Unit 2 test (SES4U1).pptx

Unit 2 test (SES4U1) Earths Magnetic Field Earths Magnetic field is what causes compasses to point north. It protects the earth against harmful radiation such as solar winds. Earths ,agnetic field is created y the liquid iron outer core of the earth Suns Atmosphere 1. photosphere:the visible su...

Unit 2 test (SES4U1) Earths Magnetic Field Earths Magnetic field is what causes compasses to point north. It protects the earth against harmful radiation such as solar winds. Earths ,agnetic field is created y the liquid iron outer core of the earth Suns Atmosphere 1. photosphere:the visible surface of the sun, it raidates energy to space 2. chromosphere: first layer of the solar atmosphere, energy from below excites atoms and produces emissions 3. corona: the outer layer, its a source of solar wind, it has a high stream of particles escaping the sun's gravity Moon phases the moon is 384 000 km away and it moves in its orbit at 1km/s. it is visible because of reflected sunlight. Phases are the cycles caused as the moon orbits earth. Moons cycle takes 29.5 days, this is called a synoidc month. Half of the moons surface is always reflecting. Moon cycles: new moon, WAXING crescent, first quarter WAXING gibbous, full moon (then everything reversed, replacing WAXING wth WANING) (new, crescent, quarter, gibbous,full) surface features of the moon Maria: low elevations, they are the darkest part of the moon, they are filled with lava, mostly basalt rock which is formed from volcanic activity Highlands: mountains up to 7500m tall Regolith: dust from fragmented rock which covers the moon - moon has no volcanoes, oceans, rivers, glaciers or life How the moon was formed the moon was formed after an impact on Earth by a protostar named Theia that blasted debris into orbit this material formed a ring around the earth that later coalesced into the moon Condensation Theory The condensation theory is the idea that ice and dust containing nebulae evolved into a star surrounded by planets Characteristics of Venus Venus rotates retrograde and very slowly venus has evidence of volcanic activity, temperatures of 450 degrees celsius, a CO2 atmosphere there is a constant cloud cover on venus, there are no plate techtonics. The crust on venus is rigid, heat escapes in volcanic activity. Venus has craters Characteristics of Mars mars is called the red planet. it is cold and dry, it is covered with rock. it has a thin atmosphere. it has extreme and longer seasons. it is half the size of earth. it has two irregular moons, its surface has plains, canyons and un-active volcanoes, it does not have plate techtonics. there is past evidence of water. Components of the Solar System Some components of the Solar System include planets, asteroids, moons, dwarf planets, and comets. Asteroids vs Comets asteroids are rocky or metallic objects tht are larger than 100m across, they are craters, and they are not round. comets are loosely bound, they are rocky and icey and often called “dirty snowballs”. they are composed of nucleus, and some have a tail. they are formed beyond the frost line and are considered the “icy counterpart to asteroids” Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites Meteoroids are small, less than 1m across meteors are the bright trail left behind from meteoroids, they burn up when going through earths atmosphere meteorites are rock fro space that falls through earths atmosphere Dwarf planet vs Planet Planets orbit the sun, they are spherical and they have cleared their orbit Dwarf planets have only orbited the sun, and they are spherical Jupiters Moons Jupiter's moons are often called the 4 Galilean moons. they are the largest four moons observed by Galileo in 1610 and are all spherical. Ganymede: the largest moon, it has its own magnetic field which causes auroras which are bright ribbons of glowing gas Europa: mae of silicate rock, it has a water and ice crust, and a likely iron-nicle core. it has a thin atmosphere made of mostly oxygene). it has a liquid water ocean which could support life, and may lie below the surface. Jupiters Moons (2) Io: has lava flows and volcanic activity which is so powerful you can see it with a large telescope callisto: has craters and a small degree of current surface activity Ice giants and gas giants Gas giants (mostly gas around their core): the 2 gas giants are Jupiter and Saturn Ice Giants (mostly ice and water around their core): the 2 ice giants are Neptune and Uranus Terrestrial Planets and Jovian Planets The terrestrial planets are the inner planets which have a composition of rock or iron with a solid or liquid surface Jovian planets are the outer planets which are composed of primarily hydrogen and helium Prograde and Retrograde Motion prograde motion is when the object spins in the same direction as its orbit retrograde motion is when the object spins in the opposite direction of its orbit - most planets have prograde motion Coronal Mass Ejections coronal mass ejections, CME’s are plasma explosion from the sun’s corona, they contain particle radiation and a powerful magnetic field. They are more common to occur during the Solar Maximum phase, they often cause solar flares. Sunspot cycle sunspots are patch on the sun that have cooled when plasma meets strong magnetic fields. Over time, solar magnetic fields collapse and reform. the number of sunspots increases from 50 to 120 per month, then when the solar cycle reverses, the number decreases to nearly 0. Sunspot cycles last 11 years. Solar vs Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse is when the moon moves behind the earth and the light of the sun is blocked during a full moon. there are 2-3 lunar eclipses per year all in different locations and they can last up to 4 hours. A solar eclipse is when the moon passes between the earth and the sun during a new Moon. Umbra Vs Penumbra an umbra is complete darkness during a solar eclipse a Penumbra is partial darkness during a solar eclipse Saturn's moon Triton Triton is the largest moon, it is 5100 km. ts the only moon in the solar system with an atmosphere (which is composed of nitrogen).It's the most earth-like object in the solar system because of its type of surface and atmospheric pressure, but it has very cold temperatures Planetesimals planetesimals are solid bodies with diameters greater than 1km planetesimal are formed when specks of dust grew into grains that drifted together to form boilders which combined into larger building blocks, pulling in more materials Earth earth has four main layers, the inner core: which is composed of solid metal the outer core: which is made from liquid iron and nickel The Mantle: the earth's thickest layer the crust: which is composed of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks - the earth has tectonic plates - 70% of the earth's surface is covered in water