COMP 001 - Introduction to Computing - Unit 3 PDF

COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING UNIT Hardware 3 Part 1: Components of the System Unit Learning Outcomes:  Explain the functions of the main units of a physical computer system.  Describe what input and output devices are.  Differentiate the primar...

COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING UNIT Hardware 3 Part 1: Components of the System Unit Learning Outcomes:  Explain the functions of the main units of a physical computer system.  Describe what input and output devices are.  Differentiate the primary and secondary storage devices.  Explain the workflow of the processor/memory/input and output devices and architecture. Introduction Computers have become an integral part of our daily lives and have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. Computers can perform tasks faster and more accurately than humans, which can help increase productivity in various fields such as education, business, and research. It also made communication faster and more efficient. With the help of the internet, people can communicate with each other from anywhere in the world in real time and can provide access to vast amounts of information on any topic. A computer, physically, is an electronic machine that can be seen and touched. It is a programmable device that processes, stores and displays information. It consists of several physical components that work together to perform specific tasks. These components include the input, output, memory, and central processing unit (CPU). COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Input Devices Input devices in a computer are responsible for accepting data or instructions from the user and converting them into a form that can be processed by the computer. Input devices are used to enter data into the computer system, which may be in numeric or alphabetic form. The most commonly used input device is the keyboard. Other input devices, also known as pointing devices, have also been developed that do not require data entry by typing. Examples include a mouse, light pen, graphic tablet, joystick, trackball, touch screen, etc. An input device performs the following functions:  It accepts the instructions and data from the user.  It converts these instructions and data into a format that can be processed by the computer.  It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing. Keyboard The keyboard is one of the most common input devices. The user can type text and commands using this device. The layout of the keyboard was borrowed from the regular typewriter with some additional keys. A keyboard is used to enter data or information in a computer system, which may be in numeric form or alphabetic form. There are different types of keyboards such as QWERTY, DVORAK, and AZERTY. Mouse The mouse is a pointing device that allows control of the movement of the pointer (also known as the mouse pointer) on the screen. Mouse performs various functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. A mouse can be of different types like wired, wireless mouse, optical mouse, mechanical mouse, etc. Generally, a mouse has two buttons, a right button and a left button. The mouse also includes a scroll wheel between the button to scroll down the application window and their contents also COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Touchpad The touchpad is a specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user’s finger to a relative position on the screen. This is a common feature of laptop computers and is also used as a substitute for a computer mouse, where disk space is scarce. The sensors of the touchpad only react through the fingertip and not a pencil or other object. There are usually two buttons next to the touchpad which works as the left and right buttons of the mouse. Touch Screen A touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term touch screen generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. The touch screen sends a signal to the computer. This signal gives the location on the screen, which has been touched. The touch screen is quick and simple to use. Generally, smartphones have a high-resolution capacitive touch screen. There are different types of touch screens available with electronic devices like capacitive touch screens, resistive touch screens gorilla glass touch screens, etc. The touch screen is pressure-sensitive and activated by a finger or stylus. Scanner The scanner is used for reading or displaying the scanned object. Scanners can be used for storing documents in their original form that can be modified and manipulated later on. It is mainly used to convert a scanned document into a digital format. Scanners come in a variety of sizes from hand-held models to desktop models that includes flatbed scanners, and drum scanners COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Barcode Reader The barcode reader is an input device used for reading printed bar codes (Universal Product Code) available on products to be sold. A bar code reader emits a beam of light, which reflects off the bar code image. A light-sensitive detector in the barcode reader the see identifies the barcode image by recognizing special bars at both ends of the image. Web Camera A web camera allows a computer to accept input just by focusing on an object. The camera is focused on the input object to take a picture of the object. A picture taken can be transferred over the computer network to a distant place. The image of the object can be seen on the monitor of a distant computer connected through a network or through the Internet. Digital Camera A digital camera is a device that stores pictures or videos in an electronic format instead of film. There are several features that make digital cameras a popular choice when compared to film cameras. The most enjoyable feature is the LCD display on the digital camera. This display allows users to view and save photos or videos after the picture or video has been taken, that means if you take a picture and don’t like the results, you can delete it, or if you like the picture, you can save it and easily show it to other people. