Dentistry in the 18th Century PDF

Dentistry in the 18th century Why was France a world power? Enlightenment (mid-18th century). Intellectual movement that promoted critical thinking, encouraging debate and the exchange of ideas. Advances in science, philosophy, politics and literature. (Voltaire, Rosseau and Diderot, among others)...

Dentistry in the 18th century Why was France a world power? Enlightenment (mid-18th century). Intellectual movement that promoted critical thinking, encouraging debate and the exchange of ideas. Advances in science, philosophy, politics and literature. (Voltaire, Rosseau and Diderot, among others). Absolutism Although absolutism was not a progressive force in itself, during the 18th century France benefited from the absolutist system centralised in the figure of the king. Thanks to his control of power and his ability to enforce state policies, the king was able to implement administrative and economic reforms that enabled France to become a world power. French revolution (1789-1799). The revolution led to the fall of the monarchy and the creation of the First French Republic. The revolution brought about the abolition of nobility and feudal privileges, and established equality before the law and individual liberty as fundamental principles of French society. In addition, the revolution also introduced significant changes to the French economy, such as the nationalisation of church property and the creation of new commercial and labour laws. France: Pierre Fauchard Pierre Fauchard (Britanny, 1678-Paris, 1761) Modern scientific dentistry (from craft to science). Dentist of the court of Louis XIV, he had a positive influence to regulate the profession in Paris and managed to unite in a professional practice the surgeon and the dentist to leave aside the barbers. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) Although completed in 1723, it was not published until 1728, in two volumes with a total of more than 800 pages. In 1746 a 2nd edition was published with more content and illustrations. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 1. Dental pathology · Tooth decay: He rejected the toothworm theory (F. Martínez de Castrillo). · He described dental wear. · He referred to tooth pain due to causes other than caries. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 2. Surgery 2.1. Human to human transplants. The conditions for transplanting a canine or incisor from one mouth to another is that both are of similar size, shape and thickness. The first thing would be to extract the tooth to immediately place the one it replaces. Then the tooth is ferulated for 10 or 15 days. 2.2. Extraction of non-erupted canines 2.3. Treatment of sinusitis of dental origin and fistulas France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.1. Artificial teeth. They should be of the same length, thickness and width as the tooth they replace and the heel should rest naturally on the gum. The materials used are: human, hippopotamus, narwhal, ox and less frequently mule or horse teeth. à Teeth with post: Once the tooth is carved and its cavity filled with lead, a hole is drilled in the lead and a post is placed. The natural root is prepared by increasing the size of the canal, filling the cavity with cement and heating with a flame melts the cement and facilitates entry. Only for incisors and canines, larger canal. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.1. Artificial teeth. Tools to carve artificial teeth. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.2. (Upper and lower) Complete dentures. If there are natural roots, we attach the prosthesis with pins. He designed functional dentures which he rejected due to lack of knowledge. Upper complete dentures with springs, attached to the natural lower teeth with loops or semicircles. If there are no teeth, complete prostheses attached by springs. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.2. (Upper and lower) Complete dentures. Dentures made of bone. Museum of dental art museum (Lyon) France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.3. Enamelling and painting of the vestibular surfaces and bases of dentures to achieve the shade and colour of natural teeth. Complete painted and enamelled denture. Museum of Dental Art (Lyon). France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.4. Palatine obturators It describes four types indicating the need for the materials used to be gold or silver. The system was designed with a key so that it can be assembled and disassembled. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 3. Prostodonthics 3.5. The Bandelette First orthodontic appliance. An expansion arch that consisted of a gold or silver band together with wires that was placed vestibularly or lingually depending on the poorly positioned tooth. He also advised the use of wires between teeth that were crowded together to separate them. He rejected the extraction of deciduous teeth as a preventive treatment. He promoted the use of the pelican to luxate and position malpositioned teeth. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 4. Dental extraction Extraction forceps less effective than others, according to Fauchard, but less dangerous as well. Fauchard forceps with the end covered in leather. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 5. Paediatrics · Dental extraction in case of teeth crowding · Highlighted the importance of preserving temporal/deciduous teeth France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 6. Dental hygiene and prevention · Suggestions and formulae to maintain the teeth clean. · Dental scaling and root planing to prevent gingival diseases. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 7. Therapeutics · For advanced decay associated with pain, he recommended healings with cotton wicks soaked in clove oil or eugenol. · For the treatment of abscesses, he indicated the introduction of a probe into the root canal for drainage. · He recommended to seal dental obturations with lead sheets. · He highlighted substances harmful to enamel: turpentine. · Dental trepanation to remove the nerve and replace it with other products. Origin of endodontics. France: Pierre Fauchard Le chirugien dentist (The Surgeon-Dentist) 8. Dental practice and dentist’s cabinet It claims dignity and decorum. "The patient, instead of sitting on the floor with the dentist standing next to him, should sit in a chair that was solid and firm, suitable and comfortable, whose back should be made of horsehair, or with a soft pillow more or less raised, according to the patient's height" France Claude Mouton l Royal dentist. l He published in 1746 "Essay do ́ dontotechnie" the first book to deal exclusively with prosthetic technique. l He invented a gold crown with a post. l First to design gold covers for crowns since Roman times. l He invented a "staple" (gold springs on both sides of the prosthesis) to hold false teeth. France Étienne Bourdet (1722-1789) l He succeeded Mouton as Royal dentist. l He advised removal of the first premolar to relieve dental crowding. l He refined Fauchard’s Bandelette (ivory splints with threads to align misplaced teeth) France Étienne Bourdet (1722-1789) He designed a key with interchangeable tips for tooth extraction. He designed metal dentures with alveoli to place human teeth. France Étienne Bourdet (1722-1789) France Dubois de Chémant (1753-1824) Incorruptible teeth: porcelain Germany Philip Pfaff (1716-1780) Description on how to take impressions with soft wax and build plaster models. He used gold foil to cover pulp when exposed. Bri9sh Empire John Hunter (1728-1793) · Natural History of Teeth (1771). · Experimental surgeon (Anatomy, morphology, transplants/reimplants). · He described the development and growth of the jaws and their relationship to the muscles of mastication. · It does not recommend the exodontia of deciduous to favor the eruption of the permanent. · In case of insufficient space remove the first permanent molar. Not fully formed human tooth rooted in the crest of a cockerel. The Hunterian Museum (Glasgow, UK). Spain "If each one were not mixed in more than one profession, and in it he was well educated, this kind of accident would not be seen to happen so many times; but there are so many who interfere in the operations of the teeth, even when they are of another profession, that one might believe there were more dentists than people afflicted with the ills of the teeth" Félix Pérez Arroyo, 1799. The resurgence of Spanish dentistry With the establishment of the House of Bourbons (French origin) in the Kingdom of Spain, professionals from Fine Arts, Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry came together with the regent house. Since dentistry in France had experienced a boost in its development, practitioners brought all that generated knowledge with them. For that reason, the most prominent figures of Spanish dentistry of the 18th century have French names. Regula9on of the profession à First half of the century, similar to the previous century. à The creation of the Royal Colleges of Surgery, involved the regulation of studies: 1764, the Royal College of Surgery of Barcelona asked for an exam. 1795, the Royal College of Surgery of Barcelona asks for an “exam of revalidation of oculists and dentists” including a theoretical part (surgery, anatomy) and a practical part (development of a clinical case and a surgery onto a human corpse) 1797, the “sangrador” (the ‘bleeder’ in English) profession to whom dental work was assigned is regulated by Royal Decree (the examination). 1804, their tasks are limited to bleeding, dental extraction and cupping always under the supervision of an approved Surgeon Physician. Regulation of toothpaste formulations (pharmacists). *At the same time as the profession was being regulated at court, there was a diffuse profession in the villages, known as "empiricists". Spain Ricardo Le Preux French dentist in the service of Marie Louise of Savoy. Chief examiner of the Protobarberate. Work: ‘Modern doctrine…’ in a dialogue form. Blas Beaumont Royal surgeon. Works on dentistry: (1) “El bien del hombre” (‘The good of men’ in English) (1739) about etiology of caries, postextraction complications, gingival conditions… (2) “Instrucciones quirúrgicas y anatómicas” (‘Surgical and anatomical instructions’ in English) (1753) Francisco Antonio Peláez Work: “Tratado de las enfermedades de la boca” (‘Treatise on oral diseases’ in English) (1795). Deals with the medical side of Fauchard’s work. Spain Félix Pérez Arroyo Work: “Tratado de las operaciones que deben practicarse en la dentadura” (‘Treatise on operations to be performed on the dentition’ in English) (1795). Deals with the surgical side of Fauchard’s work. Spain Jean Baptiste Gariot Work: “Tratado de las enfermedades de la boca” (‘Treatise on oral diseases’). It shows the first mechanical articulator for making prostheses. Ventura de Bustos y Angulo Work: “El denWsta benéfico” (‘The charitable denWst’ in English). Divulgaeve-informaeve.