Unit 1+4 Notes PDF

Nation as a Collective Concept Nation therefore can be viewed as something found in this Collective conscious. One way to explore the many understandings of nation is by looking at what creates connections: Et...

Nation as a Collective Concept Nation therefore can be viewed as something found in this Collective conscious. One way to explore the many understandings of nation is by looking at what creates connections: Ethnic background & ancestry Cultural values & beliefs History Language Religious or spiritual beliefs Geography Politics & Citizenship Nation vs Nation-State Nation-State – A territory with internationally recognized boundaries & a politically organized body of people under a sovereign government Where as the concept of nation relates to something in the feelings & minds of people, nation-state is a more concrete, external concept. Nation-States are considered sovereign (independent) because they are recognized by other nation-states as having the right to govern themselves independently. Nation-States are often countries, and many different nations can exist within them  Ethnic Understanding of Nation Language is part of Ethnic Nationalism Ethnic Nationalism – Nations can be groups who share the same ethnic similarities such as racial, cultural or linguistic characteristics An advantage because people are united by their commonalities A disadvantage because people may begin to loath other ethnic groups Geographic Understanding of Nation Geography has a huge effect on the development of a nation Regionalism – People in the same nation may be pulled together or draw apart based on geographic similarities or differences The Making of a Civic Nation Civic – refers to citizens; they key element of a nation Civic Government – Government run by the citizens Civic Involvement – Citizen participation Two key elements of Civic Nation 1. The citizens 2. Shared values & beliefs A nation whose citizens agree to this commonality can be described as a nation,  regardless of other differences Civic Nationalism unites a group of people Social Factors – Three Estates First Estate – Clergy (~100,000) Religious leaders Owned 1/5 th of land & recieved half as much income as the state Second Estate – Nobility (~300,000) Political influence & privelages; taxed lightly Fillled most government posts Third Estate – Everyone Else (~26 Mill) Heavily taxed; many were poor Not all poor – many merchants, wealthy landowners, lawyers, etc. (bourqouisie) Roughly 95% of population Economic Factors By the late 1780s France’s economy was in ruin, mostly due to continous warfare with Britain To help address this issue, King Louis XVI decided to raise taxes on all citizens – including 2 nd Estate The nobles blocked this plan  Left with no choice, Louis called a meeting of the Estates General in 1789 to address the crisis This was the first meeting of the E.G in 170 years Each estate got 1 vote when deceiding how to address Frances crisis Do we see a potential problem here? A Meeting of the Three Estates The King has called a Meeting of the Estates General for the first time in 170 years! Meet first with your Estate group & plan out the following: Your proposals for how to address the economic & food crisis France is currently facing A list of any other grievances you may have Then, we will meet as an Estate & present our ideas & vote on the future of the great nation of France! Economic Factors By the late 1780s France’s economy was in ruin, mostly due to continous warfare with Britain To help address this issue, King Louis XVI decided  to raise taxes on all citizens – including 2 nd Estate The nobles blocked this plan Left with no choice, Louis called a meeting of the Estates General in 1789 to address the crisis This was the first meeting of the E.G in 170 years Each estate got 1 vote when deceiding how to address Frances crisis Do we see a potential problem here? Geographic Factors While in the middle of their economic crisis, a series of unfortunate weather events lead to widespread crop failure & famine. Bread shortages became worse & worse for everyone, except nobility “ Let them eat cake!” – Marie Antionette (not actually) This led to widespread resentment of the Royal Court & disillusionment with the monarchy. A Meeting of the Three Estates The King has called a Meeting of the Estates General for the first time in 170 years!  Meet first with your Estate group & plan out the following: Your proposals for how to address the economic & food crisis France is currently facing A list of any other grievances you may have Then, we will meet as an Estate & present our ideas & vote on the future of the great nation of France! Events of the Revolution The National Assembly Fed up with being ignored & outvoted, members of the 3 rd Estate created the National Assembly in June 1789 They would meet regularly to discuss solutions to Frances's problems, such as Abolishing feudalism (to appease peasants) Taking land from church to be used for farming (bread shortage) Events of the Revolution Tennis Court Oaths Shortly after forming the National Assembly, the 3 rd Estate were locked out of their meeting room  On June 20 th , 1789, they broke down a door to the tennis courts at the Palace of Versailles & there vowed to stay until they had a new constitution Aug,, 1789 they announce the Declaration of the Rights of Man Equality, liberty & fraternity (brotherhood) Events of the Revolution The Storming of Bastille The Bastille was a Paris prison rumored to house people who spoke out against the King. (symbol of the monarchy’s oppression) On July 14, 1789 , 633 citizens stormed the Bastille, capturing its ammunitions, releasing prisoners, lynching the governor & demolishing the fortress This inspired other French people to take up arms against the King Events of the Revolution  March on Versailles Oct 1789, an angry crowd of women assembled in Paris markets to voice their concerns about the Kings actions to disempower the National Assembly & bread shortages Unable to find answers in Paris, 7,000 women decide to take the problem directly to the King at Versailles (outside of Paris) Armed with weapons (including small cannons) they storm the palace & killed several guards Louis concedes to the mob & agrees to move government to Paris This event is seen to legitimize the National Assembly as a governmental power Constitution of 1791 Formally legitimized the National Assembly. The Constitution: Limited the Monarch - Constitutional Monarchy Freedom of religion / weakened Roman Catholic Church Civil Constitution of the Clergy - Church officials placed under state control – which many didn’t want France divided into 83 departments Right to vote limited to those who could pay taxes ○ Middle class (Bourgeoisie) solidifying power  ○ Peasants no longer interested, they had their land ○ City workers/ laborers feel left out The First Republic Sept 1792, National Assembly is abolished & replaced with more radical National Convention More representation by the working people Made up mostly of Jacobins who wanted to replace monarchy with a republic France at war; hard pressed with Austria George Jacques Danton – “France must be bold” Levee en Masse – Conscription of able-bodied Frenchmen to defend the Republic against her enemies Parisian mobs began a killing spree; spreads to countryside. “ Enemies” of the revolution targeted.  The Beginnings of Terror France pulled from all ends, revolution at home; fighting foreign wars Louis and his family attempt to flee France in disguise but are found & captured Louis XVI (citizen Louis Capet) found guilty of treason and executed Jan, 1793 Marie Antoinette executed later that year Armed Parisians who didn’t want the King dead attack the National Convention; arrested and executed many leaders: The Reign of Terror begins as a way to control citizen rebellion against the N.C Reign of Terror The Committee of Public Safety was created by the National Convention 12-man committee with unlimited power to rule the nation/limitless policing powers Headed by Maximillian de Robespierre Little attention paid to democratic principles  Under Robespierre, his political opponents were rounded up, tried and beheaded. (If you opposed him, you were a traitor) Thousands executed; real & imagined enemies of the revolution You could be arrested for saying anything critical about the government Many innocent people killed Consequence of the Terror Between 30,000-40,000 Frenchmen executed by guillotine during this time (1793-94) Many of Robespierre's own friends executed when they tried to stop the violence When Robespierre began to threaten his fellow members of the P.S. Committee, he was arrested The final victim of the reign of terror Napoleon  Bonaparte: Domestic Upon becoming Emperor Napoleon took many actions & made many changes to French society including: Repairing relationships with the Catholic church but also promoting religious tolerance Replaced slogan of revolution with “order, security, efficiency” Stabilized the economy Built roads & canals Created a public school system Instituted common Napoleonic Code (laws) across France Promotion based on skill not birth However, France also saw: Loss of power for women More censorship of newspapers critical of Frances actions Some citizens began to see Napoleon as a tyrant. Napoleon Bonaparte: Foreign  Napoleon began looking to expand French control & turn France into an empire He started amassing swift military victories against both Russian & Austrian forces, & expanded control into Spain, Italy & mainland Europe.. (Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815) Napoleon craved the end of British domination, but despite many attempts could not cripple them militarily or economically. Non-French nationalism began to grow in places where Napoleon had conquered. (such as Spain, & “Germany”). While many events eventually led to Napoleon’s downfall, it began with his choice to invade Russia (June 1812) First rule of Fight Club – Don’t invade Russia (especially in winter) Following the “Great Retreat”, news of Napoleon’s failure spread & people saw it as the oppurtunity needed to free themselves from his tyranical rule. Working together, Prussia, Austira, Russia united against France & forced Napoleons abdication  His final battle for control came at the Battle of