Unit 1.docx

Sociological Persepective of Education Unit 1 : Education And Society {A} Sociological reflection on the relationship of society and Education (role, status, institution, system and practices) Relationship of Society And Education - Education and society are closely connected to each other. Th...

Sociological Persepective of Education Unit 1 : Education And Society {A} Sociological reflection on the relationship of society and Education (role, status, institution, system and practices) Relationship of Society And Education - Education and society are closely connected to each other. The betterment of community depends upon the educational standard(s) of that community and accordingly for running the school smoothly, society and community should actively contribute in the process of education. - The members of different sections of society cannot be separated from its social setting because they bear with them the symbols and orientations of education. Children learn certain culture from them. They learn patterns of speech, behaviour and orientations of life from their family and neighbourhood. Social background and peer relationships are equally important as it familiarizes a child to enter into a certain patterns of relationship, or to have certain responses to the school and social background. - Education is a process which helps in the achievement of determined living for every person in society. Educational arrangement acquires intricacy through a process of social change. Education in this respect is a process which helps the members of the society to adapt to the constantly changing aspects of society. Role Role, in [sociology](https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology) is the [behaviour](https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-behavior) expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status. A role is a comprehensive pattern of behaviour that is socially recognized, providing a means of identifying and placing an individual in a society. A role remains relatively stable even though different people occupy the position: an actor assigned the role of physician is expected to behave in a particular way. An individual may have a unique style, but this is exhibited within the boundaries of the expected behaviour. For example, a teacher may be expected not only to deliver lectures, assign homework, and prepare examinations but also to be dedicated, concerned, honest, and responsible. Individuals usually occupy several positions, which may or may not be [compatible](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/compatible) with one another: one person may be husband, father, artist, and patient, with each role entailing certain obligations, duties, privileges, and rights As we know that every individual in society had some roles to play which is one of the basic characterstic of society. Roles such as doctor, engineer, teacher, son, daughter, father, mother etc. So, society had a well-defined structure and sets of roles and it affects other social systems. Education prepare every individual to play these roles in society for the smooth functioning of society. Thus education is an agent for transference and progression of knowledge as well as socialization of individuals. Societal Status Social status, the relative rank that an individual holds, with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon honour or prestige. Status may be ascribed---that is, assigned to individuals at birth without reference to any innate abilities---or achieved, requiring special qualities and gained through competition and individual effort. Ascribed status is typically based on sex, age, race, family relationships, or birth, while achieved status may be based education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors. The word *status* implies social stratification on a vertical scale. People may be said to occupy high positions when they are able to control, by order or by influence, other people's conduct; when they derive prestige from holding important offices; or when their conduct is esteemed by others. Relative status is a major factor in determining the way people behave toward each other. This societal status affect studies of students. As we know there are differences or inequality of ascribed status. The status a family have in society affects the education of their child as they have different challenges according to their social-economic status in society. Schools are different according to fees they pay. The provisions may be made by government for teaching all students together but practically it is very difficult for students and their parents to make it possible. Also through education an individual can change his/her societal status by achieving , required special qualities gained through competition and individuals efforts. They may develop their skills and economic status through education which further helps in gaining socio-economic status and respect in society. Thus, we can say that societal status and education are interconnected and plays an important role in functioning of society. Institutions Social institutions are the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors and relationships that organize social life. Social institutions exist to meet society\'s fundamental needs, such as providing structure, guidance and order. Common examples of social institutions include family, religion, education and government. Social institutions play a significant role in shaping gender and racial norms and values. For instance, the family is a social institution that plays a vital role in the socialization of