest contributions is the Variety theory Intelligence (Multiple Intelligence). Gardner defined intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings. HOWARD GARDNER Gardner has divided intelligence into seven aspects namely: Language Logic-mathematics Space (spatial) Music Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal TUTORIAL Briefly explain the views of Comenius. What is John Locke focused on in early childhood education? What is Rousseau views on child development? Briefly explain the views of Pestalozzi. What is Froebel contribution in education and briefly explain every each of the contribution Compare the view of all philosopher of east and west in early childhood education – GROUP WORK THANK YOU