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Card Reader A card reader is a device that reads punched cards. A punched card is a storage medium made of a thick paper card that holds data in the form of punched holes. The holes are punched into the card by a keypunch machine or card punch peripheral device connected to a computer. The punched card code is detected by patterns of light passing through the holes in the cards. Another card reader, called magnetic card reader, is used for reading the magnetic strip on the back of credit cards and transferring data sent through the card. Microphone A microphone is used to convert the received sound into a computer format, which is called Digitised Sound or Digital Audio. To convert a voice into digital form, additional hardware is always needed which is known as Sound Card. A microphone can be attached to a computer to record sound. Nowadays, microphones are also being used with speech recognition software. This means that you do not have to type the document, rather just have to speak and the spoken words appear in your document. Biometric Sensor A Biometric sensor is a device that recognizes the physical or behavioral traits of the individual. Biometric sensors are mainly used to mark the Biometric attendance of employees/ students in organizations/institutions. Biometric sensors work with accuracy so these are widely used for security purposes also. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Output Devices An output device is responsible for presenting the results of processing to the user through output devices such as a monitor, printer, or speaker. A hardware component of a computer system that receives data from the computer and presents it to the user in a human-readable form. This component provides the output in a format that can be understood by the user. Output devices allow users to receive feedback, view results, or interact with the processed information. Monitor A monitor is the most common output device that displays the output of the computer in the form of text and images. It is usually comprising the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. It is similar to a television but usually displays information at a much higher resolution. Monitors come in two major types: CRT, LCD, and LED.  CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors are deep in size, and look like old-fashioned TVs.  LCD (Light Crystal Display) monitors are much thinner, use less energy, and provide better graphics quality than CRT monitors.  LED (Light Emitting Diode) is another type of monitor that’s an improvement on LCD, providing even better color and viewing angles, but also requiring more power. Most monitors range in size from 17 inches to 24 inches, but others are 32 inches or more. The size of a monitor is measured from one corner of the screen to the other, not including the outer casing. Printer A printer is an output device that produces a hard copy of the output of the computer. It is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data stored on a computer or other device and generates a hard copy. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals and print text and photos. There are several types of printers available, including inkjet, laser, dot matrix, and 3D printers.  Inkjet printers work by spraying tiny droplets of ink onto paper to create an image or text. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  Laser printers use a laser beam to create an image or text on a drum, which is then transferred to paper using heat.  Dot matrix printers use a series of pins to strike an ink ribbon, creating dots that form characters or images on paper.  3D printers create three-dimensional objects by depositing layers of material on top of each other. Speaker A speaker is an output device that produces sound output from the computer. It is responsible for producing audio output that can be heard by the user. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer’s sound card. There are several types of computer speakers available, including built-in speakers, USB speakers, and wireless speakers. Built-in speakers are usually found in laptops and all-in-one desktops, while USB speakers and wireless speakers are external devices that can be connected to the computer via USB or Bluetooth. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Projector A projector is an output device that projects the output of the computer onto a screen or wall. It is a compact, high-resolution, full-color projector that can project text, images, video, and audio content onto a large screen with color and sound. It is used for presentations, home theatre use, and other applications that require large-screen displays of multimedia content. It can be connected to computers, VCRs, DVD players, and cable boxes. The images transmitted from the device are then transmitted into a special digitized light that is reflected on thousands of mirrors within the projector, which shines the image onto a screen. Ultralight multimedia projectors weigh less than 3 lb. and are ideal for people who frequently use projectors for presentations on the road. Conference room projectors are heavier and brighter, making them better suited to large rooms. Fixed multimedia projectors used in auditoriums or in high-quality home theatre setups weigh over 100 lb. and have the clearest and brightest pictures. Processor A processor (also called a central processing unit or CPU) is the central component of a computer unit that is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It acts as the "brain" of the computer, carrying out tasks that enable