children. The family is where children learn social norms, values and expectations about gender and race. Social institutions provide a framework for organizing and regulating social behavior. There are various types of social institutions, each with its unique characteristics and impact on society: Education Family Religion Government Education Education is a social institution that plays a vital role in shaping individuals' beliefs and values from a young age. One of the primary roles education plays is the transmission of knowledge and skills between different generations, including academic knowledge and social and cultural norms. Education institutions, like schools and colleges, typically promote values such as hard work, discipline and respect for authority. These institutions also reinforce gender and racial norms through dated curriculums. Family The family is a social institution that provides emotional and practical support to its members. The family provides a foundation for children because it is where socialization initially takes place. Families teach children cultural and social norms, values and expectations, including those related to gender and race. Family values can vary widely based on cultural and historical factors. For example, some families may emphasize the importance of self-sufficiency and individualism, while others value interdependence and collectivism.  Religion Religion is a social institution that provides a moral framework for individuals and communities. Religious institutions strengthen values such as compassion, forgiveness and charity. However, religions also promote specific beliefs and practices related to gender and race, which can challenge or reinforce societal norms. Some religious establishments welcome gender and racial equality, while many others uphold traditional gender roles and racial hierarchies.  Government Government institutions are responsible for forming and enforcing laws and ordinances that govern society. The government's primary role is to maintain order and provide public services.  Governments reinforce values such as justice, equality and democracy. They also shape norms related to gender and race through policies and legislation. Laws banning discrimination based on gender and race promote equality, while policies that perpetuate imbalances strengthen societal norms. Social System   Social Practices They are habbits and ways of doing things that are established in a society and are practiced in the same way by all its inhabitants. These practices differ from one culture to another. Social practices are built over the years and are modified as time passes. By needing to a structure and set standards to the way in which we behave, the people who form a society develop their habits and guidelines about what is right and what is not. Some of the most common types of social practices are the following : Linguistics Religious Cultural Of identity Of customs and traditions {B} Conceptual Understanding of Ideology, Social System, Social Values, Norms, Conflict and Modernization Ideology The meaning of ideology Ideology usually refers to a set of ideas, values, and a world-view. Ideology can shape the thoughts and actions of individuals and wider society. It has an influence on social structures, economics, politics. Ideology and Karl Marx Karl Marx created this concept to explain how the ruling class justifies their elite status through the sociolcultural beliefs they spread in society. For marx, ideology meant a set of ideas and beliefs that seemed true and convincing on the surface but was not actually true- this is what he called as **false consciousness**. Since his conception, the term has evolved and changed. Now, it does not have to have a negative connotation. Ideology And Antonio Gramsci Gramsci came up with the concept of **cultural hegemony.** According to this theory, there is always one culture that overpowers all the others in society, becoming the mainstream culture. Gramsci saw ideology as even more manipulative and powerful in terms of creating consciousness than Marx. Social and educational institutions spread concepts, values, and beliefs that silence and to a certain extent comfort the lower classes, making them obedient workers in a social system that fully serves the interest of the ruling class. Ideology and Karl Mannheim Mannheim saw all world-views and belief systems as one-sided, representing the opinion and experiences of only one particular social group or class. He differentiated between two types of belief systems, one he called **ideological thought** and the other **utopian thought**. Ideological thought refers to the conservative belief system of the ruling classes and privileged groups, while utopian thought refers to the views of the lower classes and underprivileged group who want social change. Mannheim argued that individuals, especially followers of both these belief system, must be lifted from their social groups. They should work together on issues faced in society by creating a total world-view that kept everybody's interests in mind. Gender ideology and feminism The dominant ideology thesis is shared by many feminists. Feminists sociologists argue that **patriarchal ideology** prevents women from taking dominant roles in society, resulting in gender inequality in many areas of life. **Pauline Marks** recorded that male scientists and doctors justified women's exclusion from education and work by stating that it would be a distraction from, and a potential disadvantage for , women's 'true' vocation -- to become mothers. Social Values Social values refers to the values of a society or social group. These are the values that keep the society functioning and cohesive. Social values are principles or standards that a group or society deems important and acceptable. They guide behaviour and interaction within a society and often form the basis of social norms and and laws. They are necessary to keep the society functioning smoothly. Example, respect for others, honesty, and cooperation.     