Waterloo, which his lost & was exiled (for the 2 nd time) until his death on May 5 th , 1821 What is Canada? National identity involves a sense of belonging to a collective or community Nationalism and identity are often related. People may define themselves in terms of the identity of the collective or nation to which they feel most closely connected These aspects of identity, like your personal identity, change and grow as you reconsider your values and goals, so too, do the aspects of our national identity Canadian Identity & Geography  Canadian History is full of stories about how people have struggled to either tame or adapt to nature It is said that “ survival ” is the “essence” of Canada, a vast but small land with a widely spread population, with a unique climate and northerliness Myths & National Identity National myths – shared stories, ideas, & beliefs that may or may not be accurate – are key to creating a sense of nation. National Myths unite a people because a shared history (which may or may not be accurate) is formed Will change over time National identity may be influenced by this shared sense of myth Non-Nationalist Loyalties Nationalist Loyalties:Loyalties to the nation  Non –Nationalist Loyalties: Loyalties to something other than the nation* Examples of Non-Nationalist Loyalties Religion Religions may form a non-nationalist loyalty in a country with different religions Examples of Non-Nationalist Loyalties Region Countries with different regions may have non-nationalists if people feel stronger connections to their region than the country Referred to as regionalism Examples of Non-Nationalist Loyalties Culture Multicultural societies may result in non-nationalist loyalties to cultural practices & beliefs  This can create issues around a “common national culture” Race Although there is only one human race, a belief in differences of ‘race’ may result in non-nationalist countries, particularly if there are different ethnic groups in that country Laws encouraging differences based on race or ethnicity can make these divides larger. Ideology Different ideas on the function and beliefs of society and the economy or ideologies may result in non- nationalist loyalties May particularly occur if the ideologies are in opposition – such as individualism & collectivism Class  Class refers to the social & economic placement of people in society People relate better to people with whom their lives are similar. This form of non-nationalist loyalties exists in society’s where inequality happens, for instance if there are poor & rich people. Alienation - refers to when people feel they are outside of and not welcome in the larger society; people may feel they need to suppress or hide their non- nationalist loyalty Accommodation: a convenient arrangement; a settlement or compromise. Pre-Confederation Canada Only English could be spoken in the Canadian legislature, - the British wanted the French to assimilate Louis Hippolyte LaFontaine of Canada East joined forces with Robert Baldwin of Canada West to demand Responsible Government Responsible Government – Government must have the support of a majority of members (MPs) to stay in power They wanted the government of Canada to be  responsible to the people of Canada, not a British Governor First Nations – Numbered Treaties The Numbered Treaties are 11 treaties signed between the Canadian govenment & Indigenous peoples between 1871 & 1921 Terms varied but gov’t promised to support Indigenous people if they surrended land rights Some agreements included Education, Health Care, Farming assistance, annuities, etc. The Indian Act of 1876 futher outlined who was eligble for terms promised in treaty & further outlined rules & regulations regarding treaty promises Ex: Treaties promised reserve land, Indian Act outlined First Nations could not leave that land Define ‘status Indian’ (people eligble for treaty rights). You could only become citizens of Canada if you gave up Indian status (& thus treaty rights) This further solidified the idea of Canada as European  The Metis (who were not included in treaty negotiations) would put up their own resistance to Canadian expansion in the West The Metis (of French & Indigenous heritage) felt their way of life, culture, and beliefs were threatened by the dominant English Canada Louis Riel would lead two Resistance movements – the 2nd much more violent NW Uprising would see the Metis lose & Louis Riel hung for treason. As Canada expanded to include all the land we know today, it needed to encourage more immigration This immigration priotized White, Christian, English Speaking immigrants of preferably Britsh or American descent. Banned certain ethnic & racial identities, religious groups, & the physically and mentally handicapped This would not change until 1967 Heading into the 1970s & 80s Canada takes steps that will signal a move away from a national identity based on English European values:  Multiculturalism Policy (1971) Immigration Act (1976) Canada Act (1982) Multiculturalism Act (1988) These actions, along with participation in events such as World War I would help redefine what is “Canadian” heading into the 21 st Century