the computer to operate and perform various functions. It contains all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and output results. The processor is constantly following instructions from computer programs that tell it which data to process and how to process it. Without a processor, we could not run programs on a computer. For example, a simple calculator program might instruct the CPU to take two numbers, 2 and 2, add them, and send back the result. The CPU can process those instructions easily, thanks to a control unit that knows how to interpret program instructions and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that knows how to add numbers. With the COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING control unit and ALU combined, the CPU can process much more complex programs than a simple calculator. At the hardware level, a CPU is an integrated circuit, also known as a chip. An integrated circuit "integrates" millions or billions of tiny electrical parts, arranging them into circuits and fitting them all into a compact box. Common processor manufacturers include Intel and AMD, both of which produce a wide range of processors for various applications, from personal computers to servers. Memory A computer memory is a physical device that is responsible for storing, managing, and retrieving data and instructions either temporarily or permanently for the processor can access quickly. It is used to store both input and output data and is divided into three types: primary memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Primary memory is also known as the main memory of the computer system and is used to store data and programs or instructions during computer operations. It uses semiconductor technology and hence is commonly called semiconductor memory. There are two main types of primary memory, RAM and ROM.  RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that stores data temporarily for use by the processor. It is a volatile memory, which means that data is only kept temporarily in memory. Data saved in volatile memory is automatically destroyed when a computing device is turned off. RAM is used to store data and programs or instructions during computer operations. It is a form of temporary storage that gets wiped when you turn your computer off. RAM offers lightning-fast data access, which makes it ideal for the processes, apps, and programs your computer is actively working on, such as the data needed to surf the internet through your web browser. RAM is a temporary memory bank where your computer stores data it COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING needs to retrieve quickly. Your computer can access RAM memory much faster than data on a hard disk, SSD, or other long-term storage device, which is why RAM capacity is critical for system performance. RAM is essential for multitasking and running applications, as it allows for quick retrieval of data needed for processing. RAM size recommendations that apply to any operating system or personal computer hardware:  4 GB of RAM: If you use your computer to browse the web, work with standard Office applications, and do light photo editing, you’ll be fine with 4GB of RAM.  8 GB of RAM: Heavy multitaskers or light gamers should choose a computer with 8GB of RAM.  16+ GB of RAM: Some tasks are computing-intensive, such as serious gaming, video editing, programming, or having to run multiple intensive tasks simultaneously. Those who demand professional-level performance with no slowdowns will need 16+GB of RAM. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the main types of RAM were SRAM (static RAM), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), and SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM). Currently, the most common type of RAM is DDR-SDRAM or Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random- Access Memory. And there are various iterations, including DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and even DDR5. DDR (double-data rate) allows simultaneous multiple file transfers. The latest version of DDR5-RAM can achieve data rates of up to 51.2 gigabytes per second. Below is the table of RAM type, speed, and capacity. RAM type Speed Bandwidth DDR2 533-800 MHz 4.27-6.4 GB/s DDR3 1066-1866 MHz 8.5-14.9 GB/s DDR4 2133-3200 MHz 17-25.6 GB/s DDR5 3200-8400 MHz 38.4-51.2 GB/s GDDR6 3000-3600 MHz 64-72 GB/s HBM 6400 MHz 128-410 GB/s GDDR6 HBM COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of computer memory chip containing permanent or semi- permanent data. It is non-volatile which means that even after a computer is turned off, the contents of ROM will remain. It is read-only as it used to read only the programs and data stored on it and cannot write on it. The manufacturer of the computer fills the programs into the ROM at the time of manufacturing the ROM and this program is the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS. All ROM operates using an integrated circuit called "memory cells." These cells contain transistors connected in series which allow for electrical current to flow through them when power is applied. When current passes through these transistors, they create a magnetic field that stores the data from the memory cell until it is cleared by another signal being sent through the transistor. The data stored in these cells cannot be changed or deleted unless specifically instructed by an external source such as a computer processor or hard drive controller. Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, it had to be removed and physically replaced the ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so it can be usually upgraded firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and flash memory.  PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): PROM chips can be written to once but not erased or rewritten after that. They are typically used to store small amounts of code or data such as basic input/output system (BIOS) settings.  EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): EPROM chips can be rewritten multiple times using ultraviolet light exposure through an eraser window on the chip package. This type of chip is often used to store BIOS settings in PC motherboards or game consoles.  EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): EEPROM chips can also be rewritten multiple times but with an electric charge rather than ultraviolet light exposure. This type of chip is often found in mobile phones and flash drives where frequent updates may be necessary.  Flash Memory: Flash memory contains both program code and user data and can be written multiple times without needing to be erased first as PROM or EPROM chips do. Flash memory is commonly found in USB drives and digital cameras because it does not require any special tools for writing or erasing its contents. Secondary memory is used to store data and programs permanently and is slower than primary memory. It is non-volatile, persistent, and not immediately accessible by a computer or processor. It allows users to store data and programs that can be retrieved, transmitted, and used by apps and services quickly and easily. It is also called secondary storage or auxiliary storage. It differs from primary memory in that it is non-volatile and not directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary storage devices, have substantially more storage space and are less expensive than primary memory. Secondary memory is mainly used for different purposes. The primary purpose of using it is as follows: COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1. Permanent storage – retains data only when the power is on and loses data when the power is turned off. As a result, can keep data indefinitely even if the power supply is turned off. 2. Large storage – provides a significant amount of storage space, allowing to storage of large amounts of data such as films, photographs, audio files, and other items permanently. 3. Portable – some of the secondary devices can be removed. As a result, one can store data and transfer them effortlessly from one device to another. Depending on whether the secondary memory device is part of the CPU or not, there are two types of secondary memory – fixed and removable. SECONDARY MEMORY FIXED REMOVABLE DEVICES DEVICES HARD DISK SOLID STATE OPTICAL MEMORY PEN DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DISK CARD Fixed Devices - A fixed storage device in secondary memory is an internal media device used to store data in a computer system. Fixed storage is sometimes known as hard drives or the fixed disc drives. In most cases, the computer system’s data is saved in the fixed storage device that’s incorporated into a given system. Fixed storage does not preclude their removal from the computer system; with the assistance of an expert or engineer, you may remove the fixed storage device for repairs, upgrades, or maintenance, among other things. Types of fixed storage:  Hard disk drives (HDD) The hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over the other almost ½ inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non-magnetic material like aluminium alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material. Hard discs are storage devices designed to hold a lot of information. Hard discs, often known as hard disc drives, are available in a variety of storage capacities. (For example, 256 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB, and 2 TB). It is made up of platters, which are a collection of discs. The dishes are stacked one on top of the other. They have a magnetic coating on them. Each platter is made up of a number of invisible circles, each of which has the same central track. Internal and external hard discs are the two types of hard discs.  Solid-state drive (SSD) A solid-state drive (SSD) is a semiconductor-based storage device, which typically uses NAND flash memory to save persistent data. The data is stored in microchips, making it faster. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING A Solid-state Disk (SSD) is a data storage and retrieval device that is non-volatile. It’s faster, makes no noise (it doesn’t have any moving parts like a hard drive), uses less electricity, and so on. Hard Disk Solid State Disk Removable Storage - Removable storage refers to an external media device that is mainly used to store data on a computer system in secondary memory. The disk drives or the external drives are common names for removable storage. It’s a removable storage device that can be inserted or withdrawn from the computer as needed. It can be uninstalled effortlessly from a computer system while it’s still running. Can transfer data from any computer to another one simply using removable storage devices because they are portable. Types of Removable Storage:  Optical disk  Compact Disc – A Compact Disc or CD is a type of secondary storage media that is widely utilized. Its surface is covered in tracks and sectors. It is composed of polycarbonate plastic and has a round form. CDs have a data storage capacity of up to 700 MB. A CD is also known as a CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) because computers can read the data on it but not write new data onto it. There are two types of CDs: o CD-R or compact disk recordable – It is not possible to remove data that has been written onto it; it can only be read. o D-RW or compact disc rewritable – It’s a particular kind of CD that allows us to wipe and rewrite data as many times as we desire, so It’s also known as an erasable CD.  