Social Norms    Conflict Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power in society. Social conflict occurs when two or more people oppose each other in social interaction.  Social conflict is always present in social life. It is a fundamental feature of human society. It does not occur because people are unreasonable or unco-operative or because they are unwilling to live properly and decently with others. **Reasons behind Social Conflict** **Differences in value system** As we know different individual had different value system, hence interpersonal value conflict occurs between individuals or groups who have differing values or beliefs. Conflicting values or belief arise within an organization or workplace. Cultural value conflict arises from differences in cultural values, norms, and beliefs. **Disagreement between ideas and feelings** Conflict arises from differences, both large and small. It occurs whenever people disagree over their values, perception, ideas, or desires. Strong disagreement between people groups etc. that results in often angry argument between ideas, feelings, etc. **Struggle for power and property** Conflicts often occurs when there is a struggle for control, authority, or influence within a group or relationship. Feeling of jealousy can lead to conflicts in relationship, especially when there is perceived competition or insecurity. **Cultural, race and ethnicity** While ethnic factors form the basis of the conflict, the ends are often political, social, or territorial gains. Shared cultural, physical, and historical trait form an ethnic community, making it easier to aggravate people who share similar belief and goals. **Difference in expectations** Conflicts are inevitable in any situation where people have different expectations, goals, or perspectives. Whether it's at work, at home, or in your community, you may encounter situations where you and others disagree or clash over what you want, need, or think. **Making assumptions** Conflicts from assumptions usually starts when thoughts alone become the foundation of a shared belief system. When we are in conflict with another it is often the case that we make assumptions about her or him. For instance, we may make interpretations about their body language; or we may make assumptions about their impressions that cause conflict. **Types of conflict** **Human Vs human** It is an external conflict in which two characters or two or more characters are pitted one another in a battle, either literally or physically. **Human Vs society** It occurs when a human goes against the laws of the society, a tyrannical government or an unfair community mindset. Usually the protagonist is an altruistic or idealistic individual who sees injustice and wants to correct it for his or her world. **Human Vs self** This type of literary conflict is always internal, as human is always fighting a battle within themselves. The character may struggle to make the "right" decision, have conflicting morals, or struggle with mental health issues. **Human Vs nature** In a conflict of human vs nature, a human must face things beyond their control in the natural world around them, including stroms, wild and dangerous animals, and even disease or plague. **Conflict resolution** Conflict resolution is a process of quickly resolving a dispute or conflict in a way that all parties are considered. Parties can work together to reach a solution, they can invite a third party to intervene, or they can choose to come to a solution on their own. 1^st^ step is to identify & clearly define real problem and brainstorming solution. Next step is, evaluate solution and most important is to choose the best win/win situation then implement this solution lastly to date to evaluate effects of solution. Conflict management For this we need to follow step such as **Collaboration** This is an assertive and cooperative means of conflict resolution that results in a win-win solution. It is a strategy in which the parties work together to find a mutually satisfying solution. True collaboration requires mutual respect; open and honest communication; equitable, shared decision-making powers. **Compromising** This strategy is called "splitting the difference". In compromising each party gives up something it wants. It is useful when goals or values are markedly different. It is a staple of conflict management. **Understanding and faith** Understanding other people's personal journeys, which led them to make their decision, can resolve conflict by exposing shared interests. **Accommodation** This strategy is used when there is a large power differential. The more powerful party is accommodated to preserve harmony or build up social credits. What this means is that the party of lesser power gives up his position in deference to more powerful party. **Avoidance/ignore** This is the strategy of avoiding conflict at all costs. Some people never acknowledge that a conflict exists. Modernization        **Disadvantages**  {B} Educational Sociology and Education as a Social System/ Institution Sociology of Education **Meaning** Sociology of education is that branch of sociology which studies, explains and critically interprets the different facets of the relationship between education