Unit 2 Review Sheet PDF

**Unit 2 Review Sheet**   **Energy and Cellular Transport** Describe the structure of ATP and explain the importance and function of ATP and Enzymes../Desktop/119972548-adenosine-triphosphate-atp-adp-cycle-vector.jpg The importance of ATP is that it is a form of chemical energy that is readily a...

**Unit 2 Review Sheet**   **Energy and Cellular Transport** Describe the structure of ATP and explain the importance and function of ATP and Enzymes../Desktop/119972548-adenosine-triphosphate-atp-adp-cycle-vector.jpg The importance of ATP is that it is a form of chemical energy that is readily available to reactions that require energy. (Glucose has energy but it is not in a usable form) Describe what coupled reactions are. Reactions are coupled in that one reaction requires energy and the other reaction provides it. In the image below, the reaction which converts molecules C+D into A + B requires energy. This energy is provided when ATP breaks into ADP +P  **Explain the differences between Active and Passive Transport** Active Transport moves substances from Low to High Concentration and requires energy. Passive Transport (Diffusion) moves substances from High to Low Concentration (the way they naturally want to do) and does not require energy../Desktop/Untitled%20picture.png **Describe Osmosis as a type of Passive transport (diffusion) ** Osmosis is the diffusion of water **Describe the characteristics of semi-permeable membranes** Explain why substances (like water in osmosis) tend to move down their concentration gradient (hypertonic/hypotonic solutions etc)   Hypotonic solutions have low solute conc. but a high water conc. Hypertonic solution have high solute conc but low water conc. Isotonic is equal on both sides. Water will tend always to move towards isotinicity **Photosynthesis and Respiration** **[Photosynthesis]** ** Memorize the overall equation** 6CO2 + 6H20 \>\>\>\>\>\>\>Sunlight\>\>\>\>\>\>\>C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 **Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs** Autotrophs (self-feeders) Plants and autrotrophic bacteria Heterotrophs (other-feeders) All non-plants/autotrophic bacteria Describe which wavelengths of light are used/not used in photosynthesis /Users/rherbstritt/Desktop/unnamed.png Blue/Violet and Red portions of light are absorbed (used by photosynthesis) Green light is reflected (not used) **Describe the structure of the Chrloroplast** Thylakoids are stacked inside as Grana. Stroma is the fluid portion outside the thylakoids  \*Light Dep Reactions occur in the thylakoids (membrane) \*Carbon Reactions occur in Stroma **Describe the 2 steps of photosynthesis (Light Dependent and Carbon Reactions)  -including the Electron Transport Chain.  You must know all of the reactants, products and location for each step.** /Users/rherbstritt/Desktop/a051xbITKxFCLv2pN2Aw\_lightindependent.png **Light Reactions**  ETC: Water is split to provide the electrons for the ETC. These electrons get "zapped" with light (with the help of chlorophyll absorbing Red/blue wavelengths) and this "energizes" the electron. This energy is then used to pump hydrogen ions against their conc. gradient (active trans). This gradient is then used by passive transport to produce ATP. Meanwhile, the electron gets re-energized in Photosystem I and immediately picked up by an electron accepter (NADP+) to become NADPH **Carbon Reactions (aka Calvin Cycle)** The energy from the ATP and NADPH producing in the Light Reactions is used to convert 6 molecules of CO2 into 1 molecule of Glucose (C6H12O6) **Compare and contrast chlorophylls with carotenoids. ** Chlorophyll is the primary "photosynthetic" pigment (the one is absorbing light for photosynthesis) They are green in color. The carotenoid pigments (orange, red, yellow) are not photosynthetic -- one function is to absorb dangerous Electro-magnetic radiation   **[Describe the steps of Aerobic Respiration]** **     Memorize the overall equation** C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 \>\>\>\>\>\>\>\>\>\>\>6CO2 + 6H20 + 36/38 ATP Glucose had energy but its not in a "usable" form for the cell. It must be converted to ATP which is readily usable for thing like active transport, muscle movement etc **     Glycolysis: You must know the reactants, products and location for each step.** Reactant is a 6 carbon Glucose molecule -- the products are (2) 3 carbon pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP. Occurs in the Cytosol outside the Mitochondria /Users/rherbstritt/Desktop/11\_very-simplified-glycolysis.png      Citric Acid/Krebs cycle. You must know the reactants, products and location for each step. Only 2 ATP produced and 2 molecules of NADH  **The Krebs Cycle is breaking down the 2 pyruvates from glycolysis and converting it to lots of high-energy molecules (ATP, NADH, FADH2)** **Describe the electron transport chain..**  /Users/rherbstritt/Desktop/download.jpg  In the ETC, the majority of the 36/38 ATP are produced when the high-energy NADH and FADH2 molecules that were produced in the Krebs Cycle are "Fed" into the ETC **Describe how Anaerobic Respiration is different than Aerobic Respiration** - Anaerobic Respiration does not require oxygen - It produces 2 ATP from Glycolysis but not more. So, much less ATP per glucose - 2 general types of Anaerobic Respirtation 1. Alcohol Fermentation: Yeast. - Produces Alchohol 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation: Animals- Produces Lactic Acid **Describe how aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis link to one another in terms of products and reactants?** The reactants of photo are the products of respiration and visa versa