Digital Versatile Disc – DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It resembles a CD, but it has a larger storage capacity; up to 4.7 GB of data can be stored. To use a DVD on a computer, a DVD-ROM drive is required. Video files, such as movies or video recordings, are commonly saved on DVDs, which may be played with a DVD player. There are three different kinds of DVDs available: o DVD-ROM or Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory – The manufacturer writes the data on the DVD-ROM, and the users can only read it; they cannot create new data on it. For example, a movie DVD has already been written by the maker, and we can only watch it; we cannot add new data to it. o DVD-R or Digital Versatile Disc Recordable – You can write data on a DVD-R, but only once. It is not possible to remove data that has been written onto it; it can only be read. o DVD-RW or Digital Versatile Disc RW (Rewritable and Erasable) – It’s a particular kind of DVD that allows us to wipe and rewrite data as many times as we desire. It’s also known as an erasable DVD. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  Blu-ray Disc – It resembles a CD/VD, but it can actually hold up to 25 Gigabytes data or information. A Blu-ray reader is needed to read the Blu-ray disc. The name Blu-ray comes from the technology used to read the disc: ‘Blu’ comes from a blue-violet laser, and ‘ray’ comes from an optical ray. CD DVD BLU-RAY  Pen Drive - a portable memory device that uses solid-state memory rather than magnetic fields or lasers to record data. It uses a technology similar to RAM, except that it is non-volatile. It is also called a USB drive, key drive, or flash drive. It is available in a variety of storage capacities, including 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 GB, and 1 TB. Data is transferred and stored using a flash drive. To use a flash drive, it must be plugged into a computer’s USB port. A flash drive is quite popular nowadays because it is simple to use and small in size.  Memory Card - a Secure Digital Card (SD Card) is commonly used to store data in portable devices such as cell phones and cameras. It comes in a variety of capacities, including 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 GB. You can access the data present in the SD card by removing it from the device and inserting it into a computer using a card reader. The data in the SD card is stored in memory chips (which are included in the SD card), and there are no moving elements like there are on a hard disc. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Primary Memory Secondary Memory Semiconductor memories. Magnetic, optical, and electronic memories. Primary memory can be volatile (RAM) as Secondary memory is always non-volatile well as non-volatile (ROM). More effective and interacts more quickly Secondary memory is somewhat slower in with the microprocessor. interacting with the microprocessor than primary memory. Cache memory is a small amount of high-speed memory that stores the most recently used data and instructions. When you open a program, it is loaded from secondary memory into primary memory. Because primary storage is accessed more quickly, the opened software can connect with the computer’s processor more quickly. In a hierarchical memory, a very important property is that the lower level holds a subset of information from the upper level as a replica. i.e. Cache is a fast but small capacity memory that holds a subset of information from main memory. Main memory holds a subset of information from Virtual memory secondary storage. Cache Memory is a small capacity but fast access memory that is functionally in between CPU and Memory and holds the subset of information from main memory, which is most likely to be required by the CPU immediately. In simple terms, every memory access is first examined for the presence in the Cache. When the CPU initiates READ on a memory location,  It is checked and determined whether it is available in the Cache  If available, at the access rate of the Cache, the data is returned to the CPU  If not available, access is made to the main memory. The particular word is supplied to the CPU and also written in the Cacheline of the Cache. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING How does the computer work? First, the input unit takes all the data received by the computer. The input unit comprises different devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc. All of these devices act as intermediaries between the users and the computer. The input unit takes the data that has to be processed. The raw data is accepted by the computer in binary form. This data is then processed and the desired output is produced.  The Input Unit takes the data to be processed by the user.  The data is then converted into machine-readable form.  The Input Unit then transmits the converted data into the main memory of the computer. Then, the Central Processing Unit or CPU is known as the brain of the computer. Just like the human brain controls all human activities, the CPU also takes care of all the tasks. The CPU is responsible for performing all the arithmetic and logical operations within the computer. All the major calculations, operations, and comparisons are performed inside the CPU. Once that the Input devices provide data to the CPU which is then executed and then the CPU sends the output to the Output devices. The CPU comprises two parts- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control Unit). These units work in sync to help the CPU process the whole data. Let us know about these components- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is comprised of two terms- arithmetic and logic. The two primary functions that the ALU performs are:  Data is entered into the primary memory via the input unit. Then, the ALU carries out essential arithmetic operations on this data, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. After performing all sorts of calculations required on the data, it sends back data to the storage.  