and society. It analyses the process of education from a sociological perspective. It is the application of sociological theories, perspectives and research methods to an analysis of educational processes and practices. Broadly speaking sociology of education or educational sociology (the two words are used interchangeably in many writings) is interested in the study of the educational system in relation to the social system. **Definitions** GEORGE PAYNE "Educational Sociology is a study that studies how people learn", describes and explains institutions, social groups, and social processes or social concerns, i.e. the social interaction in which or by which an individual obtains and organises his experiences." OTTAWAY "Educational Sociology" is defined as "the scientific study of the relationship between education and society". BROWN "Educational Sociology is the study of how people learn", connection between the individual and his cultural surroundings, which includes other people, social groupings, and behavioural patterns." R.SMITH "Educational Sociology is the application of scientific knowledge". **Educational Sociology's Nature** - It's a study of how people interact with each other and with society as a whole. - It investigates the tremendous influences of many social institution on individual development. - It is the study of the interconnectedness between education and society. - It emphasises of the interconnectedness between education and society. - It emphasises the use of sociological principles in educational settings. 1. **Functionalist Theory** According to functionalist theory Society is a like a human body in which different organs works together in order to get an outcome. In society also different members of society work together for smooth functioning of society. All the functions carried out by the various members of society are functional for its survival but they are not equal in status. Some of the functions are superior to the others. They are ranked higher. The functionalists presume that there are certain basic needs of the every society. These needs have to be met or else there will be instability in society. These needs are known as functional prerequisites. Secondly, though these functional prerequisites are important, they are ranked according to the importance that is granted to them in that society. According to Durkheim roles are fixed in society and education is a weapon of for smooth functioning of society and progress. 2. **Conflict Theory** **Conclusion** Education As A Social System /Institution Education is a universal social institution that plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of societies. It is the process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to the next. Education also plays an important role in socializing individuals and preparing them for their roles in society. **Functions of Education as a Social Institution** Education serves a number of important functions in society, including: - **Socialization**: Education teaches individuals the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. This helps individuals to become productive members of society and to develop a sense of shared identity. - **Social mobility**: Education can help individuals to move up the social ladder by providing them with the skills and knowledge they need to get better jobs. - **Economic development**: Education provides individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the workforce. This helps to promote economic growth and development. - **Civic engagement**: Education helps individuals to develop the knowledge and skills they need to participate in civic life. This is essential for the functioning of a democracy. - **Regulation of behavior of citizens:**Education plays an important part in cultivating behavior which is conforming to the collective norms and values of society. Through education, people transmit a way of life and values to the new generation. - **Social development:** Education ensures social development by increasing the basic competencies of an individual and nation as a whole. It acts as the most important tool used for social progress as it helps improve living conditions through knowledge creation and research. **Peer Group** Children like to play & move about in group of their age peers. This group of life is essential for them & influence them on the development of their self concept, give them confident & a sense of security build up their self-confidence. In playing children learn to cooperate, adjust their needs & desires to the their behaviour of peer. In a very real sense the child begin to develop a sense of self as distinct from the family. As the child develops a social self, They start participate in cultural norms & practice of childhood and also learn many things from their slightly older members of child peer group. Thus Peer influence begin before school intrudes & continues with varying degrees of imp for rest of life. The norms, values and expectation of peer groups of late childhood & adolescence tend to compete or even conflict with the family. Behaviours that are deemed proper within the family are at times incompatible with those expected by peer group of adolescents like shops lifting or experimenting with drugs. **School** In modern industrial society the school system has emerged as one of socialization. School offer two context from student 1\] **Formal context** of the classroom, wherein the context is informed & can be prescribed curriculum. \(2) **Informal Context** it can be perceived in the interpersonal relationship of Students with teacher & these among student. Talcatt Parsons (1959) in his essay 'School class as a Social System' he argue that school as a Social system perform Four imp junctions simultaneously. \(1) Emancipation of child from family. \(2) Internalization of social values and norm, at a higher level than as available in family. \(3) Differentiation of school class in terms of actual achievement. 