The ALU also performs logical operations such as AND, OR, Equal to, Less than, etc. In addition, it also handles tasks like merging, sorting, and selecting the given data. Control Unit (CU) is the controller of all the activities, tasks, and operations. All these operations are performed inside the computer. The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control unit which is then converted by the CU. These instructions are then converted to control signals. The purpose of these control signals is to help in prioritizing and scheduling activities. So, the control unit ensures that all tasks inside the computer work together smoothly, coordinating with the input and output units. Next, the Memory Unit stores all the data that has to be processed or has been processed. The memory unit serves as a central hub for all the data. This data is then transmitted to the required part of the computer whenever necessary. This unit works in sync with the Central Processing Unit to help in faster accessing and processing of the data. This results in making the tasks easier and quicker. Finally, the user receives the results through the output unit once the information sent to the computer is processed, the user receives the results through the output unit. Examples of output units are devices such as printers, monitors, projectors, etc. The output unit presents the data either as a soft copy (on the screen) or as a hard copy (on paper). The printer is for the hard copy. The monitor is for the display. The output unit receives data in binary form from the computer and converts it into a readable format for the user. The COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Output Unit accepts all the data and information from the main memory of a computer system in binary form. The Output Unit also converts the binary data into a human-readable form for a better understanding. INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO) First, the input unit takes all the data received by the computer. The input unit comprises different devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc. All of these devices act as intermediaries between the users and the computer. The input unit takes the data that has to be processed. The raw data is accepted by the computer in binary form. This data is then processed and the desired output is produced.  The Input Unit takes the data to be processed by the user.  The data is then converted into machine-readable form.  The Input Unit then transmits the converted data into the main memory of the computer. Then, the Central Processing Unit or CPU is known as the brain of the computer. Just like the human brain controls all human activities, the CPU also takes care of all the tasks. The CPU is responsible for performing all the arithmetic and logical operations within the computer. All the major calculations, operations, and comparisons are performed inside the CPU. Once that the Input devices provide data to the CPU which is then executed and then the CPU sends the output to the Output devices. The CPU comprises two parts- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control Unit). These units work in sync to help the CPU process the whole data. Let us know about these components- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is comprised of two terms- arithmetic and logic. The two primary functions that the ALU performs are:  Data is entered into the primary memory via the input unit. Then, the ALU carries out essential arithmetic operations on this data, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. After performing all sorts of calculations required on the data, it sends back data to the storage. COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING  The ALU also performs logical operations such as AND, OR, Equal to, Less than, etc. In addition, it also handles tasks like merging, sorting, and selecting the given data. Control Unit (CU) is the controller of all the activities, tasks, and operations. All these operations are performed inside the computer. The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control unit which is then converted by the CU. These instructions are then converted to control signals. The purpose of these control signals is to help in prioritizing and scheduling activities. So, the control unit ensures that all tasks inside the computer work together smoothly, coordinating with the input and output units. Next, the Memory Unit stores all the data that has to be processed or has been processed. The memory unit serves as a central hub for all the data. This data is then transmitted to the required part of the computer whenever necessary. This unit works in sync with the Central Processing Unit to help in faster accessing and processing of the data. This results in making the tasks easier and quicker. Finally, the user receives the results through the output unit once the information sent to the computer is processed, the user receives the results through the output unit. Examples of output units are devices such as printers, monitors, projectors, etc. The output unit presents the data either as a soft copy (on the screen) or as a hard copy (on paper). The printer is for the hard copy. The monitor is for the display. The output unit receives data in binary form from the computer and converts it into a readable format for the user. The Output Unit accepts all the data and information from the main memory of a computer system in binary form. The Output Unit also converts the binary data into a human-readable form for a better understanding. Activity (Student Work) A. In 6 to 8 sentences, discuss the diagram below in terms of data processing: (10 points) B. List 5 computer input peripherals and state their function. (5 points) Input Device Function COMP 001 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING C. List 5 computer output peripherals and state their function. (5 points) Output Function Device D. List 5 computer storage peripherals and state their function. (5 points) Storage Device Function