4\) The selection & allocation of human resources into the adult role system. By going through this process the child acquires the value of industrial society like achievement orientation, discipline, liberalism & rationality. By and large socialization & elementary formal education in India have been consistent processes in regard to basic value because at family & school level, the dominant orientation in socialization remains authority. But at the level of responsibility. They find it difficult to cope with it since the dependency feeling dure to early authoritary socialization in family & school still remain stronger. Result is recurrent mass behaviour & lack of self-consciousness. **Mass Media** In Modern society the means of mass communication such as social Media Platforms (instagram facebook, twitter oflens\], television, radio cinema, newspaper books others have become an integral part of life. They play a vital role in socialization process of their viewers, reader & listeners. The most imp thing about the mass media is the message that is conveyed or images that are projected. {E} Social positionality of individual & the role of education. Socialization is term used to describe the process that take place in the interaction between society & individual. This process is influenced by many factor such as family, formal & informal social group, education process etc. Socialization contribute to the process of acceptance of one individual by society through cultivating a certain value system. We can state that socialization is process through which society & culture continue to exist. It is not only an end itself but, it focuses on the ways, pattern & models through which the society shapes & control individual by imposing certain norms, standard values. It relates to learning, internalization & transfer of customs, norms behaviour & culture of society to next generation & at the same time plays an imp role in preparing a young man for his active inclusion in various social structure & relations. **The role of education in socialization of an Individual** There have been numerous definition of the term \"socialization\" over the years and are different. In her report "Socializatio as an ongoing understanding" \"Violeta Georgieva collects the newest ideas" in which socialization is determined as a "Process of transformation of an individual into personality, acquisition by an individual of language, social values & experience (norms, attitude, patterns behaviour), culture that exists in certain Societies, social communities & groups, enrichment of social relations & social experience. The Socialization of an individual is essential in shaping the social structure. Through education, the societies member transfer their knowledge, skill, value & pattern of behaviour to younger generations. In this sense, the education understood as a process of Socialization, interaction with friends, family relationship & afterwards school play the role of three whales with whose support people learn to follow rules, to be rewarded for their work & to learn how to behave in public places -- all constituting examples of socialization that allow a person to function within their culture. Many Philosophere have expressed their viewpoints about the process of socialization. A dictionary from 1828 define the term \" to socialize" as "become fit for life in society". However, only Georg Simmel popularized the concept, which later was included in different branches of Psychology & anthropology. Among the main theories, there are 6 types of socialization. 1\] Primary socialization 2\] Secondary socialization 3\] Development socialization 4\] Anticipatory socialization 5\] Re-socialization 6\] Organizational socialization Primary Socialization:- This is a process when children learn about the value & action shared by member of the same social group & same culture. Secondary Socialization :- The secondary socialization is a process during which one learns about appropriate & acceptable norms of behaviour of one individual as a part of smaller group in community. This is associated with teenagers & adults. Anticipatory socialization:- Anticipatory Socialization refers to a process by which a person prepares for future roles, profession & social interactions. Developmental Socialization:- This profess refers to a process by which a person refers to acquiring the norms of Behaviour in a social institution or developing your social skills. Re-socialization: Re-socialization is a process of discarding former behaviour accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. Re -- socialization can be a very intense experience because it includes detachment. \#Socialization can also be seen as a System of social control. Culture is not a birth right of a person. It develops as one groups & the parents, teachers & friends etc. bear responsibility for an individual to become a social being. Through constant interaction, they become culturally and socially integrated & this is where the main function of socialization come from namely To "Teach\" Language of culture in which we are born, as well as the role we \"Play\" in our lives; \- To teach us our professional roles that we take in our lives - Through socialization, an individual learns & usually accepts the norms culture.